-
2
-
-
84955324441
-
Kan klimathotet avvärjas genom internationella förhandlingar?
-
Bennich-Björkman L, editor. Stockholm, Sweden: Studentliteratur
-
Bäckstrand K. Kan klimathotet avvärjas genom internationella förhandlingar? In: Bennich-Björkman L, editor. Statsvetenskapens frågor. Stockholm, Sweden: Studentliteratur; 2013. pp. 243-253.
-
(2013)
Statsvetenskapens frågor
, pp. 243-253
-
-
Bäckstrand, K.1
-
3
-
-
84857660771
-
Why the United States did not become a party to the Kyoto Protocol: German, Norwegian and US perspectives
-
Hovi J, Sprinz DF, Bang G. Why the United States did not become a party to the Kyoto Protocol: German, Norwegian and US perspectives. European Journal of European Relations. 2012;18(1):129-150.
-
(2012)
European Journal of European Relations
, vol.18
, Issue.1
, pp. 129-150
-
-
Hovi, J.1
Sprinz, D.F.2
Bang, G.3
-
4
-
-
84955295493
-
-
note
-
We ignore the possibility of a long series of agreements, each of which reduces global emissions only slightly. This possibility would likely work too slowly to have any chance of avoiding dangerous climate change.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
0003215150
-
Self-governance and peer review in science-for-policy: The case of the IPCC Second Assessment Report
-
Miller CA, Edwards PN, editors. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press
-
Edwards PN, Schneider SH. Self-governance and peer review in science-for-policy: The case of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. In: Miller CA, Edwards PN, editors. Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press; 2001. pp. 219-246.
-
(2001)
Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance
, pp. 219-246
-
-
Edwards, P.N.1
Schneider, S.H.2
-
7
-
-
84955242503
-
-
note
-
For excellent accounts of the expectations to, and the outcome of, the 2009 Copenhagen meeting
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
77958560657
-
Inside UN climate change negotiations
-
Dimitrov RS. Inside UN climate change negotiations. Review of Policy Research. 2010;27(6):795-821.
-
(2010)
Review of Policy Research
, vol.27
, Issue.6
, pp. 795-821
-
-
Dimitrov, R.S.1
-
10
-
-
84955285210
-
-
note
-
How long it takes before climate mitigation takes effect depends in part on the composition of gases that are reduced. Whereas some GHGs have atmospheric lifetimes of several hundred years (and thus will continue to affect the global climate several hundred years after their emission), other GHGs have shorter atmospheric lifetimes. But a time lag of at least several decades between costs and effects of GHG emissions reductions is likely (e.g., see [65]).
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
84955282504
-
-
note
-
EurActiv. EU summit set to turn climate agenda upside down; 22 May 2013. Available from: http:// www.euractiv.com/energy/energy-council-set-turn-euclima- news-519883?utm_source=EurActiv%20Newsle tter&utm_campaign=ec7702722f-newsletter_energy& utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_bab5f0ea4e-ec770 2722f-245302445 (accessed on 29 July 2013).
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
84955258773
-
-
note
-
Statement by Minister Kent, issued by Environment Canada; 12 December 2011. Available from: http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=FFE36B 6D-1&news=6B04014B-54FC-4739-B22C-F9CD9A8408 00 (accessed on 13 February 2013).
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
70349729871
-
Implementing long-term climate policy: Time inconsistency, domestic politics, international anarchy
-
Hovi J, Sprinz DF, Underdal A. Implementing long-term climate policy: Time inconsistency, domestic politics, international anarchy. Global Environmental Politics. 2009;9(3):20-39.
-
(2009)
Global Environmental Politics
, vol.9
, Issue.3
, pp. 20-39
-
-
Hovi, J.1
Sprinz, D.F.2
Underdal, A.3
-
14
-
-
84955247981
-
-
note
-
We do not imply that the different types of free riding listed here are equivalent from a moral viewpoint. Rather, we use "free rider" as a technical term that covers any country benefiting from, but not contributing to, the effort to reduce global GHG emissions.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
84955259430
-
-
note
-
In the UNFCCC, the parties that have taken on the commitments defined in Article 4.2 are listed in Annex I of the Convention and are thus often referred to as Annex I countries.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
73649145499
-
-
United Nations Environment Program; (accessed on 31 May 2013)
-
UNEP. Global green new deal. United Nations Environment Program; 2009. Available from: http:// www.unep.org/pdf/G20_policy_brief_Final.pdf (accessed on 31 May 2013).
-
(2009)
Global green new deal
-
-
UNEP1
-
17
-
-
0030500365
-
Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation?
-
Downs GW, Rocke DM, Barsoom PN. Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation? International Organization. 1996;50(3):379-406.
-
(1996)
International Organization
, vol.50
, Issue.3
, pp. 379-406
-
-
Downs, G.W.1
Rocke, D.M.2
Barsoom, P.N.3
-
18
-
-
84955304776
-
-
note
-
Examples of IEAs in which participants have committed to little more than business as usual include the Basel Convention (e.g., see [66]), the Helsinki Protocol (e.g., see [67]), the Kyoto Protocol (e.g., see [68]) and the Oslo Protocol (e.g., see [69]).
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
84882033760
-
The politics of persuasion: U.N. climate change negotiations
-
Dauvergne P, editor. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
-
Dimitrov R. The politics of persuasion: U.N. climate change negotiations. In: Dauvergne P, editor. Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar; 2012. pp. 72-86.
-
(2012)
Handbook of Global Environmental Politics
, pp. 72-86
-
-
Dimitrov, R.1
-
22
-
-
55749098357
-
Climate treaties and the imperative of enforcement
-
Barrett S. Climate treaties and the imperative of enforcement. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2008; 24(2):239-258.
-
(2008)
Oxford Review of Economic Policy
, vol.24
, Issue.2
, pp. 239-258
-
-
Barrett, S.1
-
24
-
-
84872936140
-
Selfenforcing peace and environmental agreements
-
Grundig F, Hovi J, Underdal A, Aakre S. Selfenforcing peace and environmental agreements. International Studies Review. 2012;14(4):522-540.
-
(2012)
International Studies Review
, vol.14
, Issue.4
, pp. 522-540
-
-
Grundig, F.1
Hovi, J.2
Underdal, A.3
Aakre, S.4
-
25
-
-
84955278825
-
-
The Guardian; (accessed on 31 May 2013)
-
Walsh NP. Russian vote saves Kyoto protocol. The Guardian; 2004. Available from: http://www.guar dian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/23/society.russia (accessed on 31 May 2013).
-
(2004)
Russian vote saves Kyoto protocol
-
-
Walsh, N.P.1
-
26
-
-
77956314268
-
Emission trading: Participation enforcement determines the need for compliance enforcement
-
Aakre S, Hovi J. Emission trading: Participation enforcement determines the need for compliance enforcement. European Union Politics. 2010;11(3):427- 445.
-
(2010)
European Union Politics
, vol.11
, Issue.3
, pp. 427-445
-
-
Aakre, S.1
Hovi, J.2
-
27
-
-
84955266421
-
-
note
-
Because IEAs with voluntary participation are likely to display high compliance levels, a constructivist theorist might argue that one should look for sources of potential voluntary cooperation on climate change mitigation, based on principles rather than interests. While we agree that principles may also be important in motivating countries' behavior, it seems plausible to assume that their motivating force would likely be stronger, the lower the costs of compliance. In issue areas such as climate change, participating in and complying with an IEA might entail substantial adverse economic effects and only limited positive environmental effects. Self-interest might therefore strongly tempt countries to free ride one way or the other. Potent enforcement will be required to restructure such free-rider incentives.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
84941307931
-
-
ICCG Reflection No. 12/2012. (accessed on 28 May 2013). These countries were, in decreasing order of excess emissions, Luxembourg, Austria, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Liechtenstein, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland, Slovenia, Norway, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and Ireland
-
Haita C. The state of compliance in the Kyoto Protocol. ICCG Reflection No. 12/2012. Available from: http://www.iccgov.org/FilePagineStatiche/Files/Publica tions/Reflections/12_Reflection_December_2012.pdf (accessed on 28 May 2013). These countries were, in decreasing order of excess emissions, Luxembourg, Austria, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Liechtenstein, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland, Slovenia, Norway, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and Ireland.
-
The state of compliance in the Kyoto Protocol
-
-
Haita, C.1
-
29
-
-
84955274171
-
-
note
-
Unfortunately, although the first commitment period ended on 31 December 2012, and the additional grace period of 100 days available for credit acquisition ended in April 2013, the final data on compliance are not yet available at the time of writing.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
84864656415
-
A credible compliance enforcement system for the climate regime
-
Hovi J, Greaker M, Hagem C, Holtsmark B. A credible compliance enforcement system for the climate regime. Climate Policy. 2012;12(6):741-754.
-
(2012)
Climate Policy
, vol.12
, Issue.6
, pp. 741-754
-
-
Hovi, J.1
Greaker, M.2
Hagem, C.3
Holtsmark, B.4
-
32
-
-
48749091872
-
A new way to address climate change: A global refunding system
-
Gersbach H. A new way to address climate change: A global refunding system. The Economist's Voice. 2008;5(4):1-4.
-
(2008)
The Economist's Voice
, vol.5
, Issue.4
, pp. 1-4
-
-
Gersbach, H.1
-
33
-
-
49749149731
-
The enforcement mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: Flawed or promising concepts?
-
Finus M. The enforcement mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: Flawed or promising concepts? Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences. 2008;1(1):13-25.
-
(2008)
Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 13-25
-
-
Finus, M.1
-
34
-
-
61549110525
-
Providing public goods in the absence of strong institutions
-
Gerber A, Wichardt PC. Providing public goods in the absence of strong institutions. Journal of Public Economics. 2009;93(3-4):429-439.
-
(2009)
Journal of Public Economics
, vol.93
, Issue.3-4
, pp. 429-439
-
-
Gerber, A.1
Wichardt, P.C.2
-
36
-
-
84955315389
-
Enforcing Compliance with international environmental agreements using a depositrefund system
-
Forthcoming
-
McEvoy DM. Enforcing Compliance with international environmental agreements using a depositrefund system. International Environmental Agreements; Forthcoming.
-
International Environmental Agreements
-
-
McEvoy, D.M.1
-
37
-
-
84872821257
-
Enforcing compliance with environmental agreements in the absence of strong institutions: An experimental analysis
-
Cherry TL, McEvoy DM. Enforcing compliance with environmental agreements in the absence of strong institutions: An experimental analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2013;54(1):63-77.
-
(2013)
Environmental and Resource Economics
, vol.54
, Issue.1
, pp. 63-77
-
-
Cherry, T.L.1
McEvoy, D.M.2
-
38
-
-
84955266153
-
-
note
-
A design for an agreement based on carbon emission taxes is analyzed by Gersbach and Winkler [33].
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
84924694028
-
-
Cambridge, MA, USA: Cambridge University Press
-
Victor DG. Global Warming Gridlock. Cambridge, MA, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
-
(2011)
Global Warming Gridlock
-
-
Victor, D.G.1
-
40
-
-
84955243299
-
-
note
-
Many scholars have warned that using trade restrictions to induce participation (or compliance) in a future climate treaty could damage the international trade system. This issue is too big to be considered here.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
77955210572
-
Target-group influence and political feasibility: The case of climate policy design in Europe
-
Skodvin T, Gullberg AT, Aakre S. Target-group influence and political feasibility: The case of climate policy design in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy. 2010;17(6):854-873.
-
(2010)
Journal of European Public Policy
, vol.17
, Issue.6
, pp. 854-873
-
-
Skodvin, T.1
Gullberg, A.T.2
Aakre, S.3
-
48
-
-
84955285151
-
-
to lead on climate. The Diplomat; 29 July (accessed on 29 July 2013)
-
McKenna M. China not waiting for U.S. to lead on climate. The Diplomat; 29 July 2013. Available from: http://thediplomat.com/china-power/china-notwaiting- for-the-us-to-lead-on-climate/ (accessed on 29 July 2013).
-
(2013)
China not waiting for U.S
-
-
McKenna, M.1
-
49
-
-
84872063118
-
China in Copenhagen: Reconciling the 'Beijing climate revolution' and the 'Copenhagen climate obstinacy'
-
Conrad B. China in Copenhagen: Reconciling the 'Beijing climate revolution' and the 'Copenhagen climate obstinacy'. The China Quarterly. 2012;210(June): 435-455.
-
(2012)
The China Quarterly
, vol.210
, Issue.JUNE
, pp. 435-455
-
-
Conrad, B.1
-
50
-
-
84955316364
-
-
note
-
The BASIC group includes China, India, Brazil, and South Africa.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
84955237509
-
-
A report on international and domestic climate change politics in China, Brazil, Ethiopia and Tuvalu. London, UK, and Paris, France: LSE Global Governance
-
Held D, Nag E-M, Roger C. The governance of climate change in developing countries. A report on international and domestic climate change politics in China, Brazil, Ethiopia and Tuvalu. London, UK, and Paris, France: LSE Global Governance; 2012
-
(2012)
The governance of climate change in developing countries
-
-
Held, D.1
Nag, E.-M.2
Roger, C.3
-
56
-
-
84955289910
-
-
note
-
Senate Resolution 98. Congressional record, Report No. 105-5412, 25 July 1997.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
34547217433
-
Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions
-
Raupach MR, Marland G, Ciais P, Le Quéré C, Canadell JG, Klepper G, Field CB. Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). 2007;104 (24):10288-10293.
-
(2007)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
, vol.104
, Issue.24
, pp. 10288-10293
-
-
Raupach, M.R.1
Marland, G.2
Ciais, P.3
Le Quéré, C.4
Canadell, J.G.5
Klepper, G.6
Field, C.B.7
-
60
-
-
85050831246
-
Against the grain: The United States and the global climate regime
-
Depledge J. Against the grain: The United States and the global climate regime. Global Change, Peace & Security. 2005;17(1):11-27.
-
(2005)
Global Change, Peace & Security
, vol.17
, Issue.1
, pp. 11-27
-
-
Depledge, J.1
-
62
-
-
84905932342
-
U.S. climate policy and the shale gas revolution
-
Cherry T, Hovi J, McEvoy D, editors. London, UK: Routledge; forthcoming 2014
-
Bang G, Skodvin T. U.S. climate policy and the shale gas revolution. In: Cherry T, Hovi J, McEvoy D, editors. Toward a New Climate Agreement: Conflict, Resolution and Governance. London, UK: Routledge; forthcoming 2014.
-
Toward a New Climate Agreement: Conflict, Resolution and Governance
-
-
Bang, G.1
Skodvin, T.2
-
63
-
-
70450256311
-
An agenda for change in U.S. climate policies? Presidential ambitions and congressional powers
-
Skodvin T, Andresen S. An agenda for change in U.S. climate policies? Presidential ambitions and congressional powers. International Environmental Agreements. 2009;9(3):263-280.
-
(2009)
International Environmental Agreements
, vol.9
, Issue.3
, pp. 263-280
-
-
Skodvin, T.1
Andresen, S.2
-
65
-
-
84925715606
-
The negotiation of a Kyoto compliance system
-
Stokke OS, Hovi J, Ulfstein G, editors. London, UK: Earthscan Press
-
Werksman J. The negotiation of a Kyoto compliance system. In: Stokke OS, Hovi J, Ulfstein G, editors. Implementing the Climate Regime: International Compliance. London, UK: Earthscan Press; 2005. pp. 17-37.
-
(2005)
Implementing the Climate Regime: International Compliance
, pp. 17-37
-
-
Werksman, J.1
-
67
-
-
0037701695
-
Metrics of climate change: Assessing radiative forcing and emission indices
-
Fuglestvedt JS, Berntsen T, Godal O, Sausen R, Shine KP, Skodvin T. Metrics of climate change: Assessing radiative forcing and emission indices. Climatic Change. 2003;58(3):267-331.
-
(2003)
Climatic Change
, vol.58
, Issue.3
, pp. 267-331
-
-
Fuglestvedt, J.S.1
Berntsen, T.2
Godal, O.3
Sausen, R.4
Shine, K.P.5
Skodvin, T.6
-
68
-
-
84955286785
-
Waste of effort? International environmental agreements
-
Stanford, CA, USA, 12 August 2013
-
Kellenberg D, Levinson A. Waste of effort? International environmental agreements. Paper presented at the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics Summer 2013 Workshop, Stanford, CA, USA, 12 August 2013.
-
Paper presented at the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Economics Summer 2013 Workshop
-
-
Kellenberg, D.1
Levinson, A.2
-
69
-
-
27744477459
-
Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental agreements: The case of the 1985 Helsinki Protocol
-
Ringquist EJ, Kostadinova T. Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental agreements: The case of the 1985 Helsinki Protocol. American Journal of Political Science. 2005;49(1):86-102.
-
(2005)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.49
, Issue.1
, pp. 86-102
-
-
Ringquist, E.J.1
Kostadinova, T.2
-
71
-
-
0141760632
-
The Oslo Protocol on sulfur reduction: The great leap forward?
-
Finus M, Tjøtta S. The Oslo Protocol on sulfur reduction: The great leap forward? Journal of Public Economics. 2003;87(9-10):2031-2048.
-
(2003)
Journal of Public Economics
, vol.87
, Issue.9-10
, pp. 2031-2048
-
-
Finus, M.1
Tjøtta, S.2
|