Gender Differences in Leadership Role Occupancy: The Mediating Role of Power Motivation

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 120, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 363-379

  Schuh, Sebastian C ^a   Hernandez Bark, Alina S ^a   Van Quaquebeke, Niels ^b   Hossiep, Rüdiger ^c   Frieg, Philip ^c   Van Dick, Rolf ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b KÜHNE LOGISTICS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gender differences; Gender gap; Glass ceiling; Leadership role occupancy; Power motivation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896397108     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-013-1663-9     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Alwin, D. F., & Hauser, R. M. (1975). The decomposition of effects in path analysis. American Sociological Review, 40, 37-47. doi: 10. 2307/2094445.
2. Aries, C. (1976). Interaction patterns and themes of male, female and mixed groups. Small Group Behaviour, 7, 7-18. doi: 10. 1177/104649647600700102.
3. Arvey, R. D., Zhang, Z., Avolio, B. J., & Krueger, R. F. (2007). Developmental and genetic determinants of leadership role occupancy among women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 693-706. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 92. 3. 693.
4. Bandalos, D. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 78-102. doi: 10. 1207/S15328007SEM0901_5.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
6. Bass, B. M. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
7. Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 274-289. doi: 10. 1177/1094428105278021.
8. Bergner, S., Neubauer, A. C., & Kreuzthaler, A. (2010). Broad and narrow personality traits for predicting managerial success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19, 177-199. doi: 10. 1080/13594320902819728.
9. Biddle, B. J. (1979). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. New York: Academic Press.
10. Borgogni, L., Petitta, L., & Barbaranelli, C. (2004). Test di orientamento motivazionale [Test of motivational orientation]. Florence: Organizzazioni Speciali.
11. Bosak, J., & Sczesny, S. (2011). Exploring the dynamics of incongruent beliefs about women and leaders. British Journal of Management, 22, 254-269. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-8551. 2010. 00731. x.
12. Brief, A. P., Aldag, R. J., & Chacko, T. I. (1976). The Miner sentence completion scale: A psychometric appraisal. In Proceedings of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, San Francisco (pp. 171-172).
13. Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 349-444). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
14. Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology. London: Allyn & Bacon.
15. Cascio, W. (1991). Applied psychology in personnel management (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
16. Chan, K. Y., & Drasgow, F. (2001). Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 481-498. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 86. 3. 481.
17. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
18. Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000). Towards an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 678-807. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 85. 5. 678.
19. Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field settings. Chicago: Rand McNally.
20. Day, D. V., Sin, H.-P., & Chen, T. T. (2004). Assessing the burdens of leadership: Effects of formal leadership roles on individual performance over time. Personnel Psychology, 57(3), 573-605. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6570. 2004. 00001. x.
21. De Cremer, D., Brockner, J., Fishman, A., van Dijke, M., van Olffen, W., & Mayer, D. M. (2010). When do procedural fairness and outcome fairness interact to influence employees' work attitude and behaviors? The moderating effect of uncertainly. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 291-304. doi: 10. 1037/a0017866.
22. Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2008). Of women, men, and motivation: A role congruity account. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivational science (pp. 434-447). New York: Guilford Press.
23. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
24. Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
25. Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 109. 3. 573.
26. Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J., Miner, J. B., & Johnson, B. T. (1994). Gender and motivation to manage in hierarchic organizations: A meta-analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 135-159. doi: 10. 1016/1048-9843(94)90025-6.
27. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
28. Harlan, A., & Weiss, C. L. (1982). Sex differences in factors affecting managerial career advancement. In P. A. Wallace (Ed.), Women in the workplace (pp. 59-100). Boston: Auburn House.
29. Haslam, S. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). The road to the glass cliff: Differences in the perceived suitability of men and women for leadership positions in succeeding and failing organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 530-546. doi: 10. 1016/j. leaqua. 2008. 07. 011.
30. Hausmann, R., Tyson, L. D., & Zahidi, S. (2010). The global gender gap report. Cologny, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
31. Hayes, A. F. (2011, October 20). Indirect. Retrieved from http://www. afhayes. com/public/d.
32. Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 657-674. doi: 10. 1111/0022-4537. 00234.
33. Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., & Martell, R. F. (1995). Sex stereotypes: Do they influence perceptions of managers? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 237-252.
34. Hoffman, B. J., Woehr, D. J., Maldagen-Youngjohn, R., & Lyons, B. D. (2011). Great man or great myth? A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 347-381. doi: 10. 1348/096317909X485207.
35. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
36. Hoobler, J. M., Lemmon, G., & Wayne, S. J. (in press). Women's managerial aspirations: An organizational development perspective. Journal of Management. doi: 10. 1177/0149206311426911.
37. Hossiep, R., & Paschen, M. (2008). The business-focused inventory of personality. Oxford: Hogrefe.
38. Hossiep, R., Paschen, M., & Muehlhaus, O. (2003). Bochumer Inventar zur berufsbezogenen Persönlichkeitsbeschreibung [The business-focused inventory of personality]. Goettingen: Hogrefe.
39. Howard, A. (2005). Subconscious and conscious motives in long-term managerial success. In G. P. Latham (Chair), The effects of subconscious trait and state motivation on performance. Symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Los Angeles.
40. Ibeh, K., Carter, S., Poff, D., & Hamill, J. (2008). How focused are the world's top-rated business schools on educating women for global management? Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 65-83. doi: 10. 1007/s10551-007-9653-4.
41. Joy, L. (2008). Advancing women leaders: The connection between women board directors and women corporate officers. New York: Catalyst.
42. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765-780. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 87. 4. 765.
43. Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2002). Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 523-544. doi: 10. 1016/S1048-9843(02)00142-X.
44. Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 616-642. doi: 10. 1037/a0023557.
45. Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., Jonas, K., van Quaquebeke, N., & van Dick, R. (2012). How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A self-determination analysis of employees' needs as mediating links. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1031-1052. doi: 10. 1002/job. 1771.
46. Kristof-Brown, A., Zimmerman, R., & Johnson, E. (2005). Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology, 58, 281-342. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6570.
47. Latham, G. P., Stajkovic, A. D., & Locke, A. E. (2010). The relevance and viability of subconscious goals in the workplace. Journal of Management, 36, 234-255. doi: 10. 1177/0149206309350777.
48. Lester, P. B., Hannah, S. T., Harms, P. D., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2011). Mentoring impact on leader efficacy development: A field experiment. The Academy of Management Learning and Education, 10, 409-429. doi: 10. 5465/amle. 2010. 0047.
49. Lindner, I. (2003). Studienfuehrer psychologie [Study guide psychology]. Eibelstadt: Lexika Verlag.
50. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173. doi: 10. 1207/S15328007SEM0902_1.
51. Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & De Vader, C. L. (1984). A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 343-378. doi: 10. 1016/0030-5073(84)90043-6.
52. Lyness, K. S., & Heilman, M. E. (2006). When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 777-785. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 91. 4. 777.
53. McClelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
54. McClelland, D. C., & Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Leadership motive pattern and long-term success in management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 737-743. doi: 10. 1037/0021.
55. McClelland, D. C., & Burnham, D. H. (1976). Power is the great motivator. Harvard Business Review, 54, 100-110.
56. Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004). Is there a universal positive bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 711-747.
57. Miner, J. B. (1975). The challenge of managing. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
58. Miner, J. B. (1978). Twenty years of research on role-motivation theory of managerial effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 31. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6570. 1978. tb02122. x.
59. Noe, R. A. (1988). An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, 41, 457-479. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744. 1988. tb00638. x.
60. Oakley, J. G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: Understanding the scarcity of female CEO's. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 321-334. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1006226129868.
61. O'Neil, D. A., Hopkins, M. M., & Bilimoria, D. (2007). Women's careers at the start of the 21st century: Patterns and paradoxes. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 727-743. doi: 10. 1007/s10551-007-9465-6.
62. Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 17-59). San Diego: Academic Press.
63. Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15, 209-233. doi: 10. 1037/a0020141.
64. Probst, T. M., Brubaker, T. L., & Barsotti, A. (2008). Organizational injury rate underreporting: The moderating effect of organizational safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1147-1154. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 93. 5. 1147.
65. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.
66. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., & Campbell, T. C. (2010). Organizational behavior. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
67. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6570. 1987. tb00609. x.
68. Silk, J. B. (2007). The adaptive value of sociality in mammalian groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362(1480), 539-559. doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2006. 1994.
69. Sy, T., Shore, L. M., Strauss, J., Shore, T. H., Tram, S., Whiteley, P., et al. (2010). Leadership perceptions as a function of race-occupation fit: the case of Asian Americans. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 902-919. doi: 10. 1037/a0019501.
70. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Ullrich, J., Christ, O., & van Dick, R. (2009). Substitutes for procedural fairness: Prototypical leaders are endorsed whether they are fair or not. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 235-244. doi: 10. 1037/a0012936.
72. van Iddekinge, C. H., Ferris, G. R., & Heffner, T. S. (2009). Test of a multistage model of distal and proximal antecedents of leader performance. Personnel Psychology, 62, 463-495. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6570. 2009. 01145. x.
73. van Quaquebeke, N., van Knippenberg, D., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2011). More than meets the eye: The role of subordinates' self-perceptions in leader categorization processes. Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 367-382. doi: 10. 1016/j. leaqua. 2011. 02. 011.
74. van Vugt, M. (2006). Evolutionary origin of leadership and followership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 354-371. doi: 10. 1207/s15327957pspr1004_5.
75. Waldman, D. A., Galvin, B. M., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2012). The development of motivation to lead and leader role identity. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. doi: 10. 1177/1548051812457416.
76. Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. New York: Free Press.
77. Winter, D. G. (1988). The power motive in women and men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 510-519. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 54. 3. 510.
78. Wood, W., Christensen, P. N., Hebl, M. R., & Rothgerber, H. (1997). Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 523-535. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 73. 3. 523.
79. Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.