An overview of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA)-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 3640-3659

  Gentile, Piergiorgio ^a   Chiono, Valeria ^b   Carmagnola, Irene ^b   Hatton, Paul V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bone; Composite; PLGA; Scaffolds; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; BIOMATERIAL; BIOMIMETIC MATERIAL; CHITOSAN; COLLAGEN; DOPA; GLYCOLIC ACID; HYDROXYAPATITE; LACTIC ACID; MICROSPHERE; MOLECULAR SCAFFOLD; NANOFIBER; OSTEOGENIC PROTEIN 1; POLYGLACTIN; POROUS POLYMER; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCE; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYLACTIC ACID-POLYGLYCOLIC ACID COPOLYMER;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABLE IMPLANT; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BIOSAFETY; BONE CONDUCTION; BONE MATRIX; BONE MINERALIZATION; BONE PROSTHESIS; BONE REGENERATION; BONE REMODELING; BONE TISSUE; CELL ADHESION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONJUGATE; ELECTROSPINNING; GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; MESENCHYMAL STROMA CELL; NONHUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; REVIEW; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE REPAIR; UPREGULATION; BONE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SYNTHESIS; TISSUE SCAFFOLD;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BONE AND BONES; BONE REGENERATION; HUMANS; LACTIC ACID; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84895474183     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033640     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Amini, A.R.; Laurencin, C.T.; Nukavarapu, S.P. Bone tissue engineering: Recent advances and challenges. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2012, 40, 363-408.
2. Ferrone, M.L.; Raut, C.P. Modern surgical therapy: Limb salvage and the role of amputation for extremity soft-tissue sarcomas. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2012, 21, 201-213.
3. Dimitriou, R.; Jones, E.; McGonagle, D.; Giannoudis, P.V. Bone regeneration: Current concepts and future directions. BMC Med. 2011, 9, 66.
4. Martou, G.; Antonyshyn, O.M. Advances in surgical approaches to the upper facial skeleton. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2011, 19, 242-247.
5. Stevens, M.M. Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Today 2008, 11, 18-25.
6. Li, X.M.; Wang, L.; Fan, Y.B.; Feng, Q.L.; Cui, F.Z.; Watari, F. Nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2013, 101A, 2424-2435.
7. Cordonnier, T.; Sohier, J.; Rosset, P.; Layrolle, P. Biomimetic materials for bone tissue engineering-State of the art and future trends. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2011, 13, B135-B150.
8. Salgado, A.J.; Coutinho, O.P.; Reis, R.L. Bone tissue engineering: State of the art and future trends. Macromol. Biosci. 2004, 4, 743-765.
9. Dhandayuthapani, B.; Yoshida, Y.; Maekawa, T.; Kumar, D.S. Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: A review. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2011, doi:10.1155/2011/290602.
10. Gunatillake, P.A.; Adhikari, R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur. Cells Mater. 2003, 5, 1-16; discussion 16.
11. Mano, J.F.; Sousa, R.A.; Boesel, L.F.; Neves, N.M.; Reis, R.L. Bloinert, biodegradable and injectable polymeric matrix composites for hard tissue replacement: State of the art and recent developments. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004, 64, 789-817.
12. Lin, H.R.; Kuo, C.J.; Yang, C.Y.; Shaw, S.Y.; Wu, Y.J. Preparation of macroporous biodegradable PLGA scaffolds for cell attachment with the use of mixed salts as porogen additives. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2002, 63, 271-279.
13. Jagur-Grodzinski, J. Biomedical application of functional polymers. React. Funct. Polym. 1999, 39, 99-138.
14. Lanao, R.P.F.; Jonker, A.M.; Wolke, J.G.C.; Jansen, J.A.; van Hest, J.C.M.; Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G. Physicochemical properties and applications of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for use in bone regeneration. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2013, 19, 380-390.
15. Pan, Z.; Ding, J.D. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Interface Focus 2012, 2, 366-377.
16. Zhang, L.J.; Webster, T.J. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved tissue regeneration. Nano Today 2009, 4, 66-80.
17. Zhou, S.B.; Deng, X.M.; Li, X.H.; Jia, W.X.; Liu, L. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable low molecular weight aliphatic polyesters and their use in protein-delivery systems. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 91, 1848-1856.
18. Wang, Z.Y.; Zhao, Y.M.; Wang, F.; Wang, J. Syntheses of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) serial biodegradable polymer materials via direct melt polycondensation and their characterization. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 99, 244-252.
19. Ajioka, M.; Enomoto, K.; Suzuki, K.; Yamaguchi, A. The basic properties of poly(lactic acid) produced by the direct condensation polymerization of lactic-acid. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1995, 3, 225-234.
20. Ajioka, M.; Suizu, H.; Higuchi, C.; Kashima, T. Aliphatic polyesters and their copolymers synthesized through direct condensation polymerization. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1998, 59, 137-143.
21. Moon, S.I.; Lee, C.W.; Taniguchi, I.; Miyamoto, M.; Kimura, Y. Melt/solid polycondensation of L-lactic acid: An alternative route to poly(L-lactic acid) with high molecular weight. Polymer 2001, 42, 5059-5062.
22. Takahashi, K.; Taniguchi, I.; Miyamoto, M.; Kimura, Y. Melt/solid polycondensation of glycolic acid to obtain high-molecular-weight poly(glycolic acid). Polymer 2000, 41, 8725-8728.
23. Kricheldorf, H.R.; Boettcher, C.; Tonnes, K.U. Polylactones: 23. Polymerization of racemic and mesO D, L-lactide with various organotin catalysts stereochemical aspects. Polymer 1992, 33, 2817-2824.
24. Kowalski, A.; Duda, A.; Penczek, S. Mechanism of cyclic ester polymerization initiated with tin(II) octoate. 2. Macromolecules fitted with tin(II) alkoxide species observed directly in maldi-tof spectra. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 689-695.
25. Duval, C.; Nouvel, C.; Six, J.-L. Is bismuth subsalicylate an effective nontoxic catalyst for plga synthesis? J. Polym. Sci. Part A 2014, doi:10.1002/pola.27096.
26. Dechy-Cabaret, O.; Martin-Vaca, B.; Bourissou, D. Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 6147-6176.
27. Li, J.; Stayshich, R.M.; Meyer, T.Y. Exploiting sequence to control the hydrolysis behavior of biodegradable plga copolymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6910-6913.
28. Makadia, H.K.; Siegel, S.J. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (plga) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier. Polymers-Basel 2011, 3, 1377-1397.
29. Houchin, M.L.; Topp, E.M. Physical properties of plga films during polymer degradation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 114, 2848-2854.
30. Engineer, C.; Parikh, J.; Raval, A. Review on hydrolytic degradation behavior of biodegradable polymers from controlled drug delivery system. Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs 2011, 25, 79-85.
31. Baino, F. Biomaterials and implants for orbital floor repair. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7, 3248-3266.
32. You, Y.; Min, B.M.; Lee, S.J.; Lee, T.S.; Park, W.H. In vitro degradation behavior of electrospun polyglycolide, polylactide, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 95, 193-200.
33. You, Y.; Lee, S.W.; Youk, J.H.; Min, B.M.; Lee, S.J.; Park, W.H. In vitro degradation behaviour of non-porous ultra-fine poly(glycolic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) fibres and porous ultra-fine poly(glycolic acid) fibres. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 90, 441-448.
34. Holland, S.J.; Jolly, A.M.; Yasin, M.; Tighe, B.J. Polymers for biodegradable medical devices: II. Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: Hydrolytic degradation studies. Biomaterials 1987, 8, 289-295.
35. Bergsma, J.E.; Debruijn, W.C.; Rozema, F.R.; Bos, R.R.M.; Boering, G. Late degradation tissue-response to poly(L-lactide) bone plates and screws. Biomaterials 1995, 16, 25-31.
36. Agrawal, C.M.; Ray, R.B. Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001, 55, 141-150.
37. Vert, M.; Li, S.; Garreau, H.; Mauduit, J.; Boustta, M.; Schwach, G.; Engel, R.; Coudane, J. Complexity of the hydrolytic degradation of aliphatic polyesters. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1997, 247, 239-253.
38. Sarazin, P.; Roy, X.; Favis, B.D. Controlled preparation and properties of porous poly(L-lactide) obtained from a co-continuous blend of two biodegradable polymers. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 5965-5978.
39. Borden, M.; Attawia, M.; Khan, Y.; Laurencin, C.T. Tissue engineered microsphere-based matrices for bone repair: Design and evaluation. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 551-559.
40. Athanasiou, K.A.; Niederauer, G.G.; Agrawal, C.M. Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid polyglycolic acid copolymers. Biomaterials 1996, 17, 93-102.
41. Wu, X.S.; Wang, N. Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid polymers. Part II: Biodegradation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2001, 12, 21-34.
42. Lu, L.C.; Peter, S.J.; Lyman, M.D.; Lai, H.L.; Leite, S.M.; Tamada, J.A.; Vacanti, J.P.; Langer, R.; Mikos, A.G. In vitro degradation of porous poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Biomaterials 2000, 21, 1595-1605.
43. Holy, C.E.; Dang, S.M.; Davies, J.E.; Shoichet, M.S. In vitro degradation of a novel poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 75/25 foam. Biomaterials 1999, 20, 1177-1185.
44. Park, P.I.P.; Jonnalagadda, S. Predictors of glass transition in the biodegradable polylactide and poly-lactide-co-glycolide polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100, 1983-1987.
45. Mikos, A.G.; Thorsen, A.J.; Czerwonka, L.A.; Bao, Y.; Langer, R.; Winslow, D.N.; Vacanti, J.P. Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Polymer 1994, 35, 1068-1077.
46. Harris, L.D.; Kim, B.S.; Mooney, D.J. Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 42, 396-402.
47. Zhang, R.; Ma, P.X. Poly(alpha-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999, 44, 446-455.
48. Zein, I.; Hutmacher, D.W.; Tan, K.C.; Teoh, S.H. Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 1169-1185.
49. Zhang, P.; Wu, H.; Lu, Z.; Deng, C.; Hong, Z.; Jing, X.; Chen, X. Rgd-conjugated copolymer incorporated into composite of poly(lactide-co-glycotide) and poly(L-lactide)-grafted nanohydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 2667-2680.
50. McMahon, R.E.; Wang, L.; Skoracki, R.; Mathur, A.B. Development of nanomaterials for bone repair and regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 2013, 101, 387-397.
51. Kumar, S.K.; Krishnamoorti, R. Nanocomposites: Structure, phase behavior, and properties. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2010, 1, 37-58.
52. Kim, S.S.; Park, M.S.; Jeon, O.; Choi, C.Y.; Kim, B.S. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 1399-1409.
53. Cui, Y.; Liu, Y.; Cui, Y.; Jing, X.B.; Zhang, P.B.A.; Chen, X.S. The nanocomposite scaffold of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite surface-grafted with L-lactic acid oligomer for bone repair. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 2680-2692.
54. Okamoto, M.; John, B. Synthetic biopolymer nanocomposites for tissue engineering scaffolds. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013, 38, 1487-1503.
55. Forgacs, C.; Sun, W. Biofabrication: Micro-and Nano-Fabrication, Printing, Patterning, and Assemblies; William Andrew Publishing: Norwich, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 1-265.
56. Ebrahimian-Hosseinabadi, M.; Ashrafizadeh, F.; Etemadifar, M.; Venkatraman, S.S. Evaluating and modeling the mechanical properties of the prepared PLGA/nano-BCP composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2011, 27, 1105-1112.
57. Shim, J.H.; Moon, T.S.; Yun, M.J.; Jeon, Y.C.; Jeong, C.M.; Cho, D.W.; Huh, J.B. Stimulation of healing within a rabbit calvarial defect by a PCL/PLGA scaffold blended with TCP using solid freeform fabrication technology. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2012, 23, 2993-3002.
58. Park, J.K.; Shim, J.H.; Kang, K.S.; Yeom, J.; Jung, H.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, T.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Cho, D.W.; et al. Solid free-form fabrication of tissue-engineering scaffolds with a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) grafted hyaluronic acid conjugate encapsulating an intact bone morphogenetic protein-2/poly(ethylene glycol) complex. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 2906-2912.
59. Xia, Y.; Zhou, P.; Cheng, X.; Xie, Y.; Liang, C.; Li, C.; Xu, S. Selective laser sintering fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly-epsilon-caprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8, 4197-4213.
60. Shuai, C.J.; Yang, B.; Peng, S.P.; Li, Z. Development of composite porous scaffolds based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite via selective laser sintering. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2013, 69, 51-57.
61. Puppi, D.; Piras, A.M.; Chiellini, F.; Chiellini, E.; Martins, A.; Leonor, I.B.; Neves, N.; Reis, R. Optimized electro-and wet-spinning techniques for the production of polymeric fibrous scaffolds loaded with bisphosphonate and hydroxyapatite. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2011, 5, 253-263.
62. Morgan, S.M.; Tilley, S.; Perera, S.; Ellis, M.J.; Kanczler, J.; Chaudhuri, J.B.; Oreffo, R.O. Expansion of human bone marrow stromal cells on poly-(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDL LGA) hollow fibres designed for use in skeletal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 5332-5343.
63. Huang, Z.M.; Zhang, Y.Z.; Kotaki, M.; Ramakrishna, S. A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 2223-2253.
64. Wang, X.Y.; Drew, C.; Lee, S.H.; Senecal, K.J.; Kumar, J.; Sarnuelson, L.A. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes for highly sensitive optical sensors. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 1273-1275.
65. Nie, H.M.; Wang, C.H. Fabrication and characterization of plga/hap scaffolds for delivery of BMP-2 plasmid composite DNA. J. Control. Release 2007, 120, 111-121.
66. Mouthuy, P.A.; Ye, H.; Triffitt, J.; Oommen, G.; Cui, Z. Physico-chemical characterization of functional electrospun scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 2010, 224, 1401-1414.
67. Peng, F.; Yu, X.H.; Wei, M. In vitro cell performance on hydroxyapatite particles/poly(L-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds with an excellent particle along nanofiber orientation. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7, 2585-2592.
68. Shin, S.H.; Purevdorj, O.; Castano, O.; Planell, J.A.; Kim, H.W. A short review: Recent advances in electrospinning for bone tissue regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. 2012, 3, doi:10.1177/2041731412443530.
69. Teo, W.E.; Ramakrishna, S. A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, R89-R106.
70. Talwar, S.; Krishnan, A.S.; Hinestroza, J.P.; Pourdeyhimi, B.; Khan, S.A. Electrospun nanofibers with associative polymer-surfactant systems. Macromolecules 2010, 43, 7650-7656.
71. Kriegel, C.; Kit, K.M.; McClements, D.J.; Weiss, J. Influence of surfactant type and concentration on electrospinning of chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) blend nanofibers. Food Biophys. 2009, 4, 213-228.
72. Jose, M.V.; Thomas, V.; Johnson, K.T.; Dean, D.R.; Nyairo, E. Aligned PLGA/HA nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 305-315.
73. Yun, Y.P.; Kim, S.E.; Lee, J.B.; Heo, D.N.; Bae, M.S.; Shin, D.R.; Lim, S.B.; Choi, K.K.; Park, S.J.; Kwon, I.K. Comparison of osteogenic differentiation from adipose-derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pulp cells on plga/hydroxyapatite nanofiber. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2009, 6, 336-345.
74. Bergman, K.; Engstrand, T.; Hilborn, J.; Ossipov, D.; Piskounova, S.; Bowden, T. Injectable cell-free template for bone-tissue formation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2009, 91A, 1111-1118.
75. Dhillon, A.; Schneider, P.; Kuhn, G.; Reinwald, Y.; White, L.J.; Levchuk, A.; Rose, F.R.A.J.; Muller, R.; Shakesheff, K.M.; Rahman, C.V. Analysis of sintered polymer scaffolds using concomitant synchrotron computed tomography and in situ mechanical testing. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2011, 22, 2599-2605.
76. Rahman, C.V.; Ben-David, D.; Dhillon, A.; Kuhn, G.; Gould, T.W.A.; Muller, R.; Rose, F.R.A.J.; Shakesheff, K.M.; Livne, E. Controlled release of bmp-2 from a sintered polymer scaffold enhances bone repair in a mouse calvarial defect model. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2014, 8, 59-66.
77. Eyrich, D.; Brandl, F.; Appel, B.; Wiese, H.; Maier, G.; Wenzel, M.; Staudenmaier, R.; Goepferich, A.; Blunk, T. Long-term stable fibrin gels for cartilage engineering. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 55-65.
78. D'Este, M.; Eglin, D. Hydrogels in calcium phosphate moldable and injectable bone substitutes: Sticky excipients or advanced 3-D carriers? Acta Biomater. 2013, 9, 5421-5430.
79. Lin, G.; Cosimbescu, L.; Karin, N.J.; Tarasevich, B.J. Injectable and thermosensitive PLGA-G-PEG hydrogels containing hydroxyapatite: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release behavior. Biomed. Mater. 2012, 7, 024107.
80. Habraken, W.J.; Wolke, J.G.; Mikos, A.G.; Jansen, J.A. Injectable plga microsphere/calcium phosphate cements: Physical properties and degradation characteristics. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2006, 17, 1057-1074.
81. Wang, Q.; Gu, Z.; Jamal, S.; Detamore, M.S.; Berkland, C. Hybrid hydroxyapatite nanoparticle colloidal gels are injectable fillers for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 2013, 19, 2586-2593.
82. Kang, S.W.; Yang, H.S.; Seo, S.W.; Han, D.K.; Kim, B.S. Apatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres as an injectable scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2008, 85A, 747-756.
83. Shi, X.T.; Wang, Y.J.; Ren, L.; Gong, Y.H.; Wang, D.A. Enhancing alendronate release from a novel PLGA/hydroxyapatite microspheric system for bone repairing applications. Pharm. Res. 2009, 26, 422-430.
84. Kawasaki, K.; Aihara, M.; Honmo, J.; Sakurai, S.; Fujimaki, Y.; Sakamoto, K.; Fujimaki, E.; Wozney, J.M.; Yamaguchi, A. Effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on differentiation of cells isolated from human bone, muscle, and skin. Bone 1998, 23, 223-231.
85. Meng, Z.X.; Li, H.F.; Sun, Z.Z.; Zheng, W.; Zheng, Y.F. Fabrication of mineralized electrospun plga and plga/gelatin nanofibers and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng: C 2013, 33, 699-706.
86. Chiono, V.; Gentile, P.; Boccafoschi, F.; Carmagnola, I.; Ninov, M.; Georgieva, V.; Georgiev, G.; Ciardelli, G. Photoactive chitosan switching on bone-like apatite deposition. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 309-315.
87. Li, F.; Feng, Q.L.; Cui, F.Z.; Li, H.D.; Schubert, H. A simple biomimetic method for calcium phosphate coating. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2002, 154, 88-93.
88. Chen, G.; Xia, Y.; Lu, X.L.; Zhou, X.F.; Zhang, F.M.; Gu, N. Effects of surface functionalization of plga membranes for guided bone regeneration on proliferation and behavior of osteoblasts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2013, 101A, 44-53.
89. Wan, Y.; Qu, X.; Lu, J.; Zhu, C.; Wan, L.; Yang, J.; Bei, J.; Wang, S. Characterization of surface property of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) after oxygen plasma treatment. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 4777-4783.
90. Qu, X.; Cui, W.; Yang, F.; Min, C.; Shen, H.; Bei, J.; Wang, S. The effect of oxygen plasma pretreatment and incubation in modified simulated body fluids on the formation of bone-like apatite on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (70/30). Biomaterials 2007, 28, 9-18.
91. Ito, Y. Covalently immobilized biosignal molecule materials for tissue engineering. Soft Matter 2008, 4, 46-56.
92. Pierschbacher, M.D.; Ruoslahti, E. Cell attachment activity of fibronectin can be duplicated by small synthetic fragments of the molecule. Nature 1984, 309, 30-33.
93. Yoon, J.J.; Song, S.H.; Lee, D.S.; Park, T.G. Immobilization of cell adhesive RGD peptide onto the surface of highly porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds fabricated by a gas foaming/salt leaching method. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 5613-5620.
94. Huang, Y.; Ren, J.; Ren, T.; Gu, S.; Tan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Lv, K.; Pan, K.; Jiang, X. Bone marrow stromal cells cultured on poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite composites with chemical immobilization of Arg-Gly-Asp peptide and preliminary bone regeneration of mandibular defect thereof. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2010, 95, 993-1003.
95. Saxena, S.; Ray, A.R.; Kapil, A.; Pavon-Djavid, G.; Letourneur, D.; Gupta, B.; Meddahi-Pelle, A. Development of a new polypropylene-based suture: Plasma grafting, surface treatment, characterization, and biocompatibility studies. Macromol. Biosci. 2011, 11, 373-382.
96. Lee, H.; Dellatore, S.M.; Miller, W.M.; Messersmith, P.B. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007, 318, 426-430.
97. Ku, S.H.; Lee, J.S.; Park, C.B. Spatial control of cell adhesion and patterning through mussel-inspired surface modification by polydopamine. Langmuir 2010, 26, 15104-15108.
98. Lee, Y.J.; Lee, J.H.; Cho, H.J.; Kim, H.K.; Yoon, T.R.; Shin, H. Electrospun fibers immobilized with bone forming peptide-1 derived from bmp7 for guided bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2013, 34, 5059-5069.