Luminescence and display phosphors: Phenomena and applications

Luminescence and Display Phosphors: Phenomena and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-315

  Lakshmanan, Arunachalam ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LUMINESCENCE;

AFTER GLOW; STORAGE PHOSPHORS;

PHOSPHORS;

EID: 84895333853     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (254)

1. G. Blasse. The Luminescence of Closed-Shell Transition-Metal Complexes. New Developments. Structure and Bonding, Vol. 42, pp 1-41, Pub. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Eds: M.J. Clarke et al. 1980.
2. G. Blasse and B.C. Grabmaier. Luminescent Materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3- 540-58019-0, 1994.
3. G. Blasse. Chemistry and Physics of R-activated Phosphors. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare earths. Vol. 4, pp237-274, North Holland Pub. (1984)
4. G. Blasse. Optical Electron Transfer Between Metal Ions and its Consequences. Structure and Bonding, Vol. 76, pp 153-187, Pub., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Eds: M.J. Clarke et al. 1980.
5. R. Chen and D.J. Lockwood. Developments in Luminescence and Display Materials Over the Last 100 Years as Reflected in Electrochemical Society Publications. J. Electro Chem. Soc. 149, S69-S78 (2002)
6. G.H. Dieke (Editors: H.M. Crosswhite and H. Crosswhite). Spectra and Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions in Crystals. Interscience Publishers, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1968.
7. C. Feldmann, T. Justel, C.R. Ronda and P.J. Schmidt. Inorganic Luminescent Materials: 100 Years of Research and Application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 511 (2003)
8. Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials, and Devices, Editors: H.S. Nalwa and L.S. Rohwer, American Scientific Publishers, CA, USA, 2003. ISBN 158883-030-6 (Vol. 1), ISBN 1-58883-031-4 (Vol. 2) ISBN 1-58883-032-2 (Vol. 3).
9. A.N. Krasnov. Electroluminescent Displays: History and Lessons Learned. Displays 24, 73 (2003)
10. R.T. McGrath, R. Veerasingam, W.C. Moffatt, R.B. Campbell. Plasma-Driven Flat Panel displays. Copyright 2000 CRC Press LLC.
11. L. Ozawa, Cathodoluminescence: Theory and Applications, VCH, Basel, Switzerland (1990) Phosphor Handbook. Editors: S. Shionoya and W.M. Yen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999, ISBN 0-8493-7560-6.
12. R.C. Ropp. Luminescence and the Solid State. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, ISBN 0-444- 88940-X.
13. R.C. Ropp. The Chemistry of Artificial Lighting Devices. Lamps, Phosphors and Cathode Tay Tubes. Elsevier Science Pulishers, The Netherlands, ISBN 0-444-81709-3, 1993. Solid State Luminescence. Editor: A.H. Kitai, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993, ISBN 0 412 43340 0.
14. L.F. Weber, in: L.E. Tannas Jr. (Ed), Flat-Panel Displays and CRTs, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1985, pp396.
15. W.M. Yen and Marvin J. Weber (Eds). Inorganic Phosphors. Compositions, Preparation and Optical Properties. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2004.
16. G. Blasse. The Physics of New Luminescent Materials. Materials Chemistry and Physics 16, 201 (1987)
17. S.H.M. Poort and G. Blasse. The Influence of the Host Lattice on the Luminescence of Divalent Europium. J. Lumin. 72-74, 247 (1997)
18. S.M.M. Poort, H.M. Reijnhoudt, H.O.T. van der Kuip and G. Blasse. Luminescence of Eu2+ in Silicate Host Lattices with Alkaline Earth Ions in a Row. J of Alloys and compounds 241, 75 (1996)
19. 2+-activated Orthosilicates and Orthophosphates. J. of Alloys and Comp. 260, 93 (1997)
20. L.E. Shea, J. McKittrick and O.A. Lopez. Synthesis of Red-Emitting, Small Particle Size Luminescent Oxides Using an Optimized Combustion Process. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79, 3257 (1996)
21. K.S. Sohn, Y. Y. Choi, K.H. Kim, S.Y. Choi and H.D. Park. Effect of Inter-ionic Interaction on Photoluminescence Property of Yttrium Aluminate Garnet Phosphors. J. Mat. Sci: Mat in Elect. 12, 179 (2001)
22. D.R. Tallant, C.H. Seager and R.L. Simpson. Mechanisms Affecting Emission in Rare-Earth- Activated Phosphors. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 621, Q2.5.1 (2000)
23. K. A. Wickersheim and R.A. Buchanan. Position of the Energy Levels of Trivalent Rare-earth Activator Ions Relative to the Electronic Energy Bands of Lanthanum Oxysulphide: A New Picture of Excitation and Relaxation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 184 (1970)
24. M. Doherty and W. Harrison. Preparation and Characteristics of Calcium Halophosphates. Br. J. Appl. Phys., Supplement No. 4, Paper 2, S11-S18 (1955)
25. 3+:LaPO4 Green Phosphors by Hydrolyzed Colloid Reaction (HCR) Technique. Mat. Lett. 30, 389 (1997)
26. C. Feldmann, T. Justel, C.R. Ronda and P.J. Schmidt. Inorganic Luminescent Materials: 100 Years of Research and Application. Adv. Funct. Mater.13, 511 (2003)
27. T. Justel, H. Nikol and C. Ronda. New Developments in the Field of Luminescent Materials for Lighting and Displays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37, 3084 (1998)
28. 3:Eu Phosphor Particles Prepared from the Polymeric Precursors in Spray Pyrolysis. J. Electrochem. Soc. 148, H171 (2001)
29. A. Newport, J. Silver and A. Vecht. The Synthesis of Fine Particle Yttrium Vanadat Phosphors from Spherical Powder Precursors Using Urea Precipitation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 3944 (2000)
30. Y. Ohno. Color Issues of White LEDs. Solid State Light emitting Diodes for General Illumination, OIDA Workshop Preliminary Report, pp 1-9, Oct 26-27 (2000)
31. C.R. Ronda. Recent Achievements in Research on Phosphors for Lamps and Displays, J. Lumin. 72-74, 49 (1997)
32. C.R. Ronda. Phosphors for Lamps and Displays: an Applicational view. J. Alloys and Compounds 225, 534 (1995)
33. A.M. Srivastava and C.R. Ronda. Phosphors. Interface pp 48-51 Summer 2003
34. A.M. Srivastava and T.J. Sommerer. Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors. Interface pp 28-31, Summer 1998
35. A.L.N. Stevels. Recent Advances in the Application of Phosphors. J. Lumin. 12/13, 97 (1976)
36. 9:Mn. J. Lumin. 8, 443 (1974)
37. J.M.P.J. Verstegen, D. Radielovic and L.E. Vrenken. A New Generation of "deluxe" Fluorescent Lamps, Combining an Efficacy of 80 Lumens/W or More with a Color Rendering Index of Approximately 85. J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 1627 (1974)
38. 3+ Downconversion Couple in Fluorides. Rad. Meas. 38, 767 (2004)
39. H. Bechtel, T. Justel, H. Glaser and D.U. Wiechert. Phosphors for plasma-display panels: Demands and achieved performance. J. of the SID 10, 63 (2002)
40. 2+ Fluorescence Mechanism. J. Lumin. 115, 53 (2005)
41. J.P. Boeuf. Plasma Display Panels: Physics, Recent Developments and Key Issues (Topical Review). J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, R53 (2003)
42. 6 VUV Phosphors. ICSE 2000 Proc. Nov 2000, pp128- 130
43. 2+. Chem. Mater. 16, 5311 (2004)
44. K.S. Sohn, S.S. Kim and H.D. Park. Luminescence Quenching in Thermally-treated Barium Magnesium Aluminate Phosphor. App. Phys. Lett. 81, 1759 (2002)
45. 2+ Phosphors for Improved Aging Properties in Plasma Display Panels. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, H210 (2004)
46. 2+ Phosphor Layer in Plasma Display Panels. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, H205 (2004)
47. 2+. J. Lumin. 109, 51 (2004)
48. 2+. J. Lumin. 109, 51 (2004)
49. 2+ Phosphor After Baking Process for PDPs Application. Solid St. Commun. 133, 197 (2005)
50. 2+ Phosphor Prepared by Aerosol Pyrolysis Technique for PDP Applications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 148, H128 (2001)
51. 17:Eu Blue Phosphor Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis. J. Lumin. 115, 91 (2005)
52. T. Justel, J.C. Krupa, D.U. Wiechert. VUV Specroscopy of Luminescent Materials for Plasma Display Panels and Xe Discharge Lamps. J. Lumin. 93, 179 (2001)
53. 17. J. Lumin. 101, 195 (2003)
54. T. Justel and H. Nikol. Optimization of Luminescent Materials for Plasma Display Panels. Adv. Mater. 12, 527 (2000)
55. C.H. Kim, I.E. Kwon, C.H. park, Y.J. Hwang, H.S. Bae, B.Y. Yu, C.H. Pyun and G.Y. Hong. Phosphors for Plasma Display Panels. J. Alloys and Compounds 311, 33 (2000)
56. J. Koike, T. Kojima and R. Toyonaga. New Tricolor Phosphors for Gas Discharge Display. J. Electrochem. Soc. Solid-State Sci. Tech. 1008, June 1979
57. E. van der Kolk, P. Dorenbos, a.P. Vink, R.C. Perego, C.W.E. van Eijk and A.R. Lakshmanan. Phys. Rev. B, 64, 195129 (2001)
58. E. van der Kolk, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, H. Bechtel, T. Justel, H. Nikol, C.R. Ronda, D.U. Wiechert. Optimised Co-activated Willemite Phosphors for Application in Plasma Display Panels. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1246 (2000)
59. 2+ as Blue PDP Phosphors. IEICE Trans. Electron. E85C, 1888 (2002)
60. I.E. Kwon, B.Y. Yu, H. Bae, Y.J. Hwang, T.W. Kwon, C.H. Kim, C.H. Pyun and S.J. Kim. Luminescence Properties of Borate Phosphors in the UV/VUV Region. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1039 (2000)
61. B. Moine and G. Bizarri. Rare-earth Doped Phosphors: Oldies or Goldies? Mat. Sci. and Eng. B 105, 2 (2003)
62. A. Ohto, K. Matsuda and T. Hisamune. New Blue Emitting Phosphor for Plasma Display Panels. SID 2003 DIGEST, pp 411-413.
63. 2+ (BAM) Blue Phosphor. SID 04 DIGEST, pp 1241-1243.
64. 2+ Phosphor with Controlled Particle Shape and Size. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 392 (1999)
65. 2+ Phosphor by Oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 3903 (1998)
66. 16:Eu Phosphor. J. Mat. Sci. 37, 4041 (2002)
67. R.O. Petersen. Materials Challenges for Flat Panel Displays. Abs. 1164, 204th Meeting, 2003. The Electrochem. Soc., Inc.
68. 2+ Solid solution. J. Solid St. Chem. 173, 359 (2003)
69. 3+ Activated Lanthanum Phosphate: a Blue PDP Phosphor. J. Lumin. 113, 271 (2005)
70. 3+ Ativated Green Phosphors for Plasma Display Panel applications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, H165 (2003)
71. R.P. Rao and D.J. Devine. RE-Activated Lanthanide Phosphate Phosphors for PDP Applications. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1260 (2000)
72. 4:Mn Phosphor Particles by Adding Citric Acid in Spray Pyrolysis Process. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3431 (2003)
73. 3:Eu Phosphor Particles. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 2743 (2003)
74. 4:Mn. J. Lumin. 69, 245 (1996)
75. 3. Chem. Mater. 4, 410 (1992)
76. 3+ Doped Phosphors. Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials, and Devices, Vol 2, pp 361-424, Editors: H.S. Nalwa and L.S. Rohwer, American Scientific Publishers, CA, USA, 2003. ISBN 1-58883 031-4 (Vol. 2)
77. K.S. Sohn, Y.Y. Choi, K.H. Kim, S.Y. Choi and H.D. Park. Effect of Inter-ionic Interaction on Photoluminescence Property of Yttrium Aluminate Garnet Phosphors. J. Mat. Sci. 12, 179 (2001)
78. 2+ Phosphors for PDP Application. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1250 (2000)
79. 4:Mn. J. Mat. Sci. Lett. 22, 979 (2003)
80. N. Yochum, R.S. Meltzer, K.W. Jang and M. Grimm. New Green Phosphors for Plasma Displays. J.SID, 4/3, 169 (1996)
81. N. Yokosawa, G. Sato and E. Nakazawa. Improvement of Luminescence Degradation of PDP Blue Phosphor with New UV Phosphor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, H197 (2003)
82. 3+). Japn. J. appl. Phys. 42, 5656 (2003)
83. 2+-Activated Barium Magnesium aluminate Phosphor for Plasma Displays - Phase Relation and Mechanism of Thermal Degradation. J. Lumin. 92, 223 (2001)
84. 2+-Doped Hexagonal Aluminate Phosphor for Plasma Display Applications. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 477 (2003)
85. K. Amemiya and J. Miyahara. Imaging Plate Illuminates Many Fields. Nature 336, 89 (1988)
86. L.H. Brixner. New X-ray Phosphors. Materials Chemistry and Physics 16, 253 (1987)
87. 3. J. Phys.D:Appl. Phys. 38, 3501 (2005)
88. A.R. Lakshmanan and K.G. Rajan. Diagnostic X-ray Imaging Using Photostimulable Luminescence Phosphor: An Emerging Alternative to Photographic Film. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 55, 247 (1994)
89. P.J.R. Leblans. New Needle-Crystalline Detector for X-ray Computer Radiography (CR). NDT. Net- DEcemcer 2002, Vol. 7, No. 12, Paper presented at the 8th ECNDT, Barcelona, June 2002.
90. A. Jestin Lenus, M.T. Jose, M. Yousuf, K. Govinda Rajan and A.R. Lakshmanan. Charge Compensation Mechanism in X-ray Image Intensifying Phosphor BaFBr:Eu. Rad. Meas. 33, 397 (2001)
91. H. Nanto, F. Endo, Y. Hirai, S. Nasu, S. Taniguchi and N. Takeuchi. Eu-Doped KCl Phosphor Crystals as a Storage Material for Two-Dimensional Ultraviolet-ray or X-ray Imaging Sensors. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 7493 (1994)
92. Y. Okamoto, S. Kawaguchi, S. Kino, S. Miono, T. Kitajima, a. Misaki and T. Saito. Thermoluminescent Sheets for the Detection of High Energy Hadronic and Electromagnetic Showers. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. in Phys. Res. A243, 219 (1986)
93. B. Schmidt, M. Fuchs, E. Hell, W. Knupfer, P. Hackenschmied and A. Winnacker. Structured Alkali Halides for Medical Applications. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys.Res. B 191, 800 (2002)
94. S. Schweizer, J.M. Spaeth, T.J. Bastow. Generation of F Centres and Hole Centres in the Nonstoichiometric X-ray Storage Phosphor BaFBr. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10, 9111 (1998)
95. M. Sonoda, M. Takano, J. Miyahara and H. Kato. Computed Radiography Utilizing Scanning Laser Stimulated Luminescence. Radiology 148, 833 (1983)
96. 2+. J. Lumin. 114, 24 (2005)
97. 2 doped with Cerium. Rad. Meas. 38, 511 (2004)
98. 2+. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, 1914 (2002)
99. 2+. Radiat. Meas. 33, 119 (2001)
100. 2+. Mat. Chem. and Phys. 44, 170 (1996)
101. S. Schweizer, M. Secu, J.M. Spaeth, L.W. Hobbs, A. Edgar and G.V.M. Williams. New Developments in X-ray Storage Phosphors. Rad. Meas. 38, 633 (2004)
102. 2+ (X=Br,Cl) X-ray Storage Phosphors. Rad. Eff. & Def. in Solids 157, 957 (2002)
103. 2+. J. Phys. D: Appl.Phys. 37, 2352 (2004)
104. Y. Zorenko, R. Turchak, T. Voznjak, M. Batentschuk, A. Osvet and A. Winnacker. Luminescence and Storage Properties of CsBr:Cu and CsBr:CuO Crystals. phys. stat. sol. (2005)
105. 4. phys. stat. sol. (a) 160, R5 (1997)
106. G. Blasse. Scintillator Materials. Chem. Mater. 6, 1465 (1994)
107. 3+ Ions. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2766 (2002)
108. S.J. Duclos. Scintillator Phosphors for Medical Imaging. The Electrochem. Soc. Interface, Summer 1998, pp34-38.
109. E. Gminder, I.A. Kamenskikh, V.N. Kolobanov, V.V. Mikhailin, I.N. Shpinkov, B. Steeg and G. Zimmerer. Optical Properties of Calcium and Lead Sulphates. Hasylab. Desy annual report 1998, part 1, contrib./22/2157.
110. 4. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, L713 (2002)
111. 4 Scintillating Crystals Under Different Excitations. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 083523 (2005)
112. W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo and P.J. Shlichta. Scintillation Properties of Lead Sulfate. IEEE Transactions on Nucl. Sci. 39, 1190 (1992)
113. M.V. Nazarov, D.Y. Jeon, J.H. Kang, E.J. Popovici, L.E. Muresan, M.V. Zamoryankaya and B.S. Tsukerblat. Luminescence Properties of Europium-Terbium Double Activated Calcium Tungstate Phosphor. Solid St. Comm. 131, 307 (2004)
114. D. Nikolopoulos, I. Kandarakis, X. Tsantilas, I. Valais, D. Cavouras and A. Louizi. Comparative Study Using Monte Carlo Methods of the Radiation Detection Efficiency of LSO, LuAP, GSO and YAP Scintillators for use in positron emission imaging (PET). Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 569 (2006) 350-354
115. W. Rossner and B.C. Grabmaier. Phosphors for X-ray Detectors in Computed Tomography. J. Lumin. 48-49, 29 (1991)
116. 4. J. Lumin. 72-74, 784 (1997)
117. 4 Crystals. Inorganic Materials, 40, 735 (2004)
118. R.Y. Zhu, Q. Deng, H. Newman, C.L. Woody, J.A. Kierstead and S.P. Stoll. A Study on the Radiation Hardness of Lead Tungstate Crystals. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45, 686 (1998)
119. 2+ Phosphor. ppl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2931 (2004)
120. 2+ Phosphors. Jap. J. App. Phys. 43, 989 (2004)
121. 4 Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, H135 (2005)
122. 3 Matrix (RE=La and Gd) Produced Using the Pechini Method. J. Solid St. Chem. 171, 401 (2003)
123. 2+ Under Near-UV Excitation. J. Elecrochem. Soc., 152(9) H152 (2005)
124. R.M. Mach, G.O. Mueller, M.R. Krames and T. Trottier. High-Power Phosphor-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes Based on III-Nitrides. IEEE J. Sel. Topics in Quan. Elect., 8, 339 (2002)
125. R.M. Mach, G.O. Mueller, M.r. Krames and T. Trottier. High-Power Phosphor-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes Based on III-Nitrides. IEEE Jl. on Sel. Topics in Quant. Mech. 8, 339 (2002)
126. 19 Compounds as Red-emitting Phosphor for White LED. J. Lumin. 114, 207 (2005)
127. Y. Narukawa, I. Niki, K. Izuno, M. Yamada, Y. Murazaki and T. Mukai. Phosphor- Conversion White Light Emitting Diode Using Near-Ultraviolet Chip. Japn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, L371 (2002)
128. 3+ (M=Gd, Y, Bi). Chem. Phys. Lett. 387, 2 (2004)
129. 3+ (Ln = Y,Gd). Solid St. Comm. 131, 65 (2004)
130. M.L. Pang, J. Lin, S.B. Wang, M. Yu, Y.H. Zhou and X.M. Han. Luminescent Properties of Rare-earth Doped CaWO4 Phosphor Films Prepared by the Pechini Sol-Gel Process. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, 5157 (2003)
131. 4:Eu Yellow Phopsphor for White Light-Emitting Diodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, H121 (2005)
132. 4:Eu and the Luminescent Properties. App. Phys. Lett. 82, 683 (2003)
133. L.S. Rohwer and A.M. Srivastava. Development of Phosphors for LEDs. Interface. pp 36-39 Summer 2003
134. K. Sakuma, K. Omichi, N. Kimura, M. Ohashi, D. Tanaka, N. Hirosaki, Y. Yamamoto, R.J. Xie and T. Suehiro. Warm-white Light-emitting Diode with Yellowish Orange SiAlON Ceramic Phosphor. Optics Letters 29, 2001 (2004)
135. P. Schlotter, J. Baur, Ch. Hielscher, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, R. Schmidt and J. Schneider. Fabrication and Characterization of GaN/InGaN/AlGaN Double Hetrostructure LEDs and their application in Luminescence Conversion LEDs. Mat. Sci. and Eng. B59, 390 (1999)
136. V. Sivakumar and U.V. Varadaraju. Intense Red-Emitting Phosphors for White Light Emitting Diodes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, H168 (2005)
137. T. Taguchi, Y. Uchida and K. Kobayashi. Efficient White LED Lighting and its Application to Medical Fields. phys. stat. sol. (a) 201, 2730 (2004)
138. 5 phosphor. J. Lumin. 87089, 967 (2000)
139. A. Vecht, A.C. Newport, P.A. Bayley, W.A. Crossland. Narrow Band 390 nm Emitting Phosphors for Photoluminescent Liquid Crystal Displays. J. Appl. Phys.84, 3827 (1998)
140. 13 Red Phosphor and its Application to Tri-chromatic White LEDs. J. Light & Vis. Env. 28, 73 (2004)
141. 2+. Optical Mat. 26, 327 (2004)
142. 4:Mn Phosphors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 141, 524 (1994)
143. 4:Mn Phosphors: A Spectroscopic View. J. Chem. phys. 121, 10250 (2004)
144. H.N. Hersh and H. Forst. Proposed Mechanism of Cathodoluminescence in some Oxygen- Dominated Phosphors. J. Lumin. 1,2, 862 (1970)
145. H. Kawai, S. Kuboniwa and T. Hoshina. Concentration Dependence of Green-Cu Luminescence in ZnS:Cu,Al. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 1593 (1974)
146. E.A. Meulenkamp. Synthesis and Growth of ZnO Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 5566 (1998)
147. 3+ in ZnS. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 4529 (1971)
148. L. Spanhel and M.A. Anderson. Semiconductor Clusters in the Sol-Gel Process: Quantized Aggregation, Gelation and Crystal Growth in Concentrated ZnO Colloids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 2826 (1991)
149. M. Tabei, S. Shionoya and H. Ohmatsu. Mechanism of the Killer Effect of Iron-Group Ions on the Green Luminescence in ZnS:Cu,Al Phosphors. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 14, 240 (1975)
150. 4 Rodlike Nanoparticles Through Hydrothermal Method. Mat. Chem.. and Phys. 82, 414 (2003)
151. T. Welker. Recent Developments on Phosphors for Fluorescent Lamps and Cathode-ray Tubes. J. Lumin. 48-49, 49 (1991)
152. K. A. Wickersheim and R.A. Buchanan. Position of the Energy Levels of Trivalent Rare- Earth Activator Ions Relative to the Electronic Energy Bands of Lanthanum Oxysulphide: A New Picture of Excitation and Relaxation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 184 (1970)
153. H. Yamamoto and H. Matsukiyo. Problems and Progress in Cathode-Ray Phosphors for High-definition Displays. J. Lumin. 48-49, 43 (1991)
154. 3+. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1079 (2000)
155. O. Agyeman, C.N. Xu, W. shi, X.G. Zheng and M. Suzuki. Strong Ultraviolet and Green Emissions at Room Temperature from Annealed ZnO Thin Films. Jpn. J.Appl. Phys. 41, 666 (2002)
156. A.G. Chakhovskoi, C.E. Hunt, M.E. Malinowski, T.E. Felter and A.A. Talin. Characterization of Novel Powder and Thin Film RGB Phosphors for Field Emission Display Application. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 15, 507 (1997)
157. 3:Eu Phosphor Screen for Field Emission Display Application. J. Elecrochem. Soc. 147, 3143 (2000)
158. M. Gomi, N. Oohira, K. Ozaki and M. Koyano. Photoluminescent and Structural Properties of Precipitated ZnO Fine Particles. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 481 (2003)
159. C.E. Hunt and A.G. Chakhovskoi. Phosphor Challenge for Field-emission Flat-panel Displays. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B15, 516 (1997)
160. 3+, for Low-Voltage Electron Excitation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 6387 (1999)
161. 4:Mn Thin Film Phosphors by Se Doping. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1346 (2003)
162. 3:Eu Spherical Particle Phosphor Size, assembly Properties, and Performance for FED and HDTV. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 4654 (1999)
163. 3+. J. Lumin. 104, 215 (2003)
164. Y.H. Lee, M.H. Song, B.K. Ju, D.K. Shin and M.H. Oh. Thin Film Phosphor Prepared by Physical Vapor Deposition for Field Emission Display Application. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 15, 512 (1997)
165. 4 by a Hydrothermal Method. J. Phys. and Chem. of Solids 62, 777 (2001)
166. J. McKittrick, L.E. Shea, C.F. Bacalski, E.J. Bosze. The Influence of Processing Parameters on Lumninescent Oxides Produced by Combustion Synthesis. Displays 19, 169 (1999)
167. 4 as Host Material for Multicolor-emitting Phosphor layer of Electroluminescent Devices. J. Lumin. 72-74, 997 (1997)
168. V.Z. Mordkovitch, H. Hayashi, M. Haemori, T. Fukumura and M. Kawasaki. Discovery and Optimization of New ZnO-Based Phosphors Using a Combinatorial Method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 519 (2003)
169. L.E. S. Rohwer and R.J. Walko. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphors for Flat-Panel Displays. Chapter 6, Vol. 3. Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials, and Devices, Vols.1, 2 and 3. Editors: H.S. Nalwa and L.S. Rohwer, American Scientific Publishers, CA, USA, 2003. ISBN 1-58883-032-2 (Vol. 3)
170. L.E. Shea. Low-Voltage Cathodoluminescent Phosphors. The Electrochem. Soc. Interface, Summer 1998
171. H.C. Swart, K.T. Hillie and A.P. Greeff. Effect of Temperature on the Degradation of ZnS FED Phosphors. Surf.Interface Anal.. 32, 110 (2001)
172. K. Vanheusden, C.H. Seager, W.L. Warren, D.R. Tallant and J.A. Voigt. Correlation Between Photoluminescence and Oxygen Vacancies in ZnO Phosphors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 403 (1996)
173. H. Yamamoto and S. Okamoto. Efficiency Enhancement by Aluminum Addition to Some Oxide Phosphors for field Emission Displays. Displays 21, 93 (2000)
174. J.W. Allen. Impact Processes in Electroluminescence. J. Lumin. 48-49, 18 (1991)
175. A.H. Kittai. Oxide Phosphor and Dielectric Thin Films for Electrolumiescent Devices. Thin Solid Films 445, 367 (2003).
176. A.N. Krasnov. Electroluminescent Displays: History and Lessons Learned. Displays 24, 73 (2003)
177. D. Li, B.L. Clark, D.A. Keszler, P. Keir and J.F. Wager. Color Control in Sulphide Phosphors: Turning up the Light for Electroluminescent Displays. Chem. Mater. 12, 268 (2000)
178. K. Manzoor, S.R. Vadera, N. Kumar and T.R.N. Kutty. Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of ZnS Nanocrystals Doped with Copper and Halogen. Mat. Chem. and Phys. 82, 718 (2003)
179. A.J. Steckl, J. Heikenfeld, D.S. Lee and M. Garter. Multiple Color Capability from Rare-earth Doped Gallium Nitride. Mat. Sci. Eng. B81, 97 (2001)
180. 4:Mn thin-film electroluminescent devices. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 4622 (2003)
181. S.S. Sun. A New Blue Emitting TFEL Phosphor: SrS:Cu. Displays 19, 145 (1999)
182. 3+ Centers in ZnS Electroluminescent Thin Films. J. Cryst. Growth 117, 997 (1992)
183. W. Tong, Y.B. Xin, T.C. Jones, W. Park and C.J. Summers. Codoping Studies of Physical Vapor Phase Deposition of SrS:Cu. Displays 21, 83 (2000)
184. + Centers in MgS, CaS, SrS and BrS. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 30, 3335 (1991)
185. T. Aitasalo, P. Deren, J. Holsa, H. Jungner, J.C. Krupa, M. Lastusaari, J. Legendziewicz, J. Nittykoski and W. Strek. Persistent Luminescence Phenomena in Materials Doped with rare Earth Ions. J. Solid State Chemistry 171, 114(2003)
186. 3+. phys. stat. sol. (b) 242, R7 (2005)
187. 7 Crystals. Appl. Phys. Letters 75, 1715 (1999).
188. 7-based Photoluminescent Phosphor. J. Mat. Sci. Lett.20, 1505 (2001)
189. 3+. J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 2670 (1996)
190. 2+ Activated Green, Yellow and Red Long Persistent Phosphors. J. Lumin. 102-103, 34 (2003)
191. B.v. Andrievskii, V.K. Krlyak, N.A. Romanyuk and Z.M. Ursul. Reflection Spectra and Optical Constants of Potassium-sulfate Single Crystals in the 4-22 eV Range. Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 66, 364 (1989)
192. 3+ Downconversion Couple in Fluorides. Rad. Meas. 38, 767 (2004)
193. T.T. Basiev, I.T. Basieva, M.E. Doroshenko, V.V. Osiko, A.M. Prokhorov and K.K. Pukhov. Cooperative Quenching: Experiment, Theory and Monte-Carlo Computer Simulation. J. Lumin. 94-95, 349 (2001)
194. 3 Solid Solutions. JETP Letters 71, 8 (2000)
195. 3+ in Fluoride Crystals. J. Lumin. 78, 91 (1998)
196. 3+ Under VUV Excitation. J. Lumin. 94-95, 45 (2001)
197. A.N. Belsky and J.C. Krupa. Luminescence Excitation Mechanisms of Rare-earth Doped Phosphors in the VUV Range. Displays. 19, 185 (1999)
198. G. Blasse. Energy Transfer Phenomena in Lead Sulphate. Energy Transfer Phenomena in Lead Sulphate. Chem. Phys. Lett. 35, 299 (1975)
199. D.L. Dexter. Possibility of Luminescent Quantum Yields Greater than Unity. Phys. Rev. 108, 630 (1957)
200. D.L. Dexter. A. Theory of Sensitized Luminescence in Solids. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836 (1953)
201. 3+ Energy Transfer in Alkaline Earth (Ba,Sr or Ca) Sulphate Phosphors. Opt. Mat. 24, 651 (2004)
202. 3+ and the Crytstalline Environment. I. Fluoride Compounds. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 15640 (2000)
203. P. Dorenbos. 5d- level Energies of Ce3+ and the Crytstalline Environment. II. Chloride, Bromide and Iodide Compounds. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 15650 (2000)
204. 3+ Charge Transfer Energy and the Relation with the Band gap of Compounds. J. Lumin. 111, 89 (2005)
205. 4:Eu. J. Lumin. 92, 245 (2001)
206. 3. Phys. Rev B, 13, 94 (1976)
207. 7 Crystals. App. Phys. Lett. 84, 4141 (2004)
208. 3+ in Oxides and Fluorides. Phys. Rev. B, 64, 195129 (2001)
209. 7. J. Phys:Condens. Matter 13, 5471 (2001)
210. 3. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 7867 (2004)
211. 3+-doped Fluorides. J. Lumin. 102-103, 176 (2003)
212. 3+-doped Fluoride Crystals. Refer Chem. Phys. 270, 355 (2001) as well J. Lum (in press)
213. 3+-doped Fluorides. J. Lumin. 102-103, 176 (2003)
214. 4:Tb,Na. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 212-218 (2007)
215. 3+. J.Phys:Condens. Matter 15, 7117 (2003)
216. A. Lushchik, C. Lushchik, A. Kotlov, I. Kudryavteseva, A. Maaroos, V. Nagirnyi and E.V. Chenko. Spectral Transformers of VUV Radiation on the Basis of Wide-gap Oxides. Rad. Meas. 38, 747 (2004)
217. V.N. Makhov, N.M. Khaidukov, N.Y. Kirikova, M. Kirm, J.C. Krupa, T.V. Ouvarova and G. Zimmerer. VUV Emission of Rare-Earth Ions Doped into Fluoride Crystals. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1005 (2000)
218. T. Miyakawa and D.L. Dexter. Phonon Sidebands, Multiphonon Relaxation of Excited States and Phonon-assisted Energy Transfer between Ions in Solids. Phys. Rev B, 1, 2961 (1970)
219. P.S. Peijzel, W.J.M. Schrama and A. Meijerink. Thulium as a Sensitizer for the Gd3+/Eu3+ Quantum Cutting Couple. Mol. Phys. 102, 1285 (2004)
220. n-15d Transitions of the Trivalent Lanthanides: Experiment and Theory. J. Lumin. 94-95, 79 (2001)
221. 3+-Doped Fluorides: Achievement of a Quantum Yield Greater than Unity for Emission of Visible Light. J. Lumin. 8, 344 (1974)
222. V.G. Plekhanov and V.S. Osminin. Reflection and Luminescence Spectra of Potassium Sulfate at Low temperatures. Opt. Spectrosc., 38, 67 (1975)
223. V.G. Plekhanov and V.S. Osminin. Reflection Spectra of Alkali-Metal Sulfates at 78K. Opt. Spectrosc. 39, 337 (1975)
224. 3+-doped Compounds Under X-ray Excitation. Optics Comm. 204, 237 (2002)
225. J.L. Sommerdijk, A. Bril and A.W. deJager. Two Photon Luminescence with Ultraviolet Excitation of Trivalent Praseodymium. J. Lumin. 8, 341 (1974)
226. 3+-Activated Fluorides. J. Lumin. 9, 288 (1974)
227. 19: Observation of Two Photon Luminescence in Oxide Lattice. J. Lumin. 71, 285 (1997)
228. 2+ Doped Fluorides. Ph.D Dissertation, Universitat Hamburg, Germany (2004)
229. T. Trupke, M.A. Green and P. Wurfel. Improving Solar Cell Efficiencies by Down- Conversion of High-Energy Photons. J. Appl. Phys. 92, 1668 (2002)
230. 3+. Phys, Rev, B 71, 014119 (2005)
231. + Co-doping. Opt. Comm. 210, 277 (2002)
232. 3+. Phys. Rev. B 66, 075118 (2002)
233. 3+. J. Phys.Condens. Matter 14, 8889 (2002)
234. 4 (M=Ca,Sr,Ba). J. Alloys and Comp.341, 338 (2002)
235. 4:Mn Phosphor under Vacuum Ultraviolet Excitation. Phys. Rev. 83, 785 (1953)
236. R.T. Wegh, H. Donker, E.V.D. van Loef, K.D. Oskam and A. Meijerink. Quantum Cutting through Downconversion in Rare-earth Compounds. J. Lumin. 87-89, 1017 (2000)
237. R.T. Wegh, H. Donker, K.D. Oskam, A. Meijerink. Visible Quantum Cutting in LiGdF4:Eu3+ Through Downconversion. Science 283, 663 (1999)
238. 3+ in Fluorides. Mol. Phys. 101, 1047 (2003)
239. 105d Excitation. J.Lumin. 90, 111 (2000)
240. n-15d Transitions for Heavy Lanthanides in Fluoride Hosts. Phys. Rev. B 60, 10820 (1999)
241. 3+-doped trifluorides and Tunable Coherent Sources from 1650 to 2600 Å. App. Phys. Lett. 29, 499 (1976)
242. n to 4fn Transitions of Nd3+, Er3+ and Tm3+-Doped Trifluorides. Phys. Rev B, 17, 4246 (1978)
243. 4). J. Lumin. 110, 95 (2004)
244. 3. phys. stat. sol. (c) 2, 48 (2005)
245. D.L. Andrews and R.D. Jenkins. A Quantum Electrodynamical Theory of Three-center Energy Transfer for Upconversion and Downconversion in Rare Earth Doped Materials. J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1089 (2001)
246. F. Auzel. Upconversion Processes in Coupled Ion Systems. J. Lumin. 45, 341 (1990)
247. 3. J. Lumin. 71, 137 (1997)
248. G. Huber, E. Heumann, T. Sandrock and K. Petermann. Up-conversion Processes in Laser Crystals. J. Lumin. 72-74, 1 (1997)
249. 4. Phys. Rev. Letters 25, 1710 (1970)
250. A. Rapaport, J. Milliez and M. Bass. Review of the Properties of Up-Conversion Phosphors for New Emissive Displays. SID-04 DIGEST, 1237 (2004)
251. 3+ Co-doped Fluoroindate Glasses. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 2256 (1998).
252. 2:Yb,Tb. J.Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, 5461 (2002)
253. 2 Crystals. J. Phys.Condens. Matter 10, 493 (1998).
254. 3:Sm Phosphors. J. Solid State Chemistry 171, 391 (2003)