Psychiatry and epilepsy: A century of evolving understanding

Epilepsy: A Century of Discovery

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 233-255

  Salpekar, Jay ^a,b   Dadson, Nana ^b  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895295486     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (174)

1. Kanner, A.M., Depression in Epilepsy Is Much More Than a Reactive Process. Epilepsy Curr., 2003. 3(6): p. 202-203.
2. Avanzini, G., Historical Perspectives and Future Opportunities, in Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice, Schachter SC, Holmes GL, and Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA, Editors. 2008, Demos: New York. p. 499-505.
3. Gowers, W.R., in Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment; 1885, William Wood and Company: New York. p. 100-101.
4. Akimoto, H., What I learnt from studying epilepsy: epileptology and myself. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2004. 58(2): p. 101-9.
5. Masia, S.L. and O. Devinsky, Epilepsy and Behavior: A Brief History. Epilepsy Behav., 2000. 1(1): p. 27-36.
6. Kanner, A.M. and S. Palac, Neuropsychiatric complications of epilepsy. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep., 2002. 2(4): p. 365-72.
7. Schmitz, B. and M. Trimble, Psychosis and Forced Normalization, in Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice, Schachter SC, Holmes GL, and Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA, Editors. 2008, Demos Medical Publishing, LLC: New York, p. 235-244.
8. Krishnamoorthy, E.S., et al., Forced normalization at the interface between epilepsy and psychiatry. Epilepsy Behav, 2002. 3(4): p. 303-308.
9. Krishnamoorthy, E.S. and M.R. Trimble, Forced normalization: clinical and therapeutic relevance. Epilepsia, 1999. 40 Suppl 10: p. S57-64.
10. Fink, M., Meduna and the origins of convulsive therapy. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1984. 141(9): p. 1034-41.
11. Rayport, M. and S.M. Ferguson, Psychosis of Epilepsy: An Integrated Approach, in Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment, E. AB and A.M. Kanner, Editors. 2001, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA. p. 73-94.
12. Wolf, P. and M.R. Trimble, Biological antagonism and epileptic psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1985. 146: p. 272-6.
13. Wolf, P., Acute behavioral symptomatology at disappearance of epileptiform EEG abnormality. Paradoxical or "forced" normalization. Adv. Neurol., 1991. 55: p. 127-42.
14. McConnell HW, D.D., Behavioral Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs, in Psychiatric Comorbidity in Epilepsy: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
15. S. McConnell HW, PJ eds., Editor. 1998, American Psychiatric Press, Inc.: Washington, DC. p. 205-244.
16. Waxman, S.G. and N. Geschwind, The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1975. 32(12): p. 1580-6.
17. Geschwind, N., Interictal behavioral changes in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1983. 24 Suppl 1: p. S23-30.
18. Hermann, B., 100 years of Epilepsia: landmark papers and their influence in neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. Epilepsia, 2010. 51(7): p. 1107-19.
19. Flor-Henry, P., Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. A controlled investigation. Epilepsia, 1969. 10(3): p. 363-95.
20. Bear, D.M. and P. Fedio, Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Neurol., 1977. 34(8): p. 454-67.
21. Sigal, M., Psychiatric aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1976. 163(5): p. 348-51.
22. Bear, D.M., Temporal lobe epilepsy--a syndrome of sensory-limbic hyperconnection. Cortex, 1979. 15(3): p. 357-84.
23. Gloor, P., et al., The role of the limbic system in experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol., 1982. 12(2): p. 129-44.
24. Indaco, A., et al., Interictal depression in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res., 1992. 12(1): p. 45-50.
25. Mendez, M.F., et al., Depression in epilepsy. Relationship to seizures and anticonvulsant therapy. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1993. 181(7): p. 444-7.
26. Mendez, M.F., J.L. Cummings, and D.F. Benson, Depression in epilepsy. Significance and phenomenology. Arch. Neurol., 1986. 43(8): p. 766-70.
27. House, A., et al., Emotionalism after stroke. BMJ, 1989. 298(6679): p. 991-4.
28. Altshuler, L.L., et al., Depression, anxiety, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Laterality of focus and symptoms. Arch. Neurol., 1990. 47(3): p. 284-8.
29. Piamarta, F., et al., Unconventional affective symptoms and executive functions after stroke in the elderly. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. Suppl, 2004(9): p. 315-23.
30. Marin, R.S., S. Firinciogullari, and R.C. Biedrzycki, Group differences in the relationship between apathy and depression. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1994. 182(4): p. 235-9.
31. Kohler, C., et al., Depression in temporal lobe epilepsy before epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 1999. 40(3): p. 336-40.
32. Rubin, E.H. and C.F. Zorumski, Limbic seizures, kindling, and psychosis: a link between neurobiology and clinical psychiatry. Compr. Ther., 1985. 11(7): p. 54-8.
33. Gilbert, M.E., The phenomenology of limbic kindling. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 1994. 10(4-5): p. 343-58.
34. Holmes, G.L., et al., Effects of kindling on subsequent learning, memory, behavior, and seizure susceptibility. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 1993. 73(1): p. 71-7.
35. Kalynchuk, L.E., J.P. Pinel, and D. Treit, Long-term kindling and interictal emotionality in rats: effect of stimulation site. Brain Res., 1998. 779(1-2): p. 149-57.
36. Burnham, W.M., Primary and "transfer" seizure development in the kindled rat. Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 1975. 2(4): p. 417-28.
37. Handforth, A. and R.F. Ackermann, Hierarchy of seizure states in the electrogenic limbic status epilepticus model: behavioral and electrographic observations of initial states and temporal progression. Epilepsia, 1992. 33(4): p. 589-600.
38. Adamec, R.E. and C. Stark-Adamec, Limbic kindling and animal behavior--implications for human psychopathology associated with complex partial seizures. Biol. Psychiatry, 1983. 18(2): p. 269-93.
39. Haracz, J.L., A neural plasticity hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 1984. 8(1): p. 55-71.
40. Starr, M.S., The role of dopamine in epilepsy. Synapse, 1996. 22(2): p. 159-94.
41. Stevens, J.R. and A. Livermore, Jr., Kindling of the mesolimbic dopamine system: animal model of psychosis. Neurology, 1978. 28(1): p. 36-46.
42. Adamec, R.E., Does kindling model anything clinically relevant? Biol. Psychiatry, 1990. 27(3): p. 249-79.
43. Breese, G.R., D.H. Overstreet, and D.J. Knapp, Conceptual framework for the etiology of alcoholism: a "kindling"/stress hypothesis. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2004.
44. Post, R.M., Neurobiology of seizures and behavioral abnormalities. Epilepsia, 2004. 45 Suppl 2: p. 5-14.
45. Grossman, A.W., et al., Experience effects on brain development: possible contributions to psychopathology. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2003. 44(1): p. 33-63.
46. Amann, B. and H. Grunze, Neurochemical underpinnings in bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2005. 46 Suppl 4: p. 26-30.
47. Azorin, J.M. and V. Tramoni, Kindling models and antikindling effects of mood normalizers. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1987. 20(5): p. 189-91.
48. Mazza, M., et al., Bipolar disorder and epilepsy: a bidirectional relation? Neurobiological underpinnings, current hypotheses, and future research directions. Neuroscientist, 2007. 13(4): p. 392-404.
49. Post, R.M., et al., Electroconvulsive seizures inhibit amygdala kindling: implications for mechanisms of action in affective illness. Epilepsia, 1984. 25(2): p. 234-9.
50. Post, R.M., et al., A history of the use of anticonvulsants as mood stabilizers in the last two decades of the 20th century. Neuropsychobiology, 1998. 38(3): p. 152-66.
51. Zhang, Z.J., et al., Unidirectional cross-tolerance from levetiracetam to carbamazepine in amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsia, 2003. 44(12): p. 1487-93.
52. Post, R.M. and S.R. Weiss, Convergences in course of illness and treatments of the epilepsies and recurrent affective disorders. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience: Official Journal of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS), 2004. 35(1): p. 14-24.
53. Raisinghani, M. and C.L. Faingold, Neurons in the amygdala play an important role in the neuronal network mediating a clonic form of audiogenic seizures both before and after audiogenic kindling. Brain Res., 2005. 1032(1-2): p. 131-40.
54. Adamec, R. and T. Shallow, Effects of baseline anxiety on response to kindling of the right medial amygdala. Physiol. Behav., 2000. 70(1-2): p. 67-80.
55. Gaitatzis, A., et al., The epidemiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population. Epilepsia, 2004. 45(12): p. 1613-22.
56. Mohammadi, M.R., et al., Prevalence of epilepsy and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in Iran. Seizure, 2006. 15(7): p. 476-82.
57. Tellez-Zenteno, J.F., et al., Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis. Epilepsia, 2007. 48(12): p. 2336-44.
58. Akanuma, N., et al., Psychiatric comorbidity in adult patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2008. 13(1): p. 248-51.
59. Filho, G.M., et al., Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a study comparing patients with mesial temporal sclerosis and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2008. 13(1): p. 196-201.
60. Matsuura, M., et al., A multicenter study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among new referrals for epilepsy in Japan. Epilepsia, 2003. 44(1): p. 107-14.
61. Karouni, M., et al., Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy: a population-based study. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2010. 66(11): p. 1151-60.
62. Plioplys, S., D.W. Dunn, and R. Caplan, 10-year research update review: psychiatric problems in children with epilepsy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2007. 46(11): p. 1389-402.
63. LaFrance, W.C., Jr., A.M. Kanner, and B. Hermann, Psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy. Int Rev Neurobiol, 2008. 83: p. 347-83.
64. Pellock, J.M., Defining the problem: psychiatric and behavioral comorbidity in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2004. 5 Suppl 3: p. S3-9.
65. Blumer, D., G. Montouris, and B. Hermann, Psychiatric morbidity in seizure patients on a neurodiagnostic monitoring unit. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 1995. 7(4): p. 445-56.
66. Rutter M, Graham P, and Yule WA, A Neuropsychiatric Study in Childhood. 1970, Philadelphia: JP Lippincott.
67. Austin, J.K., et al., Childhood epilepsy and asthma: comparison of quality of life. Epilepsia, 1994. 35(3): p. 608-15.
68. Dunn, D.W., et al., A prospective study of teachers' ratings of behavior problems in children with new-onset seizures. Epilepsy Behav., 2003. 4(1): p. 26-35.
69. Apter, A., et al., Behavioral profile and social competence in temporal lobe epilepsy of adolescence. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1991. 30(6): p. 887-92.
70. Hoare, P. and H. Mann, Self-esteem and behavioural adjustment in children with epilepsy and children with diabetes. J. Psychosom. Res., 1994. 38(8): p. 859-69.
71. Copeland, L.A., et al., Psychiatric and medical admissions observed among elderly patients with new-onset epilepsy. BMC Health Serv. Res. 11: p. 84.
72. Brent, D.A., Overrepresentation of epileptics in a consecutive series of suicide attempters seen at a children's hospital, 1978-1983. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry, 1986. 25(2): p. 242-6.
73. Devinsky, O., Therapy for neurobehavioral disorders in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2004. 45 Suppl 2: p. 34-40.
74. Devinsky, O., Cognitive and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1995. 36 Suppl 2: p. S46-65.
75. Brent, D.A., et al., Phenobarbital treatment and major depressive disorder in children with epilepsy: a naturalistic follow-up. Pediatrics, 1990. 85(6): p. 1086-91.
76. Robertson, M.M., M.R. Trimble, and H.R. Townsend, Phenomenology of depression in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1987. 28(4): p. 364-72.
77. Herranz, J.L., J.A. Armijo, and R. Arteaga, Clinical side effects of phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate during monotherapy in children. Epilepsia, 1988. 29(6): p. 794-804.
78. Lambert, M.V. and M.M. Robertson, Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Epilepsia, 1999. 40 Suppl 10: p. S21-47.
79. Loring, D.W., S. Marino, and K.J. Meador, Neuropsychological and behavioral effects of antiepilepsy drugs. Neuropsychol. Rev., 2007. 17(4): p. 413-25.
80. Dinkelacker, V., et al., Aggressive behavior of epilepsy patients in the course of levetiracetam add-on therapy: report of 33 mild to severe cases. Epilepsy Behav., 2003. 4(5): p. 537-47.
81. Andrewes, D.G., et al., A comparative study of the cognitive effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in new referrals with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1986. 27(2): p. 128-34.
82. Besag, F.M., Behavioural effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs: an update. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2004. 3(1): p. 1-8.
83. Kossoff, E.H., et al., Levetiracetam psychosis in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2001. 42(12): p. 1611-3.
84. Hesdorffer, D.C. and A.M. Kanner, The FDA alert on suicidality and antiepileptic drugs: Fire or false alarm? Epilepsia, 2009. 50(5): p. 978-86.
85. Besag, F.M., Behavioural effects of the new anticonvulsants. Drug Saf., 2001. 24(7): p. 513-36.
86. Salpekar, J.A., et al., Clinical experience with anticonvulsant medication in pediatric epilepsy and comorbid bipolar spectrum disorder. Epilepsy Behav., 2006. 9(2): p. 327-34.
87. Rogawski, M.A. and W. Loscher, The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nat. Med., 2004. 10(7): p. 685-92.
88. Bishop, M.L. and C. Allen, Employment Concerns of People with Epilepsy and the Question of Disclosure: Report of a Survey of the Epilepsy Foundation. Epilepsy Behav, 2001. 2(5): p. 490-495.
89. MacLeod, J.S. and J.K. Austin, Stigma in the lives of adolescents with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav, 2003. 4(2): p. 112-7.
90. Jacoby, A., D. Snape, and G.A. Baker, Epilepsy and social identity: the stigma of a chronic neurological disorder. Lancet Neurol., 2005. 4(3): p. 171-8.
91. Funderburk, J.A., B.P. McCormick, and J.K. Austin, Does attitude toward epilepsy mediate the relationship between perceived stigma and mental health outcomes in children with epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav., 2007.
92. de Souza, E.A. and P.C. Salgado, A psychosocial view of anxiety and depression in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2006. 8(1): p. 232-8.
93. Hermann, B.P., M.R. Trenerry, and R.C. Colligan, Learned helplessness, attributional style, and depression in epilepsy. Bozeman Epilepsy Surgery Consortium. Epilepsia, 1996. 37(7): p. 680-6.
94. Dunn, D.W., J.K. Austin, and G.A. Huster, Symptoms of depression in adolescents with epilepsy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999. 38(9): p. 1132-8.
95. Shore, C.P., J.K. Austin, and D.W. Dunn, Maternal adaptation to a child's epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2004. 5(4): p. 557-68.
96. McCagh, J., J.E. Fisk, and G.A. Baker, Epilepsy, psychosocial and cognitive functioning. Epilepsy Res., 2009. 86(1): p. 1-14.
97. Cushner-Weinstein, S., et al., Parenting stress and childhood epilepsy: the impact of depression, learning, and seizure-related factors. Epilepsy Behav., 2008. 13(1): p. 109-14.
98. Jones, J.E., et al., Psychiatric comorbidity in children with new onset epilepsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 2007. 49(7): p. 493-7.
99. Austin, J.K., et al., Recurrent seizures and behavior problems in children with first recognized seizures: a prospective study. Epilepsia, 2002. 43(12): p. 1564-73.
100. Dunn, D.W., et al., Assessment of behavior in children with new-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 1997. 38 (Suppl 8): p. 134.
101. Hermann, B.P., et al., Brain development in children with new onset epilepsy: a prospective controlled cohort investigation. Epilepsia, 2010. 51(10): p. 2038-46.
102. Jackson, D.C., et al., Ventricular enlargement in new-onset pediatric epilepsies. Epilepsia, 2011.
103. Pulsipher, D.T., et al., Thalamofrontal neurodevelopment in new-onset pediatric idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology, 2011. 76(1): p. 28-33.
104. Seminario, N.A., et al., Determination of prevalence of depression in an epilepsy clinic using a brief DSM-IV-based self-report questionnaire. Epilepsy Behav, 2009. 15(3): p. 362-6.
105. Kanner, A.M. and J.C. Nieto, Depressive disorders in epilepsy. Neurology, 1999. 53(5 Suppl 2): p. S26-32.
106. Kanner, A.M., Is major depression a neurologic disorder with psychiatric symptoms? Epilepsy Behav., 2004. 5(5): p. 636-44.
107. Theodore, W.H., Epilepsy and depression: imaging potential common factors. Clin EEG Neurosci., 2004. 35(1): p. 38-45.
108. Sheline, Y.I., et al., Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol. Psychiatry, 2001. 50(9): p. 651-8.
109. Sheline, Y.I., Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a result of depression-induced neurotoxicity? Mol. Psychiatry, 1996. 1(4): p. 298-9.
110. Sheline, Y.I., M.H. Gado, and H.C. Kraemer, Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2003. 160(8): p. 1516-8.
111. Caetano, S.C., et al., Anatomical MRI study of hippocampus and amygdala in patients with current and remitted major depression. Psychiatry Res., 2004. 132(2): p. 141-7.
112. Rosso, I.M., et al., Amygdala and hippocampus volumes in pediatric major depression. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005. 57(1): p. 21-6.
113. Hecimovic, H., et al., Mechanisms of depression in epilepsy from a clinical perspective. Epilepsy Behav, 2003. 4 Suppl 3: p. S25-30.
114. Kanner, A.M., Structural MRI changes of the brain in depression. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 2004. 35(1): p. 46-52.
115. Sheline, Y.I., et al., The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2009. 106(6): p. 1942-7.
116. Shamim, S., et al., Temporal lobe epilepsy, depression, and hippocampal volume. Epilepsia, 2009. 50(5): p. 1067-71.
117. Salgado, P.C., C.L. Yasuda, and F. Cendes, Neuroimaging changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are magnified in the presence of depression. Epilepsy Behav., 2010. 19(3): p. 422-7.
118. Theodore, W.H., et al., Reduced Hippocampal 5HT1A PET Receptor Binding and Depression in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2007.
119. Lothe, A., et al., Comorbidity between temporal lobe epilepsy and depression: a [18F]MPPF PET study. Brain, 2008. 131(Pt 10): p. 2765-82.
120. Gilliam, F., H. Hecimovic, and Y. Sheline, Psychiatric comorbidity, health, and function in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2003. 4 Suppl 4: p. S26-30.
121. van Elst, L.T. and M.R. Trimble, Depression but not seizure frequency predicts quality of life in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Neurology, 2004. 63(5): p. 942-3; author reply 942-3.
122. Boylan, L.S., et al., Depression but not seizure frequency predicts quality of life in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Neurology, 2004. 62(2): p. 258-61.
123. Dias, R., et al., Depression in epilepsy is associated with lack of seizure control. Epilepsy Behav., 2010. 19(3): p. 445-7.
124. Goncalves, E.B. and F. Cendes, Depression in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 2011. 69(5): p. 775-7.
125. Hesdorffer, D.C., et al., Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults. Ann. Neurol., 2000. 47(2): p. 246-9.
126. Hesdorffer, D.C., et al., Depression and suicide attempt as risk factors for incident unprovoked seizures. Ann. Neurol., 2006. 59(1): p. 35-41.
127. Kanner, A.M., Depression in epilepsy: a complex relation with unexpected consequences. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2008. 21(2): p. 190-4.
128. Robertson, M.M. and M.R. Trimble, The treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. A double-blind trial. J. Affect Disord., 1985. 9(2): p. 127-36.
129. Specchio, L.M., et al., Citalopram as treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 2004. 27(3): p. 133-6.
130. Kanner, A.M., A.M. Kozak, and M. Frey, The Use of Sertraline in Patients with Epilepsy: Is It Safe? Epilepsy Behav., 2000. 1(2): p. 100-105.
131. Thome-Souza, M.S., E. Kuczynski, and K.D. Valente, Sertraline and fluoxetine: safe treatments for children and adolescents with epilepsy and depression. Epilepsy Behav., 2007. 10(3): p. 417-25.
132. Alper, K., et al., Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol. Psychiatry, 2007. 62(4): p. 345-54.
133. Buitelaar, J.K., et al., A comparison of North American versus non-North American ADHD study populations. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2006. 15(3): p. 177-81.
134. Kaufmann, R., H. Goldberg-Stern, and A. Shuper, Attention-deficit disorders and epilepsy in childhood: incidence, causative relations and treatment possibilities. J. Child Neurol., 2009. 24(6): p. 727-33.
135. Dunn, D.W., et al., ADHD and epilepsy in childhood. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 2003. 45(1): p. 50-4.
136. Salpekar, J.A. and D.W. Dunn, Psychiatric and psychosocial consequences of pediatric epilepsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2007. 14(4): p. 181-8.
137. Chen, Q., et al., [Emotional and behavioral comorbidities and the impact on the quality of life in epilepsy children]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 48(5): p. 346-50.
138. Dunn, D.W. and W.G. Kronenberger, Childhood epilepsy, attention problems, and ADHD: review and practical considerations. Semin Pediatr. Neurol., 2005. 12(4): p. 222-8.
139. Davis, S.M., et al., Epilepsy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol, 2010. 42(5): p. 325-30.
140. Parisi, P., et al., Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsy. Brain Dev., 2010. 32(1): p. 10-6.
141. Hesdorffer, D.C., et al., ADHD as a risk factor for incident unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in children. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2004. 61(7): p. 731-6.
142. Holtmann, M., et al., Increased frequency of rolandic spikes in ADHD children. Epilepsia, 2003. 44(9): p. 1241-4.
143. Hughes, J.R., A.J. DeLeo, and M.A. Melyn, The Electroencephalogram in Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Emphasis on Epileptiform Discharges. Epilepsy Behav., 2000. 1(4): p. 271-277.
144. Silvestri, R., et al., Ictal and interictal EEG abnormalities in ADHD children recorded over night by video-polysomnography. Epilepsy Res., 2007. 75(2-3): p. 130-7.
145. Richer, L.P., M.I. Shevell, and B.R. Rosenblatt, Epileptiform abnormalities in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr. Neurol., 2002. 26(2): p. 125-9.
146. Holtmann, M., et al., Rolandic spikes increase impulsivity in ADHD -a neuropsychological pilot study. Brain Dev., 2006. 28(10): p. 633-40.
147. Lopez-Larson, M., et al., Subcortical differences among youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to those with bipolar disorder with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2009. 19(1): p. 31-9.
148. Schreibman Cohen, A., et al., Amygdala volumes in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2009. 16(3): p. 436-41.
149. Williams, J., et al., Differentiating between seizures and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a pediatric population. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila), 2002. 41(8): p. 565-8.
150. Torres, A.R., J. Whitney, and J. Gonzalez-Heydrich, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric patients with epilepsy: review of pharmacological treatment. Epilepsy Behav, 2008. 12(2): p. 217-33.
151. Gross-Tsur, V., et al., Epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is methylphenidate safe and effective? J. Pediatr., 1997. 130(4): p. 670-4.
152. Gucuyener, K., et al., Use of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with epilepsy or electroencephalographic abnormalities. J. Child Neurol., 2003. 18(2): p. 109-12.
153. Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., et al., Adaptive phase I study of OROS methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2010. 18(3): p. 229-37.
154. Harden, C.L. and M.A. Goldstein, Mood disorders in patients with epilepsy: epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs, 2002. 16(5): p. 291-302.
155. Rosenstein, D.L., J.C. Nelson, and S.C. Jacobs, Seizures associated with antidepressants: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1993. 54(8): p. 289-99.
156. Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., et al., No seizure exacerbation from risperidone in youth with comorbid epilepsy and psychiatric disorders: a case series. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2004. 14(2): p. 295-310.
157. Barry, J.J., The recognition and management of mood disorders as a comorbidity of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2003. 44 Suppl 4: p. 30-40.
158. Gajwani, P., et al., Antiepileptic drugs in mood-disordered patients. Epilepsia, 2005. 46 Suppl 4: p. 38-44.
159. Reijs, R., A.P. Aldenkamp, and M. De Krom, Mood effects of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav., 2004. 5 Suppl 1: p. S66-76.
160. Jobe, P.C., Shared mechanisms of antidepressant and antiepileptic treatments: drugs and devices. Clin. EEG Neurosci., 2004. 35(1): p. 25-37.
161. Cushner-Weinstein, S., et al., The benefits of a camp designed for children with epilepsy: evaluating adaptive behaviors over 3 years. Epilepsy Behav., 2007. 10(1): p. 170-8.
162. DiIorio, C., et al., Project EASE: a study to test a psychosocial model of epilepsy medication managment. Epilepsy Behav., 2004. 5(6): p. 926-36.
163. Langfitt, J.T., et al., Family interactions as targets for intervention to improve social adjustment after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 1999. 40(6): p. 735-44.
164. Hamiwka, L., et al., Child psychiatry. Epilepsy Behav., 2011. 22(1): p. 38-46.
165. Salinsky, M., D. Storzbach, and S. Munoz, Cognitive effects of pregabalin in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 2010. 74(9): p. 755-61.
166. Glauser, T., et al., Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology, 2008. 70(21): p. 1950-8.
167. Wheless, J.W. and B. Vazquez, Rufinamide: a novel broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Curr., 2010. 10(1): p. 1-6.
168. Shaibani, A., et al., Lacosamide in painful diabetic neuropathy: an 18-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Pain, 2009. 10(8): p. 818-28.
169. Halford, J.J. and M. Lapointe, Clinical perspectives on lacosamide. Epilepsy Curr., 2009. 9(1): p. 1-9.
170. Rauck, R.L., et al., Lacosamide in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a phase 2 double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin. J. Pain., 2007. 23(2): p. 150-8.
171. Meador, K.J., Cognitive and memory effects of the new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 2006. 68(1): p. 63-7.
172. Bergin, A., Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Psychiatric and Behavioral Cmorbidities in Children and Adolescents, in Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice, Schachter SC, Holmes GL, and Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA, (Editors). 2008, Demos Medical Publishing, LLC: New York, NY. p. 383-387.
173. Mease, P.J., et al., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of pregabalin in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. J. Rheumatol., 2008. 35(3): p. 502-14.
174. Wheless, J.W., et al., Safety and tolerability of rufinamide in children with epilepsy: a pooled analysis of 7 clinical studies. J. Child Neurol., 2009. 24(12): p. 1520-5.