A history of the use of anticonvulsants as mood stabilizers in the last two decades of the 20th century

Neuropsychobiology

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 152-166

  Post, R M ^a   Denicoff, K D ^a   Frye, M A ^a   Dunn, R T ^a   Leverich, G S ^a   Osuch, E ^a   Speer, A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar illness; Lithium; Mania; Refractory depression

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM CARBONATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PRIMIDONE; PROTIRELIN; SEROTONIN; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VALPROIC ACID; VALPROMIDE;

AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEPRESSION; DRUG MECHANISM; HAMILTON SCALE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MANIA; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; EPILEPSY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; KINDLING, NEUROLOGIC; PSYCHIATRY;

EID: 0031757449     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000026532     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (112)

1. Schou M, Gershon S, Shopsin B (eds): Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment. Prophylactic Lithium Maintenance Treatment in Recurrent Endogenous Affective Disorders. New York, Plenum, 1973, pp 269 295.
2. Baastrup PC, Schou M: Lithium as a prophylactic agent: Its effect against recurrent depressions and manic-depressive psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967;16:162 172.
3. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR: Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press; 1990.
4. Post RM; Prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Int Rev J Psychiatry 1990;2:277-320.
5. Post RM, Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, Kaufmann CA (eds): Alternatives to Lithium for Bipolar Affective Illness. Review of Psychiatry. Washington, American Psychiatric Press, vol 9, 1990. pp 170-202.
6. Prien RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM Jr: Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes: A comparison in recurrent affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 29:420-425.
7. Maj M, Pirozzi R, Kemali D: Long-term outcome of lithium prophylaxis in patients initially classified as complete respondent Psychopharmacology 1989;98:535-538
8. Post RM, Leverich GS, Pazzaglia PJ, Mikalauskas K, Denicoff K: Lithium tolerance and discontinuation as pathways to refractoriness: in Birch NJ, Padgham C, Hughes MS (eds): Lithium in Medicine and Biology, ed 1. Lancashire, Marius Press, 1993, vol 8, pp 71-84.
9. Post RM, Ketter TA, Denicoff K, Pazzaglia PJ, Leverich GS, Marangell LB, Callahan AM, George MS, Frye MA: The place of anticonvulsant therapy in bipolar illness. Psychopharmacology 1996;128:115 129.
10. Post RM, Leverich GS, Denicoff KD, Frye MA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn R: Alternative approaches to refractory depression in bipolar illness. Depression Anxiety 1997;5:175 189.
11. Kukopulos A, Reginaldi D, Laddomada P, Floris G, Serra G, Tondo L: Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1980;13:156-167.
12. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK: Do antidepressants cause mania? Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23: 61-65.
13. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK: Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:555-559.
14. Altshuler LL, Post RM, Leverich GS, Mikalauskas K, Rosoff A, Ackerman L: Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: A controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1130-1138.
15. Post RM, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Frye MA: Drug-induced switching in bipolar disorder. Epidemiology and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 1997;8:352-365.
16. Kupfer DJ, Carpenter LL, Frank E: Possible role of antidepressants in precipitating mania and hypomania in recurrent depression. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:804-808.
17. Angst J: Switch from depression to mania: A record study over decades between 1920 and 1982. Psychopathology 1985;18:140-154.
18. Lewis JL, Winokur G: The induction of mania: A natural history study with controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:303-306.
19. Ahlfors UG, Baastrup PC, Dencker SJ, Elgen K, Lingjaerde O, Pedersen V, Schou M, Aaskoven O: Flupenthixol decanoate in recurrent manic depressive illness: A comparison with lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;64: 226-237.
20. Sernyak MJ, Woods SW: Chronic neuroleptic use in manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:375-381.
21. Hunt N, Silverstone T: Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: A catchment area study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;6:45 50.
22. von Meduna LJ: Die konvulsionstherapie der schizophrenic. Psychiatr Neurol Wochenscher 1935;37:317-319.
23. Fink M: Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York, Raven Press, 1979.
24. Post RM, Putnam F, Uhde TW, Weiss SRB: ECT as an anticonvulsant: Implications for its mechanism of action in affective illness: in Malitz S, Sackheim HA (eds): Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical and Basic Research Issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;462:376-388.
25. Sackeim HA, Decina P, Malitz S, Resor SR, Prohovnik I: Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: A proposed mechanism of action. Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:1301-1310.
26. Post RM, Putnam FW, Contel NR, Goldman B: Electroconvulsive seizures inhibit amygdala kindling: Implications for mechanisms of action in affective illness. Epilepsia 1984;25:234 239.
27. Kalinowsky L, Putnam T: Attempts at treatment of schizophrenia and other nonepileptic psychosis with dilantin. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1943;49:414-423.
28. Freyhan FA: Effectiveness of diphenylhydantoin in management of nonepileptic psychomotor excitement states. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1945;53:370-374.
29. Kubanek JL, Rowell RC: The use of dilantin in the treatment of psychotic patients unresponsive to other treatment. Dis Nerv System 1946;7:47-50.
30. Dreyfus J: A Remarkable Medicine Has Been Overlooked. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1981.
31. Post RM, Uhde TW: Treatment of mood disorders with antiepileptic medications: Clinical and theoretical implications. Epilepsia 1983; 24(suppl 2):S97-S108.
32. Goddard GV, Douglas RM: Does the engram of kindling model the engram of normal long term memory? Can J Neurol Sci 1975;2:385 394.
33. Weiss SRB. Post RM: Caveats in the use of the kindling model of affective disorders. J Toxicol Industr Health 1995;10:421-447.
34. Post RM: Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:999-1010.
35. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Ketter TA, Denicoff K, Weiss SRB: Antiepileptic drugs in affective illness: Clinical and theoretical implications: in Smith DB, Treiman DM, Trimble MR (eds): Advances in Neurology, vol 55. Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy. New York, Raven Press, 1991, vol 16, pp 239-277.
36. Weiss SRB, Post RM, Szele F, Woodward R, Nierenberg J: Chronic carbamazepine inhibits the development of local anesthetic seizures kindled by cocaine and lidocaine. Brain Res 1989;497:72-79.
37. Pinel JPJ: Effects of diazepam and diphenylhydantoin on elicited and spontaneous seizures in kindled rats: A double dissociation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983;18:61 63.
38. Post RM, Weiss SRB, Chuang D-M, Ketter TA: Mechanisms of action of carbamazepine in seizure and affective disorders; in Joffe RT, Calabrese JR (eds): Anticonvulsants in Mood Disorders. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1994, vol 3, pp 43-92.
39. Post RM, Weiss SRB, Chuang D-M: Mechanisms of action of anticonvulsants in affective disorders: comparisons with lithium. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:23S-35S.
40. Post RM, Chuang D-M: Mechanism of action of lithium: Comparison and contrast with carbamazepine: in Birch NJ (ed): Lithium and the Cell: Pharmacology and Biochemistry. London, Academic Press, 1991, vol 12, pp 199-241.
41. Weiss SRB, Clark M, Rosen JB, Smith MA, Post RM: Contingent tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine: Relationship to loss of endogenous adaptive mechanisms. Brain Res Rev 1995;20:305-325.
42. Rosen JB, Cain CJ, Weiss SR, Post RM: Alterations in mRNA of enkephalin, dynorphin and thyrotropin releasing hormone during amygdala kindling: An in situ hybridization study. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992;15:247 255.
43. Wan R-Q, Noguera EC, Weiss SRB: Intrahippocampal injection of TRH produces anticonvulsant effects in amygdala kindled rats (abstract). Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997;23:2160.
44. Post RM, Weiss SRB: A speculative model of affective illness cyclicity based on patterns of drug tolerance observed in amygdala-kindled seizures. Mol Neurobiol 1996;13:33-60.
45. Post RM, Weiss SRB: Endogenous biochemical abnormalities in affective illness: Therapeutic vs pathogenic. Biol Psychiatry 1992;32:469-484.
46. Marangell LB, George MS, Callahan AM, Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, L'Herrou TA, Post RM: Effects of intrathecal protirelin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) in refractory depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:214 222.
47. Callahan AM, Frye MA, Marangell LB, George MS, Ketter TA, L'Herrou T, Post RM: Comparative antidepressant effects of intravenous and intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Confounding effects of tolerance and implications for therapeutics. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41: 264-272.
48. Pazzaglia PJ, Post RM: Contingent tolerance and reresponse to carbamazepine: A case study in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992;4:76 81.
49. Albright PS, Burnham WM: Development of a new pharmacological seizure model: Effects of anticonvulsants on cortical- and amygdala-kindled seizures in the rat. Epilepsia 1980;21: 681-689.
50. Dalby MA: Antiepileptic and psychotropic effect of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Epilepsia 1971; 12:325-334.
51. Papez JW: A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1937;38:725 743.
52. MacLean PD, Black P (eds): The Limbic Brain in Relation to the Psychoses. Physiological Correlates of Emotion. New York, Academic Press, 1970, vol 7, pp 129-146.
53. Ballenger JC, Post RM: Therapeutic effects of carbamazepine in affective illness: Preliminary report. Commun Psychopharmacol 1978;2: 159-175.
54. Okuma T, Kishimoto A, Inoue K, Matsumoto H, Ogura A, Matsushita T, Naklao T, Ogura C: Anti-manic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine on manic-depressive psychosis. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1973;27:283-297.
55. Takezaki H, Hanaoka M: The use of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the control of manic-depressive psychosis and other manic, depressive states. Clin Psychiatry 1971;13:173-182.
56. McDermut W, Pazzaglia PJ, Huggins T, Mikalauskas K, Leverich GS, Ketter TA, Bartko J, Post RM: Use of single case analyses in off-on-off-on trials in affective illness: A demonstration of the efficacy of nimodipine. Depression 1995; 2:259-271.
57. Post RM, L'Herrou T, Luckenbaugh D, Frye MA, Leverich GS, Mikalauskas K: Statistical approaches to trial durations in episodic affective illness. Psychiatry Res 1998;78:71-87.
58. Weiss SRB, Post RM, Marangos PJ, Patel J: Peripheral-type benzodiazepines: Behavioral effects and interactions with the anticonvulant effects of carbamazepine; in Wada JA (ed): Kindling III. New York, Raven Press, 1986, pp 375-389.
59. Dailey JW, Reith ME, Yan QS, Li MY, Jobe PC: Anticonvulsant doses of carbamazepine increase hippocampal extracellular serotonin in genetically epilepsy-prone rats: Dose response relationships. Neurosci Lett 1997;227:13 16.
60. Pope HG, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI: Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:62 68.
61. Lambert PA: Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA (eds): Acute and Prophylactic Therapies of Patients with Affective Disorders Using Valpromide (Dipropylacetamide). Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam, Excerpta Mcdica, 1984, pp 33-44.
62. Lambert PA, Venaud G: Use of valpromide in psychiatric therapeutics. Encephale 1987;13: 367-373.
63. McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI: Valproate in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8:275 279.
64. Calabrese JR, Markovitz PJ, Kimmel SE, Wagner SC: Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:53S-56S.
65. Balfour JA, Bryson HM: Valproic acid: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in indications other than epilepsy. CNS Drugs 1994;2:144-173.
66. Keck PEJ, Taylor VE, Tugrul KC, McElroy SL, Bennett JA: Valproate treatment of panic disorder and lactate-induced panic attacks. Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:542 546.
67. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA: Valproate oral loading in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:305-308.
68. Ketter TA, Post RM: Joffe RT, Calahrese JR, (eds): Anticonvulsants in Mood Disorder. Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Carbamazepine. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1994, vol 7, pp 147 187.
69. Post RM, Leverich GS, Rosoff AS, Altshuler LL: Carbamazepine prophylaxis in refractory affective disorders: A focus on long-term follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:318-327.
70. Post RM, Ketter TA, Denicoff K, Mikalauskas K: Assessment of anticonvulsant drugs in patients with bipolar affective illness; in Hindmarch 1, Stonier PD (eds): Human Psychopharmacology: Methods and Measures. Chichester, Wiley, 1993, vol 12, pp 211-245.
71. Weiss SRB, Post RM, Sohn E, Berger A, Lewis R: Cross tolerance between carbamazepine and valproate on amygdala-kindled seizures. Epilepsy Res 1993;16:37-44.
72. Clark M, Massenburg GS, Weiss SRB, Post RM: Analysis of the hippocampal GABA A receptor system in kindled rats by autoradiographic and in situ hybridization techniques: Contingent tolerance to carbamazepine. Mol Brain Res 1994;26:309 319.
73. Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson EE, Disney ER, Ali SO, Leverich GS, Post RM: Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:470-478.
74. Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson EE, Bryan AL, Ali SO, Post RM: Valproate prophylaxis in a prospective clinical trial of refractory bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1456-1458.
75. Fitton A, Goa KL: Lamotrigine: An update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in epilepsy. Drugs 1995;50:691-713.
76. Southam E, Kirkby D, Pratt GD, Higgins G, Hagan RM: Lamotrigine inhibits 5-HT uptake in vitro and modulates the pCA-induced 5-HT syndrome (abstract). Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997; 23:1661.
77. von Wegerer J, Berger M, Walden J: Changes of serotonin-induced field potentials by lamotrigine (abstract). Epilepsia 1997;38(suppl 3):175 176.
78. Calabrese C: Lamotrigine in treatment refractory manic depression (abstract). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996;6(3 suppl):98.
79. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, McElroy SL, et al: Lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: Preliminary data (abstract). Syllabus and Proceedings Summary of the 150th American Psychiatric Association Meeting, May 17-22, 1997, abstr 33B.
80. Frye MA, Ketter TA, Osuch EA, Kimbrell TA, Speer AM, Dunn RM, Post RM: Gabapentin and lamotrigine monotherapy in mood disorder (abstract). Syllabus and Proceedings Summary of the 150th American Psychiatric Association Meeting, May 17 22, 1997, abstr 33C, p 85.
81. Young LT, Robb JC, Patelis-Siotis I, MacDonald C, Joffe RT: Acute treatment of bipolar depression with gabapentin. Biol Psychiatry 1997: 42:851 853.
82. Ketter TA, George MS, Kimbrell TA, Benson BE, Post RM: Functional brain imaging, limbic function, and affective disorders. Neuroscientist 1996;2:55 65.
83. George MS, Ketter TA, Post RM: Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression 1994;2:59 72.
84. Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, George MS, et al: Baseline hypermetabolism may predict carbamazepine response, and hypometabolism nimodipine response in mood disorders (abstract). Abstracts of the XXth CINP Congress, 1996, p 10.
85. Wu JC, Gillin JC, Buchsbaum MS, Hershey T, Johnson JC, Bunney WE Jr: Effect of sleep deprivation on brain metabolism of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:538 543.
86. Ebert D, Feistel H, Barocka A: Effects of sleep deprivation on the limbic system and the frontal lobes in affective disorders: A study with Tc 99m-HMPAO SPECT. Psychiatry Res 1991;40: 247-251.
87. Ebert S, Loew T, Feistel H, Kaschka WP, Barocka A: HMPAO and IBZM SPECT and sleep deprivation in major depression (abstract). Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:78A.
88. Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Prohovnik I, Moeller JR, Mukherjee S, Schnur DB, Prudic J, Devanand DP: Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders Ill. Treatment and clinical response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:884-897.
89. Kimbrell TA, Ketter TA, Frye MA, Danielson AL, Benson BE, Post RM: Neuroimaging of response to new anticonvulsants (abstract). Syllabus and Proceedings Summary of the 150th American Psychiatric Association Meeting, May 17 22, 1997, abstr 33D.
90. Wolf P: Smith DB, Treiman DM, Trimble MR (eds): Acute behavioral symptomatology at disappearance of epileptiform EEG abnormality: Paradoxical or 'forced' normalization. Advances in Neurology, vol 55. Neurobehavioral Problems in Epilepsy. New York, Raven Press, 1991, vol 8, pp 127-142.
91. Haves SG. Barbituate anticonvulsants in refractory affective disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1993;5:35-44.
92. Inoue H, Hazama H, Hamazoe K: Antipsychotic and prophylactic effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on atypical psychosis. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1984;38:425-436.
93. Reife RA: Shorvon SD, Dreifuss F, Fish D, Thomas D (eds): Topiramate: A Novel Antiepileptic Agent. The Treatment of Epilepsy. London, Blackwell, 1996, vol 38, pp 471 481.
94. Leach JP, Brodie MJ: Tiagabine. Lancet 1998; 351:203 207.
95. Gerner RH, Fairbanks L, Anderson GM, Young JG, Scheinin M, Linnoila M, Hare TA, Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ: CSF neurochemistry in depressed, manic, and schizophrenic patients compared with that of normal controls. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1533 1540.
96. Berrettini WH, Post RM: GABA in affective illness: in Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds): Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1984, vol 43, pp 673 685.
97. Bernasconi R: The GABA Hypothesis of Affective Illness: Influence of Clinically Effective Antimanic Drugs on GABA Turnover. Basic Mechanisms in the Action of Lithium. Proc Symp, Schloss Ringberg, Bavaria. October 4-6, 1981. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1982, pp 183 192.
98. Banki CM, Bissette G, Arato M, Nemeroff CB: Elevation of immunoreactive CSF TRH in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1526-1531.
99. Kirkegaard C, Faber J, Hummer L, Rogowski P: Increased levels of TRH in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with endogenous depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1979;4:227 235.
100. Loosen PT: The TRH-induced TSH response in psychiatric patients: A possible neuroendocrine marker. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985;10:237 260.
101. Prange AJ Jr, Lara PP, Wilson IC, Alltop LB, Breese GR: Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression. Lancet 1972;ii:999 1002.
102. Kastin AJ, Ehrensing RH, Schalch DS, Anderson MS: Improvement in mental depression with decreased thyrotropin reponse after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 1972;ii:740 742.
103. Sattin A, Hill TG, Meyerhoff JL, Norton JA, Kubek MJ: The prolonged increase in thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat limbic forebrain regions following electroconvulsive shock. Regul Pept 1987;19:13-22.
104. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK: A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969;25:295-330.
105. Malenka RC: Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: LTP and LTD. Cell 1994;78:535 538.
106. Weiss SRB, Li XL, Rosen JB, Li H, Heynen T, Post RM: Quenching: Inhibition of development and expression of amygdala kindled seizures with low frequency stimulation. NeuroReport 1995;6:2171 2176.
107. Weiss SRB, Eidsath A, Li XL, Heynen T, Post RM: Quenching revisited: Low level direct current inhibits amygdala-kindled seizures. Exp Neurol 1998, in press.
108. George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Callahan A, Ketter TA, Basser P, Hallett M, Post RM: Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. NeuroReport 1995;6:1853-1856.
109. George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Williams WE, Danielson AL, Greenberg BD, Hallett M, Post RM: Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: A placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1752 1756.
110. Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, Catala MD: Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet 1996;348: 233-237.
111. Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, George MS, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Repella JD, Benson BE, Herscovitch P, Post RM, Wassermann EM: Low-frequency prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases global and regional cerebral glucose metabolism.1998;unpubl.
112. Little JT, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Figueras S, Danielson A, Dunn RT, Huggins T, Post RM: Cognitive effects of low and high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in depression. 1998; unpubl.