Updates on the management of diabetes in dialysis patients

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 135-145

  Rhee, Connie M ^a   Leung, Angela M ^b   Kovesdy, Csaba P ^c,d   Lynch, Katherine E ^e   Brent, Gregory A ^b   Kalantar Zadeh, Kamyar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^e BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

ANALYSIS; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84895111754     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12198     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. U.S. Renal Data System: USRDS 2013 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2013
2. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Derose SF, Nicholas S, Benner D, Sharma K, Kovesdy CP: Burnt-out diabetes: impact of chronic kidney disease progression on the natural course of diabetes mellitus. J Ren Nutr 19(1):33-37, 2009
3. Kovesdy CP, Park JC, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Glycemic control and burnt-out diabetes in ESRD. Semin Dial 23(2):148-156, 2010
4. Kovesdy CP, Sharma K, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Glycemic control in diabetic CKD patients: where do we stand? Am J Kidney Dis 52(4):766-777, 2008
5. Park J, Lertdumrongluk P, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Glycemic control in diabetic dialysis patients and the burnt-out diabetes phenomenon. Curr Diab Rep 12(4):432-439, 2012
6. Mak RH: Impact of end-stage renal disease and dialysis on glycemic control. Semin Dial 13(1):4-8, 2000
7. DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Rowe JW, Andres R: Glucose intolerance in uremia. Quantification of pancreatic beta cell sensitivity to glucose and tissue sensitivity to insulin. J Clin Invest 62(2):425-435, 1978
8. Dzurik R, Spustova V, Lajdova I: Inhibition of glucose utilization in isolated rat soleus muscle by pseudouridine: implications for renal failure. Nephron 65(1):108-110, 1993
9. McCaleb ML, Izzo MS, Lockwood DH: Characterization and partial purification of a factor from uremic human serum that induces insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 75(2):391-396, 1985
10. Schmitz O: Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in nondialyzed and dialyzed uremic insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Diabetes 34(11):1152-1159, 1985
11. Mak RH: Intravenous 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol corrects glucose intolerance in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 41(4):1049-1054, 1992
12. Mak RH: 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 corrects insulin and lipid abnormalities in uremia. Kidney Int 53(5):1353-1357, 1998
13. Mak RH: Insulin resistance in uremia: effect of dialysis modality. Pediatr Res 40(2):304-308, 1996
14. Duong U, Mehrotra R, Molnar MZ, Noori N, Kovesdy CP, Nissenson AR, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Glycemic control and survival in peritoneal dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(5):1041-1048, 2011
15. Grodstein GP, Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD, Moran JK, Coburn JW: Glucose absorption during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 19(4):564-567, 1981
16. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Regidor DL, Jing J, Shinaberger CS, Aronovitz J, McAllister CJ, Whellan D, Sharma K: A1C and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Diabetes Care 30(5):1049-1055, 2007
17. Mak RH, Ikizler AT, Kovesdy CP, Raj DS, Stenvinkel P, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Wasting in chronic kidney disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2(1):9-25, 2011
18. Reilly JB, Berns JS: Selection and dosing of medications for management of diabetes in patients with advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial 23(2):163-168, 2010
19. Arem R: Hypoglycemia associated with renal failure. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 18(1):103-121, 1989
20. Peitzman SJ, Agarwal BN: Spontaneous hypoglycemia in end-stage renal failure. Nephron 19(3):131-139, 1977
21. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, Eloot S, Glorieux G: Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins. Semin Dial 22(4):340-345, 2009
22. Eloot S, van Biesen W, Dhondt A, de Smet R, Marescau B, De Deyn PP, Verdonck P, Vanholder R: Impact of increasing haemodialysis frequency versus haemodialysis duration on removal of urea and guanidino compounds: a kinetic analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24(7):2225-2232, 2009
23. Meglasson MD, Wilson JM, Yu JH, Robinson DD, Wyse BM, de Souza CJ: Antihyperglycemic action of guanidinoalkanoic acids: 3-guanidinopropionic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetic KKAy and C57BL6Job/ob mice and increases glucose disappearance in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266(3):1454-1462, 1993
24. Bunn HF, Haney DN, Kamin S, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM: The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. J Clin Invest 57(6):1652-1659, 1976
25. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2013. Diabetes Care 36(Suppl 1):S11-S66, 2013
26. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, Peters AL, Tsapas A, Wender R, Matthews DR: Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 35(6):1364-1379, 2012
27. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E, Holman RR, Sherwin R, Zinman B: Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(1):193-203, 2009
28. De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Camurri C, Quaia P, Raimondi A, Donadon W, Lippi U, Tesio F: Origin of glycosylated hemoglobin A1 in chronic renal failure. Int J Artif Organs 6(2):77-82, 1983
29. Fluckiger R, Harmon W, Meier W, Loo S, Gabbay KH: Hemoglobin carbamylation in uremia. N Engl J Med 304(14):823-827, 1981
30. Bruns DE, Lobo PI, Savory J, Wills MR: Specific affinity-chromatographic measurement of glycated hemoglobins in uremic patients. Clin Chem 30(4):569-571, 1984
31. Paisey R, Banks R, Holton R, Young K, Hopton M, White D, Hartog M: Glycosylated haemoglobin in uraemia. Diabet Med 3(5):445-448, 1986
32. Scott MG, Hoffmann JW, Meltzer VN, Siegfried BA, Chan KM: Effects of azotemia on results of the boronate-agarose affinity and ion-exchange methods for glycated hemoglobin. Clin Chem 30(6):896-898, 1984
33. Nakao T, Matsumoto H, Okada T, Han M, Hidaka H, Yoshino M, Shino T, Yamada C, Nagaoka Y: Influence of erythropoietin treatment on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Intern Med 37(10):826-830, 1998
34. Hoshino J, Mehrotra R, Rhee CM, Yamagata K, Ubara Y, Takaichi K, Kovesdy CP, Molnar MZ, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Using hemoglobin A1c to derive mean blood glucose in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 37(5):413-420, 2013
35. Hoshino J, Molnar MZ, Yamagata K, Ubara Y, Takaichi K, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Developing an HbA(1c)-based equation to estimate blood glucose in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Diabetes Care 36(4):922-927, 2013
36. Armbruster DA: Fructosamine: structure, analysis, and clinical usefulness. Clin Chem 33(12):2153-2163, 1987
37. Mittman N, Desiraju B, Fazil I, Kapupara H, Chattopadhyay J, Jani CM, Avram MM: Serum fructosamine versus glycosylated hemoglobin as an index of glycemic control, hospitalization, and infection in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 117:S41-S45, 2010
38. Shafi T, Sozio SM, Plantinga LC, Jaar BG, Kim ET, Parekh RS, Steffes MW, Powe NR, Coresh J, Selvin E: Serum fructosamine and glycated albumin and risk of mortality and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Diabetes Care 36(6):1522-1533, 2013
39. Dolhofer R, Wieland OH: Improvement of the thiobarbituric acid assay for serum glycosylprotein determination. Clin Chim Acta 112(2):197-204, 1981
40. Freedman BI, Shenoy RN, Planer JA, Clay KD, Shihabi ZK, Burkart JM, Cardona CY, Andries L, Peacock TP, Sabio H, Byers JR, Russell GB, Bleyer AJ: Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c concentrations in diabetic subjects on peritoneal and hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int 30(1):72-79, 2010
41. Inaba M, Okuno S, Kumeda Y, Yamada S, Imanishi Y, Tabata T, Okamura M, Okada S, Yamakawa T, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y: Glycated albumin is a better glycemic indicator than glycated hemoglobin values in hemodialysis patients with diabetes: effect of anemia and erythropoietin injection. J Am Soc Nephrol 18(3):896-903, 2007
42. Mehrotra R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Adler S: Assessment of glycemic control in dialysis patients with diabetes: glycosylated hemoglobin or glycated albumin? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(7):1520-1522, 2011
43. Peacock TP, Shihabi ZK, Bleyer AJ, Dolbare EL, Byers JR, Knovich MA, Calles-Escandon J, Russell GB, Freedman BI: Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A(1c) levels in diabetic subjects on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 73(9):1062-1068, 2008
44. Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Shoji S, Ishimura E, Inariba H, Yabe S, Okamura M, Nishizawa Y: Significant correlation of glycated albumin, but not glycated haemoglobin, with arterial stiffening in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(4):556-561, 2008
45. Yamada S, Inaba M, Shidara K, Okada S, Emoto M, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y: Association of glycated albumin, but not glycated hemoglobin, with peripheral vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 83(13-14):516-519, 2008
46. Freedman BI, Andries L, Shihabi ZK, Rocco MV, Byers JR, Cardona CY, Pickard MA, Henderson DL, Sadler MV, Courchene LM, Jordan JR, Balderston SS, Graham AD, Mauck VL, Russell GB, Bleyer AJ: Glycated albumin and risk of death and hospitalizations in diabetic dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(7):1635-1643, 2011
47. Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH, Zager PG, Eisenberg B, Avasthi PS: The relationship between glycemic control and morbidity and mortality for diabetics on dialysis. ASAIO J 39(4):880-885, 1993
48. Drechsler C, Krane V, Ritz E, Marz W, Wanner C: Glycemic control and cardiovascular events in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Circulation 120(24):2421-2428, 2009
49. Ishimura E, Okuno S, Kono K, Fujino-Kato Y, Maeno Y, Kagitani S, Tsuboniwa N, Nagasue K, Maekawa K, Yamakawa T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y: Glycemic control and survival of diabetic hemodialysis patients-importance of lower hemoglobin A1C levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 83(3):320-326, 2009
50. Morioka T, Emoto M, Tabata T, Shoji T, Tahara H, Kishimoto H, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y: Glycemic control is a predictor of survival for diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Diabetes Care 24(5):909-913, 2001
51. Oomichi T, Emoto M, Tabata T, Morioka T, Tsujimoto Y, Tahara H, Shoji T, Nishizawa Y: Impact of glycemic control on survival of diabetic patients on chronic regular hemodialysis: a 7-year observational study. Diabetes Care 29(7):1496-1500, 2006
52. Ramirez SP, McCullough KP, Thumma JR, Nelson RG, Morgenstern H, Gillespie BW, Inaba M, Jacobson SH, Vanholder R, Pisoni RL, Port FK, Robinson BM: Hemoglobin A(1c) levels and mortality in the diabetic hemodialysis population: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Diabetes Care 35(12):2527-2532, 2012
53. Ricks J, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, Shah A, Nissenson AR, Williams M, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Glycemic control and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with diabetes: a 6-year cohort study. Diabetes 61(3):708-715, 2012
54. Sturm G, Lamina C, Zitt E, Lhotta K, Haider F, Neyer U, Kronenberg F: Association of HbA1c values with mortality and cardiovascular events in diabetic dialysis patients. The INVOR study and review of the literature. PLoS ONE 6(5):e20093, 2011
55. Williams ME, Lacson E Jr, Wang W, Lazarus JM, Hakim R: Glycemic control and extended hemodialysis survival in patients with diabetes mellitus: comparative results of traditional and time-dependent Cox model analyses. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5(9):1595-1601, 2010
56. Wu MS, Yu CC, Yang CW, Wu CH, Haung JY, Hong JJ, Fan Chiang CY, Huang CC, Leu ML: Poor pre-dialysis glycaemic control is a predictor of mortality in type II diabetic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(10):2105-2110, 1997
57. Yoo DE, Park JT, Oh HJ, Kim SJ, Lee MJ, Shin DH, Han SH, Yoo TH, Choi KH, Kang SW: Good glycemic control is associated with better survival in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis: a prospective observational study. PLoS ONE 7(1):e30072, 2012
58. Yu CC, Wu MS, Wu CH, Yang CW, Huang JY, Hong JJ, Fan Chiang CY, Leu ML, Huang CC: Predialysis glycemic control is an independent predictor of clinical outcome in type II diabetics on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 17(3):262-268, 1997
59. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 329(14):977-986, 1993
60. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B: Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 353(25):2643-2653, 2005
61. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). 13: relative efficacy of randomly allocated diet, sulphonylurea, insulin, or metformin in patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes followed for three years. BMJ 310(6972):83-88, 1995
62. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 352(9131):854-865, 1998
63. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA: 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359(15):1577-1589, 2008
64. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, Huang GD: Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 360(2):129-139, 2009
65. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, Basile J, Calles J, Cohen RM, Cuddihy R, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Grimm RH Jr, Hamilton BP, Hoogwerf B, Karl D, Katz L, Krikorian A, O'Connor P, Pop-Busui R, Schubart U, Simmons D, Taylor H, Thomas A, Weiss D, Hramiak I: Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet 376(9739):419-430, 2010
66. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F: Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358(24):2560-2572, 2008
67. Alicic RZ, Tuttle KR: Management of the diabetic patient with advanced chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 23(2):140-147, 2010
68. Williams ME, Lacson E Jr, Teng M, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM: Hemodialyzed type I and type II diabetic patients in the US: characteristics, glycemic control, and survival. Kidney Int 70(8):1503-1509, 2006
69. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 3(1):1-163, 2013
70. Kalantar-Zadeh K: A critical evaluation of glycated protein parameters in advanced nephropathy: a matter of life or death: A1C remains the gold standard outcome predictor in diabetic dialysis patients. Counterpoint. Diabetes Care 35(7):1625-1628, 2012
71. Charpentier G, Riveline JP, Varroud-Vial M: Management of drugs affecting blood glucose in diabetic patients with renal failure. Diabetes Metab 26(Suppl 4):73-85, 2000
72. Duckworth WC: Insulin degradation: mechanisms, products, and significance. Endocr Rev 9(3):319-345, 1988
73. Quellhorst E: Insulin therapy during peritoneal dialysis: pros and cons of various forms of administration. J Am Soc Nephrol 13(Suppl 1):S92-S96, 2002
74. Almalki MH, Altuwaijri MA, Almehthel MS, Sirrs SM, Singh RS: Subcutaneous versus intraperitoneal insulin for patients with diabetes mellitus on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: meta-analysis of non-randomized clinical trials. Clin Invest Med 35(3):E132-E143, 2012
75. Selgas R: Comparative study of two different routes for insulin administration in CAPD patients: a multicenter study. Adv Perit Dial 4:126, 1988
76. Selgas R, Lopez-Rivas A, Alvaro F, Tarduchy GR, Rueda P, Muñoz J, Vara F: Insulin influence (used as an additive to dialysate) on the mitogenic-induced effect of the peritoneal effluent in CAPD patients. Adv Perit Dial 5:161-164, 1989
77. Wanless IR, Bargman JM, Oreopoulos DG, Vas SI: Subcapsular steatonecrosis in response to peritoneal insulin delivery: a clue to the pathogenesis of steatonecrosis in obesity. Mod Pathol 2(2):69-74, 1989
78. Flynn C, Bakris GL: Noninsulin glucose-lowering agents for the treatment of patients on dialysis. Nat Rev Nephrol 9(3):147-153, 2013
79. Fuhlendorff J, Rorsman P, Kofod H, Brand CL, Rolin B, MacKay P, Shymko R, Carr RD: Stimulation of insulin release by repaglinide and glibenclamide involves both common and distinct processes. Diabetes 47(3):345-351, 1998
80. Bailey CJ: Biguanides and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 15(6):755-772, 1992.
81. Bailey CJ, Turner RC: Metformin. N Engl J Med 334(9):574-579, 1996.
82. Kalantar-Zadeh K: Case 23-2013: a 54-year-old woman with metformin toxicity. N Engl J Med 369(18):1769, 2013
83. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Uppot RN, Lewandrowski KB: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 23-2013. A 54-year-old woman with abdominal pain, vomiting, and confusion. N Engl J Med 369(4):374-382, 2013
84. Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE: Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 34(6):1431-1437, 2011
85. Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA: Fluid retention with thiazolidinediones: does the mechanism influence the outcome? J Am Coll Cardiol 49(16):1705-1707, 2007
86. Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, Fonseca V, Grundy SM, Horton ES, Le Winter M, Porte D, Semenkovich CF, Smith S, Young LH, Kahn R: Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. October 7, 2003. Circulation 108(23):2941-2948, 2003
87. Ramirez SP, Albert JM, Blayney MJ, Tentori F, Goodkin DA, Wolfe RA, Young EW, Bailie GR, Pisoni RL, Port FK: Rosiglitazone is associated with mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(5):1094-1101, 2009
88. Grey A: Skeletal consequences of thiazolidinedione therapy. Osteoporos Int 19(2):129-137, 2008
89. Brunelli SM, Thadhani R, Ikizler TA, Feldman HI: Thiazolidinedione use is associated with better survival in hemodialysis patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Kidney Int 75(9):961-968, 2009
90. Wang X, Hu Z, Hu J, Du J, Mitch WE: Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling. Endocrinology 147(9):4160-4168, 2006
91. Yki-Jarvinen H: Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 351(11):1106-1118, 2004
92. Nissen SE, Wolski K: Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 356(24):2457-2471, 2007
93. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 298(10):1180-1188, 2007
94. Lynch KE, Rhee CM, Brunelli SM: Thiazolidinedione use is associated with improved all-cause mortality compared with sulfonylureas among non-insulin dependent diabetic hemodialysis patients. Abstract presented at American Society of Nephrology 2014 Annual Kidney Week Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.
95. Raskin P: Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibition: therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 29(5):347-356, 2013
96. Kojima N, Williams JM, Takahashi T, Miyata N, Roman RJ: Effects of a new SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, on diabetic nephropathy in T2DN rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 345(3):464-472, 2013
97. McMurray SD, Johnson G, Davis S, McDougall K: Diabetes education and care management significantly improve patient outcomes in the dialysis unit. Am J Kidney Dis 40(3):566-575, 2002
98. Okada T, Nakao T, Matsumoto H, Shino T, Nagaoka Y, Tomaru R, Wada T: Association between markers of glycemic control, cardiovascular complications and survival in type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Intern Med 46(12):807-814, 2007
99. Shurraw S, Majumdar SR, Thadhani R, Wiebe N, Tonelli M: Glycemic control and the risk of death in 1, 484 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 55(5):875-884, 2010
100. Shima K, Komatsu M, Kawahara K, Minaguchi J, Kawashima S: Stringent glycaemic control prolongs survival in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 15(6):632-638, 2010
101. Kim Y, Park JC, Molnar MZ, Shah A, Benner D, Kovesdy CP, Kopple JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Correlates of low hemoglobin A1c in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 45(4):1079-1090, 2013