Management of the Diabetic Patient with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 140-147

  Alicic, Radica Z ^a   Tuttle, Katherine R ^a  

^a SACRED HEART MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BONE DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMORBIDITY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; LIFESTYLE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; BONE DISEASES; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC;

ANEMIA; BONE DISEASES; COMORBIDITY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS; LIFE STYLE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77953221106     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00700.x     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendation for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kid Dis 2007, 49:S1-S179.
2. USRDS 2008 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States 2008, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, [The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System (USRDS). The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the author(s) and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the U.S. government.]
3. USRDS 2006 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States 2006, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, [The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System (USRDS). The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the author(s) and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the U.S. government.]
4. Adler A, Stevens R, Manley S, Bilous R, Cull C. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003, 63:225-232. Holman R on behalf of the UKPDS GROUP
5. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:S13-S61.
6. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes in the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:977-986.
7. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 2002, 342:981-989.
8. Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with the conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998, 52:837-853.
9. Bash LD, Selvin E, Steffes M, Coresh J, Astor BC. Poor glycemic control in diabetes and the risk of incident chronic kidney disease even in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:2440-2447.
10. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1577-1589.
11. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2545-2559.
12. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2560-2572.
13. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven P, Zieve F, Marks J, Davis S, Hayward R, Warren S, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson W, Huang G. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:129-139. for the VADT Investigators
14. Skyler JS, Bergensta R, Bonow RO, Buse J, Deedwania P, Gale EAM, Howard BV, Kirkman MS, Kosiborod M, Reaven P, Sherwin RS. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:187-192.
15. Saloranta C, Gorrp L, Ylinen K. The usefulness of micro- and macro chromatographic determination of glycohemoglobin in diabetic patients with nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1986, 25:186-192.
16. Little RR, Tennill AL, Rohlfing C, Wiedmeyer HM, Khanna R, Goel S, Agrawal A, Madsen R, Goldstein DE. Can glycohemoglobin be used to assess glycemic control in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 2002, 48:784-786.
17. Nagayama H, Inaba M, Okabe R, Emoto M, Ishimura E, Okazaki S, Nishizawa Y. Glycated albumin as an improved indicator of glycemic control in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance test. Biomed Pharmacother 2009, 63:236-240.
18. Tzamaloukas AH. Interpreting glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1996, 12:171-5.
19. Morgan L, Marenah CB, Jeffcoate WJ, Morgan AC. Glycated proteins as indices of glycaemic control in diabetic patients with chronic renal failure. Diabet Med 1996, 13:514-519.
20. Joy MS, Cefalu WT, Hogan SL, Nachman PH. Long-term glycemic control measurements in diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:297-3007.
21. Peacock TP, Shihabi ZK, Bleyer AJ, Dolbare LL, Byers JR, Knovich MA, Colles-Escandon J, Russell GB, Freedman BI. Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic subjects on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2008, 73:1062-1068.
22. Williams M, Lascon E, Teng M, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM. Hemodialyzed type I and type II diabetic patients in the US: characteristics, glycemic control, and survival. Kidney Int 2006, 70:1503-1509.
23. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, Regidor D, Jing J, Shinaberger CS, Aronovitz J, McAllister CJ, Whellan D, Sharma K. A1c and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:1049-1055.
24. Williams M, Lascon E, Teng M, Hakim RM, Lazarus JM. Extremes of glycemic control (HbA1c) increase hospitalization risk in diabetic hemodialysis patients in USA. Am J Nephrol 2009, 29:54-61.
25. Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:382.
26. Muhlhauser I, Toth G, Sawick PT, Berger M. Severe hypoglycemia in type I diabetic patients with impaired kidney function. Diabetes Care 1991, 14:344-346.
27. Hasslacher C, Wittman W. Severe hypoglycemia in diabetic with impaired renal function. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003, 128:253-256.
28. Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lundman B. Severe hypoglycemia during treatment with glipizide. Diabet Med 1991, 8:726-731.
29. Rosenkranz B, Profozic V, Metelko Z, Lange C, Malerczyk V. Pharmacokinetics and safety of glimepiride at clinical effective doses in diabetic patients with renal impairment. Diabetelogia 1996, 39:1617-1624.
30. Schumacher S, Abbasi I, Weise D, Hatorp V, Sattler K, Sieber J, Hasslocher C. Single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of Repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 57:147-152.
31. Davidson MB, Peters AL. An overview of Metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Am J 1997, 102:99-110.
32. Nesto R, Bell D, Bonow R, Fonseca V, Grundy SM, Horton EM, Le Winter M, Porte D, Semenkovich SF, Smith S, Young LH, Kahn R. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure. A consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetics Association. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:256-263.
33. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2457-2471.
34. DeFronzo R. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1999, 131:281-303.
35. Amori R, Lau J, Pittas A. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007, 298:194-206.
36. Chia C, Egan J. Incretin-based therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:3703-3716.
37. Brocco E, Fioretto P, Saller A, Salter A, Carraro A, Frigato F, Chiesura-Corona M, Bianchi L, Baggio B, Maio IM, Abaterusso C, Velussi M, Sambataro M, Virgiti F, Ossi E, Nosadi R. Renal structure and function in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Kidney Int Suppl 1997, 63:S40-S44.
38. Dalla VM, Saller A, Bortoloso E, Mauerm M, Fioretto P. Structural involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab 2000, 26(Suppl 4):S8-S14.
39. KDOQI clinical guidelines for chronic kidney disease evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:S1-S246.
40. Preis S, Hwang S, Coady S, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Savage PJ, Levy D, Fox CS. Trends in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women and men with and without diabetes mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950-2005. Circulation 2009, 119:1728-1735.
41. Gregg E, Gu Q, Cheng Y, Venkat Narayan K, Cowie C. Mortality trends in men and women with diabetes, 1971 to 2000. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:149-155.
42. Feingold KR, Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Krauss RM. LDL subclass phenotypes and triglyceride metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:1496-1502.
43. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, Mcgee D, Garvey TW, Klein RL, Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, Garvey TW, Klein RL. Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003, 64:817-828.
44. Quaschning T, Schomig M, Keller M, Thiery J, Nauck M, Schollmeyer P, Wanner C, Krämer-Guth A. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia impair lipoprotein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:332-341.
45. Tonelli M, Keech A, Shephard J, Sacks F, Tonkin A, Packard C, Pfeffer M, Simes J, Isles C, Furberg C. Effect of pravastatin in people with diabetes and chronic renal hypercholesterolemia disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:3748-3754.
46. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, Macfarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard JC. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1301-1307.
47. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Jean L, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold MO, Wun C, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1001-1009.
48. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JFE, Ruf G, Ritz E. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. New Engl J Med 2005, 353:238-248.
49. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, Chae DW, Chevaile A, Cobbe SM, Grönhagen-Riska C, De Lima JJ, Lins R, Mayer G, McMahon AW, Parving HH, Giuseppe Remuzzi G, Samuelsson O, Sonkodi S, Gr Gultekin Sthoma, Tsakiris D, Tesar V, Todorov V, Wiecek A, Wüthrich RP, Gottlow M, Eva Johnsson E, Zannad F. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. New Engl J Med 2009, 360:1395-1407.
50. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:3-10. for The DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group
51. Li Z, Zhang P, Wang J, Yang W, Gong Q, Li H, Li H, Zhang B, Zhang J, Thompson TJ, Gerzoff RB, Hu Y, Bennett PH. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008, 371:1783-1789.
52. Step I, step II and TLC diets. 2009, http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4764, Available at:
53. Rossing P, Hansen BV, Nielsen FS, Myrup B, Hølmer G, Parving HH. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996, 19:1214-1219.
54. Sigal R, Kenny G, Boule N, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, Jennings A, Jaffey J. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:357-369.
55. Moinuddin I, Leehey D. A comparison of aerobic and resistance training in patients with or without chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008, 15:83-96.
56. Heiwe S, Clyne N, Tollback A, Borg K. Effects of regular resistance training on muscle histopathology and morphometry in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 84:865-874.
57. Thomas MC, Maclsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Power D, Jerums G. Unrecognized anemia in patients with diabetes: a cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:1164-1169.
58. Thomas MC, Maclasaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Molyneaux L, Goubina I, Fulcher G, Yue D, Jerums G. The burden of anaemia in type 2 diabetes and the role of nephropathy: a cross-sectional audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:1792-1797.
59. Thomas MC, Maclsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Molyneaux L, Goubina I, Fulcher G, Yue D, Jerums G. Anemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:4359-4363.
60. Astor BC, Muntner P, Levin A, Eustace A, Coresh J. Association of kidney function with anemia: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-1994). Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1401-1408.
61. Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Rossing K, Parving HH. Anemia in diabetes; is there a rational to TREAT? Diabetologia 2006, 49:1151-1157.
62. Chandra M, Clemons GK, McVicar MI. Relation of serum erythropoietin levels to renal excretory function: evidence for lowered set point for erythropoietin production in chronic renal failure. J Pediatr 1998, 113:1015-1021.
63. Radke HW, Claussner A, Erbes PM, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W, Koch KM. Serum erythropoietin concentration in chronic renal failure: relationship to degree of anemia and excretory renal function. Blood 1979, 54:877-884.
64. Singh DK, Winocour P, Ferrington K. Erythropoietic stress and anemia in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009, 5:204-210.
65. Sandgren PE, Murray AM, Herzog CA, Solid CA, Gilbertson DT, Collins AJ, Foley RF. Anemia and new-onset congestive heart failure in the general Medicare population. J Card Fail 2005, 11:99-105.
66. Keane WF, Lyle PA. Recent advances in management of type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: lessons from the RENAAL study. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41:S22-S25.
67. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, ICl Macdougal, Tsakiris D, Burger HU, Scherhag A. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2009, 355:2071-2084. for the CREATE Investigators
68. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, Reddan D. Correction of anemia with epoetin alpha in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2085-2098. for the CHOIR Investigators
69. Ritz E, Laville M, Bilous RW, Scherhag A, Burger U, de Alvaro F. Target level for hemoglobin correction in patients with diabetes and CKD: primary results of the Anemia Correction in Diabetes (ACORD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2007, 49:194-207. Anemia Correction in Diabetes Study Investigators
70. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, Schwab SJ, Goodkin DA. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:584-590.
71. Besarab A, Goodkin DA, Nissenson AR. The normal hematocrit study - follow-up. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:433-434.
72. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen C-Y, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, Feyzi JM, Ivanovich P, Reshma Kewalramani R, Levey AS, Lewis EF, McGill JB, McMurray JV, Patrick Parfrey P, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Singh AK, Solomon SD, Toto R. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:2019-2032. for the TREAT Investigators
73. Cody J, Daly C, Campbell M, Khan I, Rabindranath K, Vale L, Wallace S, MacLeod A. Recombinant human erythropoietin for chronic renal failure anaemia in pre-dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003266
74. Clement F, Klarenbach S, Tonelli M, Johnson JA, Manns BJ. The impact of selecting a high hemoglobin target level on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1104-1112.
75. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: 2007 Update of Hemoglobin Target.
76. Raskin P, Stevenson MRM, Barilla DE, Pack CY. The hypercalciuria of diabetes mellitus: its amelioration with insulin. Clin Endocrinol 1978, 9:329.
77. Robbins J, Aragaki AK, Kooperberg C, Watts N, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD, LeBoff MC, Lewis CE, Chen Z, Stefanick ML, Cauley MJ. Factors associated with 5-year risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2007, 298:2389-98.
78. Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Vittinghoff E, Palermo L, Lecka-Czernik B, Feingold KR, Strotmeyer ES, Resnick HE, Carbone L, Beamer BA, Park SW, Lane NE, Harris TB, Cummings SR. Thiazolidinedione use and bone loss in older diabetic adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:3349-3354.
79. Vincenti F, Hattner R, Amend WJ, Feduska NJ, Duca RM, Salvatierra O. Decreased secondary hyperparathyroidism in diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis. JAMA 1981, 6:930-933.
80. Vincenti F, Arnaud SB, Recker R, Genant H, Amend WJ, Feduska NJ, Salvatierra O. Parathyroid and bone response of the diabetic patient to uremia. Kidney In 1984, 25:677-682.
81. Pei Y, Hercz G, Greenwood C, Segre G, Manuel A, Saiphoo C, Fenton S, Sherrard D. Renal osteodystrophy in diabetic patients. Kidney Int 1993, 44:159-164.
82. Ravani P, Malbarti F, Tripepi G, Pecchini P, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C. Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 2009, 75:88-95.
83. Mehrotra R, Kermah D, Budoff M, Salusky IB, Mao SS, Gao YL, Takasu J, Adler S, Norris K. Hypovitaminosis D in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3:1144-1151.
84. Clayton P, Singer R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in prevalent Australian dialysis patients. Nephrology 2009, 14:554-559.
85. Jacob Al, Sallman A, Santiz Z. Defective photoproduction of cholecalciferol in normal and uremic patient. J Nutr 1984, 114:1313-131.
86. Singh DK, Winocour P, Farrington K. Mechanism of disease: the hypoxic tubular hypothesis of diabetic nephropathy. 2008, 4:216-226. http://www.nature.com/clinicalpractice/neph, Available at:
87. Klaus G. Renoprotection with vitamin D: specific for diabetic nephropathy? Kidney Int 2008, 73:141-143.
88. Zhang Z, Sun L, Wang Y, Minto AW, Kong J, Quigg RJ, Li YC. Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008, 73:163-171.
89. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, Hippensteel RL, Melnick JZ, Qui P, Williams L, Battle D. Antiproteinuric effect of oral paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005, 68:2823-2828.
90. Lambers Heerspink HJ, Agarwal R, Coyne DW, Parving HH, Ritz E, Remuzzi G, Audhya P, Amdahl MJ, Andres DL, de Zeeuw D. The selective vitamin D receptor activator for albuminuria lowering (VITAL) study: study design and baseline characteristics. Am J Nephrol 2009, 30:280-286.
91. King H, Aubert R, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimate, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:1414-1431.
92. Gaede P, Andersen HL, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:580-591.