Spit and venom from scytodes spiders: A diverse and distinct cocktail

Journal of Proteome Research

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 817-835

  Zobel Thropp, Pamela A ^a   Correa, Sandra M ^b   Garb, Jessica E ^b   Binford, Greta J ^a  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

^b University of Massachusetts Lowell   (United States)

Author keywords

adhesion; cDNA library; Orbitrap mass spectrometry; Scytodes; toxin; venome

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; SALIVA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SPIDER VENOMS; SPIDERS;

EID: 84893876836     PISSN: 15353893     EISSN: 15353907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/pr400875s     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Platnick, N. I. The World Spider Catalog, version 14.0; American Museum of Natural History: New York, 2013; http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/ .
2. Rash, L. D.; Hodgson, W. C. Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms Toxicon 2002, 40, 225-254
3. Escoubas, P.; Rash, L. Tarantulas: eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists Toxicon 2004, 43, 555-574
4. Tedford, H. W.; Sollod, B. L.; Maggio, F.; King, G. F. Australian funnel-web spiders: master insecticide chemists Toxicon 2004, 43, 601-618
5. Sollod, B. L.; Wilson, D.; Zhaxybayeva, O.; Gogarten, J. P.; Drinkwater, R.; King, G. F. Were spiders the first to use combinatorial peptide libraries? Peptides 2005, 26, 131-139
6. Escoubas, P.; Sollod, B.; King, G. F. Venom landscapes: Mining the complexity of spider venoms via a combined cDNA and mass spectrometric approach Toxicon 2006, 47 (6) 650-663
7. Escoubas, P.; Quinton, L.; Nicholson, G. M. Venomics: unravelling the complexity of animal venoms with mass spectrometry J. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 43 (3) 279-295
8. Escoubas, P.; King, G. F. Venomics as a drug discovery platform Exp. Rev. Proteomics 2009, 6 (3) 221-224
9. Vassilevski, A. A.; Kozlov, S. A.; Grishin, E. V. Molecular diversity of spider venom Biochemistry 2009, 74 (13) 1505-1534
10. King, G. F. Venoms as a platform for human drugs: translating toxins into therapeutics Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2011, 11 (11) 1469-1484
11. Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Stocklin, R.; Nentwig, W., Venom composition and strategies in spiders: is everything possible? In Advances in Insect Physiology; Casas, J., Ed.; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, 2011; Vol. 40, pp 1-86.
12. Windley, M. J.; Herzig, V.; Dziemborowicz, S. A.; Hardy, M. C.; King, G. F.; Nicholson, G. M. Spider-Venom Peptides as Bioinsecticides Toxins 2012, 4 (3) 191-227
13. King, G. F.; Hardy, M. C., Spider-Venom peptides: structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests. In Annual Review of Entomology; Berenbaum, M. R., Ed.; Annual Reviews: Palo Alto, CA, 2013; Vol. 58, pp 475-496.
14. Foelix, R. F. Biology of Spiders, 2 nd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, 1996.
15. Suter, R. B.; Stratton, G. E. Scytodes vs Schizocosa: predatory techniques and their morphological correlates J. Arachnol. 2005, 33, 7-15
16. Suter, R. B.; Stratton, G. E. Spitting performance parameters and their biomechanical implications in the spitting spider, Scytodes thoracica J. Insect Sci. 2009, 9, 1-15
17. Clements, R.; Li, D. Q. Regulation and non-toxicity of the spit from the pale spitting spider Scytodes pallida (Araneae: Scytodidae) Ethology 2005, 111 (3) 311-321
18. Fernandes-Pedrosa, M. d. F.; Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I. d. L. M.; Gonçalves-de-Andrade, R. M.; Kobashi, L. S.; Almeida, D. D.; Ho, P. L.; Tambourgi, D. V. Transcriptome analysis of Loxosceles laeta (Araneae, Sicariidae) spider venomous gland using expressed sequence tags BMC Genomics 2008, 9 (1) 279
19. dos Santos, L. D.; Dias, N. B.; Pinto, J. R. A. S.; Palma, M. S. Brown recluse spider venom: proteomic analysis and proposal of a putative mechanism of action Protein Pept. Lett. 2009, 16, 933-943
20. Gremski, L. H.; da Silveira, R. B.; Chaim, O. M.; Probst, C. M.; Ferrer, V. P.; Nowatzki, J.; Weinschutz, H. C.; Madeira, H. M.; Gremski, W.; Nader, H. B.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; Veiga, S. S. A novel expression profile of the Loxosceles intermedia spider venomous gland revealed by transcriptome analysis Mol. BioSyst. 2010, 6, 2403-2416
21. Binford, G. J.; Wells, M. A. The phylogenetic distribution of sphingomyelinase D activity in venoms of Haplogyne spiders Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2003, 135 (1) 25-33
22. Binford, G. J.; Cordes, M. H. J.; Wells, M. A. Sphingomyelinase D from venoms of Loxosceles spiders: evolutionary insights from cDNA sequences and gene structure Toxicon 2005, 45 (5) 547-560
23. Ayoub, N. A.; Garb, J. E.; Tinghitella, R. M.; Collin, M. A.; Hayashi, C. Y. Blueprint for a high-performance biomaterial: full-length spider dragline silk genes PLoS One 2007, 2 (6) e514-526
24. Römer, L.; Scheibel, T. The elaborate structure of spider silk Prion 2008, 2 (4) 154-161
25. Blasingame, E.; Tuton-Blasingame, T.; Larkin, L.; Falick, A. M.; Zhao, L.; Fong, J.; Vaidyanathan, V.; Visperas, A.; Geurts, P.; Hu, X.; La Mattina, C.; Vierra, C. Pyriform spidroin 1, a novel member of the silk gene family that anchors dragline silk fibers in attachment discs of the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284 (42) 29097-29108
26. Maruyama, S. R.; Anatriello, E.; Anderson, J. M.; Ribeiro, J. M.; Brandão, L. G.; Valenzuela, J. G.; Ferreira, B. R.; Garcia, G. R.; Szabó, M. P. J.; Patel, S.; Bishop, R.; de Miranda-Santos, I. K. F. The expression of genes coding for distinct types of glycine-rich proteins varies according to the biology of three metastriate ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma cajannense BMC Genomics 2010, 11, 363-379
27. Tamura, K.; Peterson, D.; Peterson, N.; Stecher, G.; Nei, M.; Kumar, S. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28 (10) 2731-2739
28. Ronquist, F.; Huelsenbeck, J. P. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models Bioinformatics 2003, 19, 1572-1574
29. Ronquist, F.; Huelsenbeck, J. P.; van der Mark, P. MrBayes 3.2 manual, 2005; http://mrbayes.sourceforge.net/manual.php.
30. Hu, Q.; Noll, R. J.; Li, H.; Makarov, A.; Hardman, M.; Graham Cooks, R. The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 40 (4) 430-443
31. Paoletti, A. C.; Zybailov, B.; Washburn, M. P. Principles and applications of multidimensional protein identification technology Exp. Rev. Proteomics 2004, 1 (3) 275-282
32. Anisuzzaman; Islam, M. K.; Alim, M. A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatta, T.; Yamaji, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Fujisaki, K.; Tsuji, N. Longistatin, a plasminogen activator, is key to the availability of blood-meals for ixodid ticks PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7 (3) e1001312
33. Anisuzzaman; Islam, M. K.; Alim, M. A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatta, T.; Yamaji, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Fujisaki, K.; Tsuji, N. Longistatin is an unconventional serine protease and induces protective immunity against tick infestation Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2012, 182 (1-2) 45-53
34. da Silveira, R. B.; Wille, A. C. M.; Chaim, O. M.; Appel, M. H.; Silva, D. T.; Franco, C. R. C.; Toma, L.; Mangili, O. C.; Gremski, W.; Dietrich, C. P.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Identification, cloning, expression and functional characterization of an astacin-like metalloprotease toxin from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom Biochem. J. 2007, 406, 355-363
35. Sade, Y. B.; Bóia-Ferreira, M.; Gremski, L. H.; da Silveira, R. B.; Gremski, W.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; Chaim, O. M.; Veiga, S. S. Molecular cloning, heterologous expression and functional characterization of a novel translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) family member from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2012, 44, 170-177
36. Duan, Z.; Yan, X.; Cao, R.; Liu, Z.; Wang, X.; Liang, S. Proteomic analysis of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus venom for uncovering potential latrodectism-related proteins J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2008, 22 (5) 328-336
37. Anisuzzaman; Islam, M. K.; Miyoshi, T.; Alim, M. D.; Hatta, T.; Yamaji, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Fujisaki, K.; Tsuji, N. Longistatin, a novel EF-hand protein from the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, is required for acquisition of host blood-meals Int. J. Parasitol. 2010, 40, 721-729
38. Feitosa, L.; Gremski, W.; Veiga, S. S.; Elias, M.; Graner, E.; Mangili, O. C.; Brentani, R. R. Detection and characterization of metalloproteinases with gelatinolytic, fibronectinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities in Brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom Toxicon 1998, 36 (7) 1039-1051
39. Veiga, S. S.; Feitosa, L.; dos Santos, V. L.; de Souza, G. A.; Ribeiro, A. S.; Mangili, O. C.; Porcionatto, M. A.; Nader, H. B.; Dietrich, C. P.; Brentani, R. R.; Gremski, W. Effect of brown spider venom on basement membrane structures Histochem. J. 2000, 32, 397-408
40. da Silveira, R. B.; dos Santos Filho, J. F.; Mangili, O. C.; Veiga, S. S.; Gremski, W.; Nader, H. B.; von Dietrich, C. P. Identification of proteases in the extract of venom glands from brown spiders Toxicon 2002, 40, 815-822
41. Guevara, T.; Yiallouros, I.; Kappelhoff, R.; Bissdorf, S.; Stocker, W.; Gomis-Ruth, F. X. Proenzyme structure and activation of astacin metallopeptidase J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285 (18) 13958-13965
42. Chaim, O. M.; Trevisan-Silva, D.; Chaves-Moreira, D.; Wille, A. C. M.; Ferrer, V. P.; Matsubara, F. H.; Mangili, O. C.; Silveira, R. B. d.; Gremski, L. H.; Gremski, W.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; Veiga, S. S. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom toxins: tools for biological purposes Toxins 2011, 3 (12) 309-344
43. Sun, J.; Wu, Y.; Wang, J.; Ma, F.; Liu, X.; Li, Q. Novel translationally controlled tumor protein homologue in the buccal gland secretion of Lampetra japonica Biochimie 2008, 90, 1760-1768
44. Mulenga, A.; Azad, A. F. The molecular and biological analysis of ixodid ticks histamine release factors Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2005, 37, 215-229
45. Kimura, T.; Ono, S.; Kubo, T. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNAs encoding toxin-like peptides from the venom glands of tarantula Grammostola rosea Int. J. Peptides 2012, 731293
46. King, G. F.; Gentz, M. C.; Escoubas, P.; Nicholson, G. M. A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals Toxicon 2008, 52 (2) 264-276
47. Martin-Moutot, N.; Mansuelle, P.; Alcaraz, G.; dos Santos, R. G.; Cordeiro, M. N.; de Lima, M. E.; Seagar, M.; Van Renterghem, C. Phoneutria nigriventer Toxin 1: A novel, state-dependent inhibitor of neuronal sodium channels that interacts with μ Conotoxin binding sites Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 69, 1931-1937
48. Diniz, M. R. V.; Theakston, R. D. G.; Crampton, J. M.; Cordeiro, M. D.; Pimenta, A. M. C.; De Lima, M. E.; Diniz, C. R. Functional expression and purification of recombinant Tx1, a sodium channel blocker neurotoxin from the venom of the Brazilian "armed" spider, Phoneutria nigriventer Protein Expression Purif. 2006, 50 (1) 18-24
49. Kozlov, S.; Malyavka, A.; McCutchen, B.; Lu, A.; Schepers, E.; Herrmann, R.; Grishin, E. A novel strategy for the identification of toxinlike structures in spider venom Proteins 2005, 59, 131-140
50. Saez, N. J.; Senff, S.; Jensen, J. E.; Er, S. Y.; Herzig, V.; Rash, L. D.; King, G. F. Spider-Venom Peptides as Therapeutics Toxins 2010, 2 (12) 2851-2871
51. de Castro, C. S.; Silvestre, F. G.; Araújo, S. C.; Yazbeck, G. D. M.; Mangili, O. C.; Cruz, I.; Chávez-Olórtegui, C.; Kalapothakis, E. Identification and molecular cloning of insecticidal toxins from the venom of the brown spider Loxosceles intermedia Toxicon 2004, 44 (3) 273-280
52. Matsubara, F. H.; Gremski, L. H.; Meissner, G. O.; Constantino Lopes, E. S.; Gremski, W.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; Chaim, O. M.; Veiga, S. S. A novel ICK peptide from the Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom gland: Cloning, heterologous expression and immunological cross-reactivity approaches Toxicon 2013, 71, 147-58
53. Loening, N. M.; Wilson, Z. N.; Zobel-Thropp, P. A.; Binford, G. J. Solution structures of two homologous venom peptides from Sicarius dolichocephalus PLoS One 2013, 8 (1) e54401
54. Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Fedorova, I. M.; Lüscher, B. P.; Kopp, L. S.; Trachsel, C.; Schaller, J.; Vu, X. L.; Seebeck, T.; Streitberger, K.; Nentwig, W.; Sigel, E.; Magazanik, L. G. A venom-derived neurotoxin, CsTx-1, from the spider Cupiennius salei exhibits cytolytic activities J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287 (30) 25640-25649
55. Trachsel, C.; Siegemund, D.; Kämpfer, U.; Kopp, L. S.; Bühr, C.; Grossmann, J.; Lüthi, C.; Cunningham, M.; Nentwig, W.; Kuhn-Nentwig, L.; Schürch, S.; Schaller, J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies FEBS J. 2012, 279, 2683-2694
56. Kuzmenkov, A. I.; Federova, I. M.; Vassilevski, A. A.; Grishin, E. V. Cysteine-rich toxins from Lachesana tarabaevi spider venom with amphiphilic C-terminal segments Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013, 1828, 724-731
57. Sheldon, T. J.; Miguel-Aliaga, I.; Gould, A. P.; Taylor, W. R.; Conklin, D. A novel family of single VWC-domain proteins in invertebrates FEBS Lett. 2007, 581 (27) 5268-5274
58. Zhou, Y. F.; Eng, E. T.; Zhu, J.; Lu, C.; Walz, T.; Springer, T. A. Sequence and structure relationships within von Willebrand factor Blood 2012, 120 (2) 449-458
59. Garb, J. E.; Ayoub, N. A.; Hayashi, C. Y. Untangling spider silk evolution with spidroin terminal domains BMC Evol. Biol. 2010, 10, 243-258
60. Sutherland, T. D.; Young, J. H.; Weisman, S.; Hayashi, C. Y.; Merritt, D. J. Insect Silk: One Name, Many Materials Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2010, 55 (1) 171-188
61. Boutry, C.; Blackledge, T. A. Evolution of supercontraction in spider silk: structure-function relationship from tarantulas to orb-weavers J. Exp. Biol. 2010, 213, 3505-3514
62. Vasanthavada, K.; Hu, X.; Tuton-Blasingame, T.; Hsia, Y.; Sampath, S.; Pacheco, R.; Freeark, J.; Falick, A. M.; Tang, S.; Fong, J.; Kohler, K.; La Mattina-Hawkins, C.; Vierra, C. Spider glue proteins have distinct architectures compared with traditional spidroin family members J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287 (43) 35986-35999
63. Perry, D. J.; Bittencourt, D.; Siltberg-Liberles, J.; Rech, E. L.; Lewis, R. V. Piriform spider silk sequences reveal unique repetitive elements Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 3000-3006
64. Shewry, P. R.; Halford, N. G.; Belton, P. S.; Tatham, A. S. The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 2002, 357, 133-142
65. Feeney, K. A.; Wellner, N.; Gilbert, S. M.; Halford, N. G.; Tatham, A. S.; Shewry, P. R.; Belton, P. S. Molecular structures and interactions of repetitive peptides based on wheat glutenin subunits depend on chain length Biopolymers 2003, 72, 123-131
66. Chen, W. Q.; Priewalder, H.; John, J. P. P.; Lubec, G. Silk cocoon of Bombyx mori: proteins and posttranslational modifications-heavy phosphorylation and evidence for lysine-mediated cross links Proteomics 2010, 10, 369-379
67. da Silva, P. H.; da Silveira, R. B.; Helena Appel, M.; Mangili, O. C.; Gremski, W.; Veiga, S. S. Brown spiders and loxoscelism Toxicon 2004, 44 (7) 693-709
68. Vetter, R. S. Spiders of the genus Loxosceles (Araneae, Sicariidae): a review of biological, medical and psychological aspects regarding envenomations J. Arachnol. 2008, 1, 150-163
69. Newlands, G.; Atkinson, P. Review of southern African spiders of medical importance, with notes on the signs and symptoms of envenomation S. Afr. Med. J. 1988, 73, 235-239
70. van Aswegen, G.; Van Rooyen, J. M.; Van der Nest, D. G.; Veldman, F. J.; de Villiers, T. H.; Oberholzer, G. Venom of a six-eyed crab spider, Sicarius testaceus (Purcell, 1908), causes necrotic and haemorrhagic lesions in the rabbit Toxicon 1997, 35 (7) 1149-1152
71. Zobel-Thropp, P. A.; Kerins, A. E.; Binford, G. J. Sphingomyelinase D in sicariid spider venom is a potent insecticidal toxin Toxicon 2012, 60 (3) 265-271
72. Geren, C. R.; Chan, T. K.; Howell, D. E.; Odell, G. V. Isolation and characterization of toxins from brown recluse spider venom (Loxosceles reclusa) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1976, 174, 90-99
73. Kurpiewski, G.; Forrester, L. J.; Barrett, J. T.; Campbell, B. J. Platelet aggregation and sphingomyelinase D activity of a purified toxin from the venom of Loxosceles reclusa Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1981, 678, 467-476
74. Tambourgi, D. V.; Magnoli, F. C.; van den Berg, C. W.; Morgan, B. P.; de Araujo, P. S.; Alves, E. W.; da Silva, W. D. Sphingomyelinases in the venom of the spider Loxosceles intermedia are responsible for both dermonecrosis and complement-dependent hemolysis Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998, 251, 366-373
75. Veiga, S. S.; Zanetti, V. C.; Braz, A.; Mangili, O. C.; Gremski, W. Extracellular matrix molecules as targets for brown spider venom toxins Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2001, 34, 843-850
76. Fernandes-Pedrosa, M. F.; Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I. L. M.; Gonçalves de Andrade, R. M.; van den Berg, C. W.; Ramos, C. R. R.; Ho, P. L.; Tambourgi, D. V. Molecular cloning and expression of a functional dermonecrotic and haemolytic factor from Loxosceles laeta venom Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 298, 638-645
77. Pretel, F.; Gonçalves-de-Andrade, R. M.; Magnoli, F. C.; da Silva, M. E. R.; Ferreira, J. M. C.; van den Berg, C. W.; Tambourgi, D. V. Analysis of the toxic potential of venom from Loxosceles adelaida, a Brazilian brown spider from karstic areas Toxicon 2005, 45 (4) 449-458
78. Chaim, O. M.; Sade, Y. B.; da Silveira, R. B.; Toma, L.; Kalapothakis, E.; Chávez-Olórtegui, C.; Mangili, O. C.; Gremski, W.; von Dietrich, C. P.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Brown spider dermonecrotic toxin directly induces nephrotoxicity Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006, 211, 64-77
79. Paixão-Cavalcante, D.; van den Berg, C. W.; Fernandes-Pedrosa, M. F.; de Andrade, R. M. G.; Tambourgi, D. V. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in HaCaT keratinocytes apoptosis induced by Loxosceles venom sphingomyelinase D J. Invest. Dermatol. 2006, 126, 61-68
80. Ribeiro, R. O. S.; Chaim, O. M.; da Silveira, R. B.; Gremski, L. H.; Sade, Y. B.; Paludo, K. S.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; de Moura, J.; Chávez-Olórtegui, C.; Gremski, W.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Biological and structural comparison of recombinant phospholipase D toxins from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom Toxicon 2007, 50 (8) 1162-1174
81. Paludo, K. S.; Biscaia, S. M. P.; Chaim, O. M.; Otuki, M. F.; Naliwaiko, K.; Dombrowski, P. A.; Franco, C. R. C.; Veiga, S. S. Inflammatory events induced by brown spider venom and its recombinant dermonecrotic toxin: a pharmacological investigation Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C 2009, 149, 323-333
82. Babcock, J. L.; Civello, D. J.; Geren, C. R. Purification and characterization of a toxin from brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom gland extracts Toxicon 1981, 19 (5) 677-689
83. Cunha, R. B.; Barbaro, K. C.; Muramatsu, D.; Portaro, F. C. V.; Fontes, W.; de Sousa, M. V. Purification and characterization of loxnecrogin, a dermonecrotic toxin from Loxosceles gaucho brown spider venom J. Prot. Chem. 2003, 22, 135-146
84. Machado, L. F.; Laugesen, S.; Botelho, E. D.; Ricart, C. A. O.; Fontes, W.; Barbaro, K. C.; Roepstorff, P.; Sousa, M. V. Proteome analysis of brown spider venom: Identification of loxnecrogin isoforms in Loxosceles gaucho venom Proteomics 2005, 5 (8) 2167-2176
85. da Silveira, R. B.; Pigozzo, R. B.; Chaim, O. M.; Appel, M. H.; Dreyfuss, J. L.; Toma, L.; Mangili, O. C.; Gremski, W.; Dietrich, C. P.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two isoforms of dermonecrotic toxin from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom gland Biochimie 2006, 88, 1241-1253
86. da Silveira, R. B.; Pigozzo, R. B.; Chaim, O. M.; Appel, M. H.; Silva, D. T.; Dreyfuss, J. L.; Toma, L.; Dietrich, C. P.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Two novel dermonecrotic toxins LiRecDT4 and LiRecDT5 from brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom: from cloning to functional characterization Biochimie 2007b, 89, 289-300
87. Kalapothakis, E.; Araujo, S. C.; de Castro, C. S.; Mendes, T. M.; Gomez, M. V.; Mangili, O. C.; Gubert, I. C.; Chavez-Olortegui, C. Molecular cloning, expression and immunological properties of LiD1, a protein from the dermonecrotic family of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom Toxicon 2002, 40 (12) 1691-1699
88. Kalapothakis, E.; Chatzaki, M.; Gonçalves-Dornelas, H.; de Castro, C. S.; Silvestre, F. G.; Laborne, F. V.; de Moura, J. F.; Veiga, S. S.; Chávez-Olórtegui, C.; Granier, C.; Barbaro, K. C. The Loxtox protein family in Loxosceles intermedia (Mello-Leitão) venom Toxicon 2007, 50 (7) 938-946
89. Appel, M. H.; da Silveira, R. B.; Chaim, O. M.; Paludo, K. S.; Silva, D. T.; Chaves, D. M.; da Silva, P. H.; Mangili, O. C.; Senff-Ribeiro, A.; Gremski, W.; Nader, H. B.; Veiga, S. S. Identification, cloning and functional characterization of a novel dermonecrotic toxin (phosphilipase D) from brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1780, 167-178
90. Binford, G. J.; Bodner, M. R.; Cordes, M. H. J.; Baldwin, K. L.; Rynerson, M. R.; Burns, S. N.; Zobel-Thropp, P. A. Molecular evolution, functional variation, and proposed nomenclature of the gene family that includes sphingomyelinase D in sicariid spider venoms Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009, 26 (3) 547-566