Vein graphite deposits: Geological settings, origin, and economic significance

Mineralium Deposita

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 261-277

  Luque, F J ^a,b   Huizenga, J M ^c,d   Crespo Feo, E ^a   Wada, H ^e   Ortega, L ^a   Barrenechea, J F ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE GEOCIENCIAS   (Spain)

^c NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^d JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Carbon cycle; Carbon bearing fluids; Granulites; Graphite; Igneous rocks; Vein deposits

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLE; DEPOSITION; GRANULITE; GRAPHITE; HOST ROCK; IGNEOUS ROCK; IMMISCIBILITY; METAMORPHISM; SEDIMENTARY ROCK; STRUCTURAL CONTROL; VEIN (GEOLOGY);

EID: 84893558728     PISSN: 00264598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00126-013-0489-9     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Acharya BC, Dash B (1984) Graphite in Eastern Ghats Precambrian migmatites, Orissa, India. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 75: 391-406.
2. Acharya BC, Rao DS (1998) Graphite in Eastern Ghat complex of Orissa. Geol Survey India Spec Publ 44: 190-200.
3. 2-rich fluid inclusions from charnockites of southwestern Madurai Granulite Block, southern India; implications on graphite mineralization. J Asian Earth Sci 8: 332-340.
4. Balan A, Kumar R, Boukhicha M, Beyssac O, Bouillard J-C, Taverna D, Sacks W, Marangolo M, Lacaze E, Gohler R, Escoffier W, Poumirol J-M, Shukla A (2010) Anodic bonded graphene. J Phys D Appl Phys 43: 374013.
5. Balasooriya NWB, Touzain P, Baranayake WSK (2007) Capacity improvement of mechanically and chemically treated Sri Lanka natural graphite as an anode material in Li-ion batteries. Ionics 13: 305-309.
6. Barrenechea JF, Luque FJ, Millward D, Ortega L, Beyssac O, Rodas M (2009) Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England, UK): Raman and SIMS data. Contrib Mineral Petrol 158: 37-51.
7. Bastin ES (1912) The graphite deposits of Ceylon. A review of present knowledge with a description of a similar graphite deposit near Dillon, Montana. Econ Geol 7: 449-473.
8. Beyssac O, Goffé B, Chopin C, Rouzaud J-N (2002) Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials in metasediments: a new geothermometer. J Metamorph Geol 20: 859-871.
9. Binu-Lal SS, Kehelpannala KW, Satish-Kumar M, Wada H (2003) Multistage graphite precipitation through protracted fluid flow in sheared metagranitoid, Digana, Sri Lanka: evidence from stable isotopes. Chem Geol 197: 253-270.
10. Cameron EN, Weis L (1960) Strategic graphite: a survey. Geol Surv Bull 1082-E: 201-321.
11. Cesare B (1995) Graphite precipitation in C-O-H fluid inclusions: closed-system compositional and density changes, and thermobarometric implications. Contrib Mineral Petrol 122: 25-33.
12. 2 in granulites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 149: 129-140.
13. Chukhrov F, Ermilova L, Hosik L (1984) On the isotopic composition of carbon in epigenetic graphites. In: Wauschkuhn A et al (eds) Syngenesis and Epigenesis in the Formation of Mineral Deposits. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp 130-137.
14. Crespo E, Luque FJ, Rodas M (2003) Alteración de la cristalinidad del grafito por cizalla simple: comparación entre procesos experimentales y naturales. Bol Soc Española Min 26: 137-153.
15. Crespo E, Luque J, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Rodas M, Díaz-Azpiroz M, Fernández-Caliani JC, Barrenechea JF (2004) Significance of graphite occurrences in the Aracena Metamorphic Belt, Iberian Massif. Geol Mag 141: 687-697.
16. Crespo E, Luque FJ, Barrenechea JF, Rodas M (2005) Mechanical graphite transport in fault zones and the formation of graphite veins. Mineral Mag 69: 463-470.
17. Crespo E, Luque FJ, Rodas M, Wada H, Gervilla F (2006a) Graphite-sulfide deposits in Ronda and Beni Bousera peridotites (Spain and Morocco) and the origin of carbon in mantle-derived rocks. Gondwana Res 9: 279-290.
18. Crespo E, Luque FJ, Barrenechea JF, Rodas M (2006b) Influence of grinding on graphite crystallinity from experimental and natural data: implications for graphite thermometry and sample preparation. Mineral Mag 70: 697-707.
19. Crossley P (2000) Graphite: High-tech supply sharpens up. Industrial Minerals 398: 31-47.
20. Dinalankara DMSK, Dissanayake CB (1988) The geological setting of some major graphite deposits of Sri Lanka. J Geol Soc Sri Lanka 1: 18-25.
21. Dissanayake CB (1981) The origin of graphite of Sri Lanka. Org Geochem 3: 1-7.
22. Dissanayake CB (1986) The origin of vein graphite of Sri Lanka: biogenic or abiogenic? L. J. D. Fernando Felicitation Volume, Geol Soc Sri Lanka, Spec Publ: 131-140.
23. Dissanayake CB (1994) Origin of vein graphite in high-grade metamorphic terrains. Role of organic matter and sediment subduction. Miner Deposita 29: 57-67.
24. Dissanayake CB, Chandrajith R (1999) Sri Lanka-Madagascar Gondwana linkage: Evidence for a Pan-African mineral belt. J Geophys Res 10: 223-235.
25. Dobner A, Graf W, Hahn-Weinheimer P, Hirner A (1978) Stable carbon isotopes of graphite from Bogala mine, Sri Lanka. Lithos 11: 251-255.
26. Duke EF, Galbreath KC, Trusty KJ (1990) Fluid inclusion and carbon isotope studies of quartz-graphite veins, Black Hills, South Dakota, and Ruby Range, Montana. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 683-698.
27. El Atrassi F, Brunet F, Bouybaouene M, Chopin C, Chazot G (2011) Melting textures and microdiamonds preserved in graphite pseudomorphs from the Beni Bousera peridotite massif, Morocco. Eur J Mineral 23: 157-168.
28. Erdosh G (1970) Geology of Bogala mine, Ceylon and the origin of vein-type graphite. Mineral Deposita 5: 375-382.
29. Erdosh G (1972) Abiotic carbon and the formation of graphite deposits: Discussion. Econ Geol 67: 383-384.
30. 2-bearing magmas in granulite formation. Nature 354: 60-63.
31. Ford RB (1954) Occurrence and origin of the graphite deposits near Dillon, Montana. Econ Geol 49: 31-43.
32. Glassley W (1982) Fluid evolution and graphite genesis in the deep continental crust. Nature 295: 229-231.
33. Hahn-Weinheimer P, Hirner A (1981) Isotopic evidence for the origin of graphite. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 15: 9-15.
34. Hansen EC, Janardhan AS, Newton RC, Prame WKBN, Ravindrakumar GR (1987) Arrested charnockite formation in southern India and Sri Lanka. Contrib Mineral Petrol 96: 225-244.
35. Hapuarachchi DJAC (1977) Decarbonation reactions and the origin of vein-graphite in Sri Lanka. J Nat Sci Council Sri Lanka 5: 29-32.
36. Hoernes S, Fiorentini E, Hoffbauer R (1994) The role of fluids in granulite-facies metamorphism as deduced from oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions. Precambrian Res 66: 183-198.
37. Huizenga JM (2011) Thermodynamic modelling of a cooling C-O-H fluid-graphite system: implications for hydrothermal graphite precipitation. Mineral Deposita 46: 23-33.
38. 2 and graphite. Gondwana Res 22: 799-809.
39. Jackson DH, Mattey D, Harris NBW (1988) Carbon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in charnockites from southern India. Nature 333: 167-170.
40. Jaszczak JA, Trinchillo D (2013) Miracle at Merelani: a remarkable occurrence of graphite, diopside, and associated minerals. Rocks & Minerals 88: 154-165.
41. Katz MB (1987) Graphite deposits from Sri Lanka: a consequence of granulite facies metamorphism. Mineral Deposita 22: 18-25.
42. Kehelpannala KW (1999) Epigenetic vein graphite mineralization in the granulite terrain of Sri Lanka. Gondwana Res 2: 654-657.
43. Kehelpannala KW, Francis MDL (2001) Vein graphite deposits of the Kegalle District, Sri Lanka: further evidence for post-metamorphic, fluid-deposited graphite. Gondwana Res 4: 655-656.
44. Krishna Rao JSR, Malleswara Rao P (1965) Occurrence and origin of graphite in parts of Eastern Ghats, South India. Econ Geol 60: 1046-1051.
45. Kröner A, Williams IS (1993) Age of metamorphism in the high-grade rocks of Sri Lanka. J Geophys Res 101: 513-521.
46. Kumarasinghe AR, Samaranayake L, Bondino F, Magnano E, Kottegoda N, Carlino E, Ratnayake UN, de Alwis AAP, Karunaratne V, Amaratunga GAJ (2013) Self-assembled multilayer graphene oxide membrane and carbon nanotubes synthesized using a rare form of natural graphite. J Phys Chem C 117: 9507-9519.
47. Kwiecinska B, Petersen HI (2004) Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification-ICCP system. Internat J Coal Geol 57: 99-116.
48. 2 vapour-free environment. Nature 312: 56-58.
49. Lowenstern JB (2001) Carbon dioxide in magmas and implications for hydrothermal systems. Mineral Deposita 36: 490-502.
50. Luque FJ, Rodas M, Galán E (1992) Graphite vein mineralization in the ultramafic rocks of southern Spain: Mineralogy and genetic relationships. Mineral Deposita 27: 226-233.
51. Luque FJ, Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Rodas M, Barrenechea JF (1998) Natural fluid deposited graphite: mineralogical characteristics and mechanisms of formation. Am J Sci 298: 471-498.
52. Luque FJ, Rodas M (1999) Constraints on graphite crystallinity in some Spanish fluid-deposited occurrences from different geologic settings. Mineral Deposita 34: 215-219.
53. Luque FJ, Ortega L, Barrenechea JF, Millward D, Beyssac O, Huizenga J-M (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids. Geology 37: 275-278.
54. Luque FJ, Ortega L, Barrenechea JF, Huizenga JM, Millward D (2012a) Key factors controlling massive graphite deposition in volcanic settings: an example of a self-organized critical system. J Geol Soc Lond 169: 269-277.
55. Luque FJ, Crespo-Feo E, Barrenechea JF, Ortega L (2012b) Carbon isotopes of graphite: implications on fluid history. Geosci Front 3: 197-207.
56. Matsuura Y, Kehelpannala KW, Wada H (2007) Differential thermal analysis of Sri Lankan type vein graphite. Geosci Reports Shizuoka Univ 34: 7-18.
57. Mavrogenes JA, O'Neill HSC (1999) The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63: 1173-1180.
58. Mitchell CJ (1993) Industrial Minerals Laboratory Manual: Flake graphite. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WG/92/30, 31 pp.
59. Moores S (2010) Concern over battery grade graphite supplies. Industrial Min 509: 12.
60. Newton RC (1995) Simple-system mineral reactions and high-grade metamorphic fluids. Eur J Mineral 7: 861-881.
61. Newton RC, Smith J, Windley BF (1980) Carbonic metamorphism, granulites and crustal growth. Nature 288: 45-50.
62. Olson DW (2011) Graphite. In: U. S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook-2009. U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, pp 32. 1-32. 10.
63. Ortega L, Millward D, Luque FJ, Barrenechea JF, Beyssac O, Huizenga JM, Rodas M, Clarke SM (2010) The graphite deposit at Borrowdale (UK): a catastrophic mineralizing event associated with Ordovician magmatism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74: 2429-2449.
64. Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Khokhryakov AF, Kupriyanov IN, Sobolev N (2006) Sulfide melts-graphite interaction at HPHT conditions: implications for diamond genesis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 250: 269-280.
65. Pasteris JD (1999) Causes of the uniformly high crystallinity of graphite in large epigenetic deposits. J Metamorph Geol 17: 779-787.
66. Pearson DG, Davies GR, Nixon H, Mattey D (1991) A carbon isotope study of diamond facies pyroxenites and associated rocks from the Beni Bousera peridotite, North Morocco. J Petrol, Spec Lherzolites Issue: 175-189.
67. Radhika U, Santosh M (1995) A comparative study of graphite occurrences in South India, Sri Lanka and Madagascar within east Gondwana. In: Yoshida M, Santosh M, Rao AT (eds) India as a fragment of East Gondwana. Gondwana Research Group Memoir-2. Field Science Publishers, Japan, pp 143-157.
68. 2 infiltration. J Southeast Asian Earth Sci 14: 265-273.
69. Radhika U, Santosh M, Wada H (1995) Graphite occurrences in southern Kerala: characteristics and genesis. J Geol Soc India 45: 653-666.
70. Sajeev K, Osanai Y (2004) Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (1150°C, 12 kbar) and multi-stage evolution of Mg-Al granulites from Central Highland Complex, Sri Lanka. J Petrol 45: 1821-1844.
71. Salotti CA, Heinrich EW, Giardini AA (1971) Abiotic carbon and the formation of graphite deposits. Econ Geol 66: 929-932.
72. Salotti CA, Heinrich EW, Giardini AA (1972) On the origin of vein graphite deposits. Econ Geol 67: 384-385.
73. 2 flushing: a plate tectonic perspective. Gondwana Res 13: 86-102.
74. 2 windows from mantle to atmosphere: models on ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and speculations on the link with melting of snowball Earth. Gondwana Res 14: 82-96.
75. 2 influx in granulites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 119: 19-26.
76. 2 infiltration in granulites. J Geophys Res 101: 643-651.
77. 2-fluid inclusions in granulites: Insights on graphite precipitation and carbon isotope evolution. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69: 3841-3856.
78. Santosh M, Wada H, Satish-Kumar M, Binu-Lal SS (2003) Carbon isotope "stratigraphy" in a single graphite crystal: Implications for the crystal growth mechanism of fluid-deposited graphite. Am Mineral 88: 1689-1696.
79. 2 influx. Geol Mag 135: 27-45.
80. Satish-Kumar M, Yurimoto H, Itoh S, Cesare B (2011) Carbon isotope anatomy of a single graphite crystal in a metapelitic migmatite revealed by high-spatial resolution SIMS analysis. Contrib Mineral Petrol 162: 821-834.
81. Scrosati B, Garche J (2010) Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J Power Sources 195: 2419-2430.
82. Selverstone J (2005) Preferential embrittlement of graphitic schists during extensional unroofing in the Alps: the effect of fluid composition on rheology in low-permeability rocks. J Metamorph Geol 23: 461-470.
83. Silva KKMW (1974) Tectonic control of graphite mineralization in Sri Lanka. Geol Mag 111: 307-312.
84. Silva KKMW (1987) Mineralization and wall-rock alteration at the Bogala graphite deposit, Bulathkohupitiya, Sri Lanka. Econ Geol 82: 1710-1722.
85. Sinha RK (1982) Graphite. In: Industrial Minerals. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 237-248.
86. Soman K, Lobzova R, Sivadas KM (1986) Geology, genetic types, and origin of graphite in South Kerala, India. Econ Geol 81: 997-1002.
87. Tadokoro H, Tsunogae T, Santosh M, Yoshimura Y (2007) First report of the spinel plus quartz assemblage from Kodaikanal in the Madurai block, southern India: Implications for ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. Internat Geol Rev 49: 1050-1068.
88. Tomkins AG, Rebryna KC, Weinberg RF, Schaefer BF (2012) Magmatic sulfide formation by reduction of oxidized arc basalt. J Petrol 53: 1537-1567.
89. Touret JRL (1971) Le facies granulite en Norvege meridionale. II: Les inclusions fluids. Lithos 4: 423-426.
90. Touret JLR, Huizenga JM (2011) Fluids in granulites. In: van Reenen DD, Kramers, JD, McCourt S, Perchuk LL (eds) Origin and Evolution of Precambrian High-grade Gneiss Terranes, with Special Emphasis on the Limpopo Complex of Southern Africa. Geol Soc Am Mem 207: 25-37.
91. Touret JLR, Huizenga JM (2012) Fluid-assisted granulite metamorphism: a continental journey. Gondwana Res 21: 224-235.
92. Touzain P, Balasooriya N, Bandaranayake K, Descolas-Gros C (2010) Vein graphite from the Bogala and Kahatagaha-Kolongaha mines, Sri Lanka: a possible origin. Can Min 48: 1373-1384.
93. Tsuchiya N, Suzuki S, Chida T (1991) Origin of graphite in the Oshirabetsu gabbroic body, Hokkaido, Japan. J Miner Petrol Econ Geol 86: 264-272.
94. United States Geological Survey (2012) Graphite. In: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012. U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, pp 68-69.
95. Vry J, Brown E, Valley JW, Morrison J (1988) Constraints on granulite genesis from carbon isotope composition of cordierite and graphite. Nature 332: 66-68.
96. Wada H, Santosh M (1995) Stable isotopic characterization of metamorphic fluid processes in the Kerala Khondalite Belt, South India. Mem Geol Soc India 34: 161-172.
97. Weis L, Friedman I, Gleason J (1981) The origin of epigenetic graphite: evidence from isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45: 2325-2332.
98. Wilde SA, Dorsett-Bain H, Lennon RG (1999) Geological setting and controls on the development of graphite, sillimanite and phosphate mineralization within the Jiamusi massif: an exotic fragment of Gondwanaland located in north-eastern China? Gondwana Res 2: 21-46.
99. Wopenka B, Pasteris JD (1993) Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite: applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Am Mineral 78: 533-557.