Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England, UK): Raman and SIMS data

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 158, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 37-51

  Barrenechea, J F ^a   Luque, F J ^a   Millward, D ^b   Ortega, L ^a   Beyssac, O ^c   Rodas, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

Author keywords

Borrow dale; Carbon isotopes; Graphite; Morphology; Raman

Indexed keywords

CARBON ISOTOPE; CRYSTALLINITY; DIATREME; GRAPHITE; HOST ROCK; HYDROUS MINERAL; ISOTOPIC RATIO; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METAPELITE; MINERALIZATION; ORE BODY; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY); SPHERULITE; SUPERSATURATION; TEXTURE; VOLCANIC ROCK;

CUMBRIA; ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 67349288073     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-008-0369-y     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Barrenechea JF, Luque FJ, Rodas M, Pasteris JD (1997) Vein-type graphite mineralization in the Jurassic volcanic rocks of the external zone of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain). Can Mineral 35:1379-1390
2. Barrenechea JF, Luque FJ, Ortega L, Rodas M, Millward D, Beyssac O (2008) Graphite morphologies in the volcanic-hosted deposit at Borrowdale (NW England, UK): Preliminary Raman and SIMS data. Macla 9:91-92
3. Beny-Bassez C, Rouzaud J-N (1985) Characterization of carbonaceous materials by correlated electron optical microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. Scan Electron Microsc 1985:119-132
4. Beyssac O, Goffé B, Chopin C, Rouzaud J-N (2002) Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials in metasediments: A new geothermometer. J Metamorphic Geol 20:859-871
5. Beyssac O, Goffé B, Petitet JP, Froigneux E, Moreau M, Rouzaud J-N (2003) On the characterization of disordered and heterogeneous carbonaceous materials by Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 59:2267-2276. doi: 10.1016/S1386-1425(03)00070-2
6. Bottinga Y (1969) Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-graphite-methane-hydrogen-water vapor. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 33:49-64. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(69)90092-1
7. Cooper DC, Lee MK, Fortey NJ, Cooper AH, Rundle CC, Webb BC, Allen PM (1988) The Crummock water aureole: A zone of metasomatism and source of ore metals in the English Lake District. J Geol Soc London 145:523-540. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.145.4.0523
8. Cooper AH, Rushton AWA, Molyneux SG, Hughes RA, Moore RM, Webb BC (1995) The stratigraphy, correlation, provenance and paleogeography of the Skiddaw Group (Ordovician) in the English Lake District. Geol Mag 132:185-211
9. Cooper CA, Elliot R, Young RJ (2003) Investigation of the graphitic microstructure in flake and spheroidal cast irons using Raman spectroscopy. J Mater Sci 38:795-802. doi: 10.1023/A:1021813115611
10. Cooper AH, Fortey NJ, Hughes RA, Molyneux SG, Moore RM, Rushton AWA, Stone P, Allen PM, Cooper DC, Evans JA, Hirons SR, Webb BC (2004) The Skiddaw Group of the English Lake District. Memoir of the British Geological Survey. HMSO, London
11. 13C measurements. Anal Chem 78:2439-2441. doi: 10.1021/ac052027c
12. Crespo E, Luque J, Rodas M, Wada H, Gervilla F (2006) Graphite-sulfide deposits in Ronda and Beni Bousera peridotites (Spain and Morocco) and the origin of carbon in mantle-derived rocks. Gondwana Res 9:279-290. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2005.10.003
13. Doroshkevich AG, Wall F, Ripp GS (2007) Magmatic graphite in dolomite carbonatite at Pogranichnoe, North Transbaikalia, Russia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 153:339-353. doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0150-z
14. Double DD, Hellawell A (1974) Cone-helix growth forms of graphite. Acta Metall 22:481-487. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(74)90101-1
15. Double DD, Hellawell A (1995) The nucleation and growth of graphite: The modification of cast iron. Acta Metall Mater 43:2435-2442. doi: 10.1016/ 0956-7151(94)00416-1
16. Duke EF, Rumble D (1986) Textural and isotopic variations in graphite from plutonic rocks, South-Central New Hampshire. Contrib Miner Petrol 93:409-419. doi: 10.1007/BF00371711
17. El Goresy A, Zinner E, Pellas P, Caillet C (2005) A menagerie of graphite morphologies in the Acapulco meteorite with diverse carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures: Implications for the evolution history of acapulcoite meteorites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:4535-4556. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.051
18. Fitton JG (1972) The genetic significance of almandine-pyrope phenocrysts in the calc-alkaline Borrowdale Volcanic Group, northern England. Contrib Miner Petrol 36:231-248. doi: 10.1007/BF00371434
19. Frost BR (1979) Mineral equilibria involving mixed-volatiles in a C-O-H fluid phase: The stabilities of graphite and siderite. Am J Sci 279:1033-1059
20. Gellatly DC (1966) Graphite in natural and experimental carbonate systems. Min Mag (Lond) 35:963-970. doi: 10.1180/minmag.1966.035.275.08
21. Gogotsi Y, Libera JA, Kalashnikov N, Yoshimura M (2000) Graphite polyhedral crystals. Science 290:317-320. doi: 10.1126/ science.290.5490.317
22. Grew ES (1974) Carbonaceous materials in some metamorphic rocks of New England and other areas. J Geol 82:50-73
23. Jaszczak JA (1995) Graphite: Flat, fibrous and spherical. In: Mendenhall GD (ed) Mesomolecules: From molecules to materials. Chapman and Hall, London
24. Jaszczak JA, Robinson GW, Dimovski S, Gogotsi Y (2003) Naturally occurring graphite cones. Carbon 41:2085-2092. doi: 10.1016/ S0008-6223(03)00214-8
25. Jaszczak JA, Dimovski S, Hackney SA, Robinson GW, Bosio P, Gogotsi Y (2007) Micro- and nanoscale graphite cones and tubes from Hackman Valley, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Can Mineral 45:379-389. doi: 10.2113/ gscanmin.45.2.379
26. Jedwab J, Boulegue J (1984) Graphite crystals in hydrothermal vents. Nature 310:41-43. doi: 10.1038/310041a0
27. Katz MB (1987) Graphite deposits of Sri Lanka: A consequence of granulite facies metamorphism. Miner Depos 22:18-25. doi: 10.1007/ BF00204238
28. Kavanagh A, Schlogl R (1988) The morphology of some natural and synthetic graphites. Carbon 26:23-32. doi: 10.1016/0008-6223(88)90005-X
29. Kvasnitsa VN, Yatsenko VG, Jaszczak JA (1999) Disclinations in unusual graphite crystals from anorthosites of Ukraine. Can Mineral 37:951-960
30. Kwiecinska B (1980) Mineralogy of natural graphites. Polska Akad Nauk Prace Miner 67:5-79
31. Lespade P, Al-Jishi R, Dresselhaus MS (1982) Model for Raman scattering from incompletely graphitized carbons. Carbon 20:427-431. doi: 10.1016/ 0008-6223(82)90043-4
32. Liou JG (1993) Stabilities of natural epidotes. In: Hock V and Koller F (eds). Proc 125 Jahre Kappenwand symposium, pp 7-16
33. Lowry D, Boyce AJ, Pattrick RAD, Fallick AE, Stanley CJ (1991) A sulphur isotopic investigation of the potential sulphur sources for Lower Palaeozoic-hosted vein mineralization in the English Lake District. J Geol Soc London 148:993-1004. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.148.6.0993
34. Luque FJ, Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Rodas M, Barrenechea JF (1998) Natural fluid-deposited graphite: Mineralogical characteristics and mechanisms of formation. Am J Sci 298:471-498
35. Luque FJ, Ortega L, Barrenechea JF, Millward D, Beyssac O, Huizenga J-M (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids. Geology (in press)
36. McConnell BJ, Menuge JF, Hertogen J (2002) Andesite petrogenesis in the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group of the English Lake District by fractionation, assimilation and mixing. J Geol Soc London 159:417-424. doi: 10.1144/0016-764901-114
37. Millward D (2004) The Caradoc volcanoes of the English Lake District. Proc Yorks Geol Soc 55:73-105
38. Mostefaoui S, Perron C, Zinner E, Sagon G (2000) Metal-associated carbon in primitive chondrites: Structure, isotopic composition, and origin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:1945-1964. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00409-3
39. Mostefaoui S, Zinner E, Hoppe P, Stadermann FJ, El Goresy A (2005) In situ survey of graphite in unequilibrated chondrites: Morphologies, C, N, O and H isotopic ratios. Meteorit Planet Sci 40:721-743
40. Ortega L, Luque J, Barrenechea JF, Millward D, Beyssac O, Huizenga J-M, Rodas M (2008) Fluid composition and reactions of graphite precipitation in the volcanic-hosted deposit at Borrowdale (NW England): Evidence from fluid inclusions. Macla 9:177-178
41. Östberg G (2006) Perspectives on research on the formation of nodular graphite in cast iron. Mater Des 27:1007-1015
42. Pasteris JD (1989) In situ analysis in geological thin-sections by laser Raman microprobe spectroscopy: A cautionary note. App Spectr 43:567-570. doi: 10.1366/0003702894202878
43. Pasteris JD (1999) Causes of the uniformly high crystallinity of graphite in large epigenetic deposits. J metamorphic Geol 17:779-787
44. Pasteris JD, Wopenka B (1991) Raman spectra of graphite as indicators of degree of metamorphism. Can Mineral 29:1-9
45. Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Cancado LG, Jorio A, Saito R (2007) Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9:1276-1291. doi: 10.1039/b613962k
46. Reich S, Thomsen C (2004) Raman spectroscopy of graphite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 362:2271-2288. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1454
47. Rumble D, Ferry JM, Hoering TC, Boucot AJ (1982) Fluid flow during metamorphism at the Beaver Brook fossil locality, New Hampshire. Am J Sci 282:886-919
48. Scheele N, Hoefs J (1992) Carbon isotope fractionation between calcite, graphite and CO 2: An experimental study. Contrib Miner Petrol 112:35-45. doi: 10.1007/BF00310954
49. Strens RGJ (1965) The graphite deposit of Seathwaite in Borrowdale, Cumberland. Geol Mag 102:393-406
50. Sunagawa I (1987) Morphology of minerals. In: Sunagawa I (ed) Morphology of crystals, part B. Terra, Tokyo, pp 509-587
51. Sunagawa I (2005) Crystals: Growth, morphology and perfection. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
52. Tan PH, Dimovski S, Gogotsi Y (2004) Raman scattering of non-planar graphite: Arched edges, polyhedral crystals, whiskers and cones. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 362:2289-2310. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1442
53. Walton AG (1969) Nucleation in liquids and solutions. In: Zettlemoyer AC (ed) Nucleation. Marcel Dekker, New York
54. Ward JC (1876) The geology of the northern part of the English Lake District. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Quarter Sheet 101SE (England and Wales Sheet 29, Keswick)
55. Weis PL, Friedman I, Gleason JP (1981) The origin of epigenetic graphite: Evidence from isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:2325-2332. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90086-7
56. Wopenka B, Pasteris JD (1993) Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite: Applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Am Mineral 78:533-557