Preferential embrittlement of graphitic schists during extensional unroofing in the Alps: The effect of fluid composition on rheology in low-permeability rocks

Journal of Metamorphic Geology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 461-470

  Selverstone, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alps; Carbonic fluid; Embrittlement; Graphite; Tensile failure

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE FAILURE; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; HYDROCHEMISTRY; RHEOLOGY; SCHIST; UNROOFING;

ALPS; EASTERN ALPS; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; TAUERN WINDOW; WORLD;

EID: 27844527417     PISSN: 02634929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00583.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Axen, G. J., Selverstone, J. & Wawrzyniec, T., 2001. High-temperature embrittlement of extensional Alpine mylonite zones in the midcrustal ductile-brittle transition. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 106, 4337-4348.
2. 2 fluids. In: Rock Physics and Phase Relations - A Handbook of Physical Constants (ed. Aherns, T. J.), pp. 45-72. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
3. 2-NaCl: new graphical presentations and implications for fluid inclusion studies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 1209-1221.
4. Chen, Q. & Nur, A., 1992. Pore fluid pressure effects in anisotropic rocks: mechanisms of induced seismicity and weak faults. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 139, 463-479.
5. Connolly, J. A. D. & Cesare, B., 1993. C-O-H-S fluid composition and oxygen fugacity in graphitic metapelites. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 379-388.
6. Davey, F. J., Henyey, T., Holbrook, W. S. et al., 1998. Preliminary results from a geophysical study across a modern, continent-continent collisional plate boundary: the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Tectonophysics, 288, 221-235.
7. 2O system: I. Pure systems from 0 to 1000 °C and 0 to 8000 bar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 2605-2617.
8. Hauk, V., Simpson, F., Bahr, K. et al., 1997. KTB and the electrical conductivity of the crust. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 18289-18305.
9. Hay, R. S. & Evans, B., 1988. Intergranular distribution of pore fluid and the nature of high-angle grain boundaries in lime-stone and marble. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 8959-8974.
10. Hirth, G. & Tullis, J., 1992. Dislocation creep regimes in quartz. Journal of Structural Geology, 14, 145-159.
11. Holland, T. J. B. & Powell, R., 1998. An internally-consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16, 309-343.
12. 2O-NaCl at 800 °C and 1-15 kbar: the effects of pressure and fluid composition on the permeability of quartzites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114, 171-184.
13. 2O on the permeability of quartzites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117, 363-377.
14. 2 dihedral angles at 4 kbar, with consequences for the behaviour of aqueous fluids in migmatites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 118, 356-364.
15. 2-NaCl-Calcite, and implications for fluid flow during metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 368-383.
16. 2-NaCl dihedral angles: constraints on carbonate permeability and the role of deformation during fluid infiltration. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119, 301-313.
17. Hyndman, R. D., Vanyan, L. L., Marquis, G. & Law, L. K., 1993. The origin of electrically conductive lower continental crust: saline water or graphite? Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 81, 325-344.
18. Kretz, R., 1996. Graphite deformation in marble and mylonitic marble, Grenville Province, Canadian Shield. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 399-412.
19. Lee, V. W., Mackwell, S. J. & Brantley, S. L., 1991. The effect of fluid chemistry on wetting textures in novaculite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10023-10037.
20. Losito, G., Schnegg, P., Lambelet, C., Viti, C. & Trova, A., 2001. Microscopic scale conductivity as explanation of magnetotelluric results from the Alps of Western Switzerland. Geophysical Journal International, 147, 602-609.
21. Maurer, H. R., Burkhard, M., Deichmann, N. & Green, A. G., 1997. Active tectonism in the central Alps: contrasting stress regimes north and south of the Rhone Valley. Terra Nova, 9, 91-94.
22. Milsch, H., Heinrich, W. & Dresen, G., 2003. Reaction-induced fluid flow in synthetic quartz-bearing marbles. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 146, 286-296.
23. Ohmoto, H. & Kerrick, D., 1977. Devolatilization equilibria in graphitic systems. American Journal of Science, 211, 1013-1044.
24. Pham, V. N., Bernard, P., Boyer, D., Chouliaras, G., LeMouel, J. L. & Stavrakakis, G. N., 2000. Electrical conductivity and crustal structure beneath the central Hellenides around the Gulf of Corinth (Greece) and their relationship with the seismotectonics. Geophysical Journal International, 142, 948-969.
25. Post, A., Tullis, J. & Yund, R., 1996. Effects of chemical environment on dislocation creep of quartzite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 22143-22155.
26. 2 infiltration. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 14, 265-273.
27. Ryzhenko, B. N. & Volkov, V. P., 1971. Fugacity coefficients of some gases in a broad range of temperatures and pressures. Geokhimiya, 7, 760-773.
28. Selverstone, J., 1985. Petrologic constraints on imbrication, metamorphism, and uplift in the SW Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. Tectonics, 4, 687-704.
29. Selverstone, J., 1988. Evidence for east-west crustal extension in the Eastern Alps: implications for the unroofing history of the Tauern Window. Tectonics, 7, 87-105.
30. Selverstone, J. & Munoz, J. L., 1987. Fluid heterogeneities and hornblende stability in interlayered graphitic and nongraphitic schists (Tauern Window, Eastern Alps). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96, 426-440.
31. Selverstone, J. & Spear, F. S., 1985. Metamorphic P-T paths from pelitic schists and greenstones in the southwest Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 3, 439-465.
32. Selverstone, J., Axen, G. J. & Bartley, J. M., 1995. Fluid inclusion constraints on the kinematics of footwall uplift beneath the Brenner Line normal fault, eastern Alps. Tectonics, 14, 264-278.
33. Simpson, F., 1999. Stress and seismicity in the lower continental crust: a challenge to simple ductility and implications for electrical conductivity mechanisms. Surveys in Geophysics, 20, 201-227.
34. Suchy, V., Frey, M. & Wolf, M., 1997. Vitrinite reflectance and shear-induced graphitization in orogenic belts: a case study from the Kandersteg area, Helvetic Alps, Switzerland. International Journal of Coal Geology, 34, 1-20.
35. Sue, C., Thouvenot, F., Frechet, J. & Tricart, P., 1999. Widespread extension in the core of the western Alps revealed by earthquake analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 25611-25622.
36. Tullis, J., Yund, R. & Farver, J., 1996. Deformation-enhanced fluid distribution in feldspar aggregates and implications for ductile shear zones. Geology, 24, 63-66.
37. Unsworth, M. J., Malin, P. E., Egbert, G. D. & Booker, J. R., 1997. Internal structure of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California. Geology, 25, 359-362.
38. 2O fluids and their implications for fluid transport, host-rock physical properties, and fluid inclusion formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 85, 497-515.
39. Wawrzyniec, T., Selverstone, J. & Axen, G. J., 1999. Correlations between fluid composition and deep-seated structural style in the footwall of the Simplon low-angle normal fault, Switzerland. Geology, 27, 715-718.
40. Wawrzyniec, T. F., Selverstone, J. & Axen, G. J., 2001. Styles of footwall uplift along the Simplon and Brenner normal fault systems, central and eastern Alps. Tectonics, 20, 748-770.
41. Zulauf, G., Kleinschmidt, G. & Oncken, O., 1990. Brittle deformation and graphitic cataclasites in the pilot research well KTB-VB (Oberpfalz, FRG). In: Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology, and Tectonics (eds Knipe, R. J. & Rutter, E. H.), pp. 97-103. Geological Society Special Publication, London.