Trust bursting out all over: The Soviet side of German unification

Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 175-204

  Bennett, Andrew O ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84893047801     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (85)

1. William C. Wohlforth, "Scholars, Policy Makers, and the End of the Cold War", in Wohlforth, ed., Witnesses to the End of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 263.
2. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)
3. Janice Gross Stein, "Political Learning by Doing: Gorbachev as Uncommitted Thinker and Motivated Learner", International Organization 48, no. 2(spring 1994):155-84.
4. Deborah Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust: U. S.-Soviet Relations During the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997).
5. Jacques Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe, trans. Keith Martin (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), 158-59;
6. Angela Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999);
7. Hans-Hermann Hertle, "The Fall of the Wall: The Unintended Self-Dissolution of East Germany's Ruling Regime", Cold War International History Bulletin, no. 12/13(fall/winter 2001):131-40.
8. Stephen G. Brooks, "Dueling Realisms", International Organization 51, no. 3(summer 1997):445-77;
9. Robert Jervis, "Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate", International Security 24, no. 1(summer 1999):42-63;
10. Charles L. Glaser, "Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help", International Security 19, no. 3(winter 1994/95):50-90;
11. Randall Schweller, "Neorealism's Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma?" Security Studies 5, no. 3(spring 1996):90-121;
12. Jeffrey W. Legro and Andrew Moravcsik, "Is Anybody Still a Realist?" International Security 24, no. 2(fall 1999):5-55.
13. William C. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War", International Security 19, no. 3(winter 1994/95):91-129;
14. "Reality Check: Revising Theories of International Politics in Response to the End of the Cold War", World Politics 50, no. 4 (July 1998);
15. Colin Elman, "Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy?" Security Studies 6, no. 1(autumn 1996):7-53.
16. Kenneth A. Oye, "Explaining the End of the Cold War: Morphological and Behavior Adaptations to the Nuclear Peace?" in Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
17. Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
18. Kenneth N Waltz, "The Emerging Structure of International Politics", International Security 18, no. 2(fall 1993):44-79.
19. Coit D. Blacker, Hostage to Revolution: Gorbachev and Soviet Security Policy, 1985-1991 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993).
20. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War"
21. Jack Levy, "Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems", Political Psychology 13, no. 2(June 1992):283-307.
22. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War." Notably, Wohlforth's emphasis on perceptions of the balance of power and of the dynamics of balancing and the security dilemma bring him closer to the ideational accounts discussed below than most other realist arguments.
23. Andrew Kydd, "Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation", International Organization 54, no. 2(spring 2000):343.
24. Kydd, "Trust", 328.
25. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. De Frank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995);
26. Eduard A. Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York: Free Press, 1991).
27. William Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions During the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
28. Andrew Bennett, Condemned to Repetition? The Rise, Fall, and Reprise of Soviet Russian Military Interventionism, 1973-1996 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999).
29. Vladislav Zubok, "New Evidence on the 'Soviet Factor' in the Peaceful Revolutions of 1989", Cold War International History Bulletin, no. 12/13(fall/winter 2001):10, 11, 13.
30. Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 87.
31. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War", 112.
32. Bennett, Condemned to Repetition?
33. Randall Stone, Satellites and Commissars: Strategy and Conflict in the Politics of Soviet-Bloc Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 134.
34. Richard Ned Lebow and John Mueller, "Realism and the End of the Cold War", International Security 20, no. 2(fall 1995):185-86.
35. Wohlforth, "Reality Check", 661.
36. Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics", International Organization 46, no. 2(spring 1992):391-425;
37. Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
38. Thomas Risse, "'Let's Argue!' Communicative Action in World Politics", International Organization 54, no. 1(winter 2000):1-2.
39. Thomas Risse, "The Cold War's Endgame and German Unification", International Security 21, no. 4(spring 1997):158-85.
40. Risse, "Let's Argue", 6-7.
41. Zelikow and Rice, Germany Unified, 276-78.
42. Risse, "Let's Argue", 24;
43. Wohlforth, "Reality Check", 667.
44. Risse, "Let's Argue", 18.
45. Emanuel Adler, "Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics", European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3(1997):319-63
46. Jeffrey Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory", World Politics 50, no. 2(January 1998):324-48.
47. Brown, Gorbachev Factor, 116.
48. Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust, 3.
49. Lévesque, Enigma of 1989, 3.
50. Zubok, "New Evidence", 11, 13, 14.
51. Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust.
52. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976);
53. Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decision Making (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990);
54. Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980);
55. Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust;
56. Bennett, Condemned to Repetition?
57. Bennett, Condemned to Repetition? 248-49.
58. Stein, "Political Learning by Doing";
59. Robert G. Herman, "Identity, Norms, and National Security: The Soviet Foreign Policy Revolution and the End of the Cold War", in Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security;
60. Jeffrey Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).
61. Georgy Arbatov, The System: An Insider's Life in Soviet Politics (New York: Times Books, 1992), 265-66.
62. The Future Belongs to Freedom, 20, 21. He also states that his father's short-term imprisonment by the NKVD was the "first and greatest shock" of his childhood (12).
63. Jacques Lévesque, "Soviet Approaches to Eastern Europe at the Beginning of 1989", Cold War International History Bulletin, no. 12/13(fall/winter 2001):49-52.
64. Jack Levy raises this point in his critique of learning theory. "Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield", International Organization 48, no. 2(spring 1994):287-89 and 299-302.
65. Bennett, Condemned to Repetition? 98-112
66. Sarah Mendelson, Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), for an account that emphasizes domestic politics with a secondary role for cognitive theory.
67. Wohlforth, Elusive Balance.
68. Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "The International Sources of Soviet Change", International Security 16, no. 3(winter 1991/92):78. This may have been a factor, but it does not explain why Soviet trust did not emerge earlier, since the United States was always democratic, and it overlooks the existence of hardline factions prominent in the Reagan administration at the very time that the Soviet Union became more trusting.
69. Matthew Evangelista, "Internal and External Constraints on Grand Strategy: The Soviet Case", in Richard Rosecrance and Arthur Stein, eds., The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 163-64.
70. Jack Snyder, "International Leverage on Soviet Domestic Change", World Politics 42(October 1989):15, but it is worth noting that Snyder expressed this view prior to the Malta summit.
71. Jack Snyder, "The Gorbachev Revolution: A Waning of Soviet Expansionism?" International Security 12, no. 3(winter 1987/88):93-131.
72. Bennett, Condemned to Repetition? 54-58.
73. Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl and Melvin A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 77, 93, 159.
74. Robert Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games", International Organization 42, no. 3(summer 1988):427-60.
75. Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 3-4.
76. Brown, Gorbachev Factor.
77. Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom, 121.
78. Transcript of interview by Oleg Skvortsov, director of the Oral History Project at the Institute of General History, with Dmitry Yazov, March 11, 1999, Moscow, p. 24
79. Zubok, "New Evidence"
80. Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994), 605 n. 161.
81. Skvortsov interview with Vladimir Kryuchkov, December 7, 1998, p. 3.
82. Skvortsov interview with Kryuchkov, October 13, 1998, pp. 2-3.
83. Skvortsov interview with Yazov, December 16, 1998, p. 21.
84. Skvortsov interviews with Kryuchkov, Boldin, Yazov, and Ligachev.
85. Wohlforth, "Reality Check", 660.