The Cold War's endgame and German unification

International Security

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 159-185

  Risse, Thomas ^a  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039120679     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/isec.21.4.159     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, quoted in Zelikow and Rice, p. 363.
2. See, for example, Pierre Allan and Kjell Goldmann, eds., The End of the Cold War: Evaluating Theories of International Relations (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the End of the Cold War (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992); Michael J. Hogan, ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Richard N. Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
3. See, for example, Pierre Allan and Kjell Goldmann, eds., The End of the Cold War: Evaluating Theories of International Relations (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the End of the Cold War (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992); Michael J. Hogan, ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Richard N. Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
4. See, for example, Pierre Allan and Kjell Goldmann, eds., The End of the Cold War: Evaluating Theories of International Relations (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the End of the Cold War (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992); Michael J. Hogan, ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Richard N. Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
5. See, for example, Pierre Allan and Kjell Goldmann, eds., The End of the Cold War: Evaluating Theories of International Relations (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the End of the Cold War (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992); Michael J. Hogan, ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Richard N. Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
6. This is the English translation of Richard Kiessler and Frank Elbe, Ein runder Tisch mit scharfen Ecken (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1993). Quotes and references from the two books under review will be cited in the main text, while other sources will be quoted in the footnotes.
7. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
8. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
9. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
10. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
11. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
12. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
13. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
14. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
15. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
16. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
17. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
18. In addition, there is an increasing memoir literature. See, for example, James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995); Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995) ; Mikhail Gorbachev, Erinnerungen (Berlin: Siedler, 1995); Julij A. Kwizinskij, Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten (Berlin: Siedler, 1993); Eduard Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1991); Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991) ; Valentin Falin, Politische Erinnerungen (München: Droemer-Knaur, 1993). For other scholarly accounts see Ulrich Albrecht, Die Abwicklung der DDR. Die "2+4-Verhandlungen" (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992); Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993); Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993); Christian Hacke, Weltmacht wider Willen, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Frankfurt/Main: Ullstein, 1993), chap. 9; Karl Kaiser, Deutschlands Vereinigung. Die internationalen Aspekte (Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe Verlag, 1991);
19. Elizabeth Pond, Beyond the Wall: Germany's Road to Unification (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1993);
20. Stephen Szabo, The Diplomacy of German Unification (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
21. See also Gunther Hellmann, "Der Präsident, der Kanzler, sein Außenminister und die Vereinigung, oder: Staatskunst als Heuernte," Politische Vierteljahresschrift, Vol 37, No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 357-363, esp. p. 361, on this point.
22. See Karl W. Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957).
23. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
24. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
25. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
26. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
27. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
28. On liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and the End of the Cold War," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 85-108; Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory," 2d ed., Working Paper Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1993); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993). On institutionalism see, for example, Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989); Harald Müller, Die Chance der Kooperation (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993); Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and international Relations (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
29. Important texts on social constructivism are Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425; Alexander Wendt, "Constructing International Politics," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 71-81.
30. Important texts on social constructivism are Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425; Alexander Wendt, "Constructing International Politics," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 71-81.
31. Important texts on social constructivism are Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425; Alexander Wendt, "Constructing International Politics," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 71-81.
32. Important texts on social constructivism are Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425; Alexander Wendt, "Constructing International Politics," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 71-81.
33. The second phrase is quoted in Pond, Beyond the Wall, p. 224.
34. For sophisticated structural and realist accounts see Kenneth A. Oye, "Explaining the End of the Cold War: Morphological and Behavioral Adaptation to the Nuclear Peace?" in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 57-83; William C. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Winter 1994/95), pp. 91-129. Of course, sophisticated realists have never argued that structural constraints explain an individual state's foreign policy. However, the following arguments are frequently made in the political discourses on both sides of the Atlantic. They reflect a less sophisticated reading of the realist viewpoint.
35. For sophisticated structural and realist accounts see Kenneth A. Oye, "Explaining the End of the Cold War: Morphological and Behavioral Adaptation to the Nuclear Peace?" in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 57-83; William C. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Winter 1994/95), pp. 91-129. Of course, sophisticated realists have never argued that structural constraints explain an individual state's foreign policy. However, the following arguments are frequently made in the political discourses on both sides of the Atlantic. They reflect a less sophisticated reading of the realist viewpoint.
36. See also Pond, Beyond the Wall, p. 174.
37. See, for example, the Soviet draft treaty tabled at the Two plus Four talks on June 22, 1990, which was prepared by Yuli Kvitsinsky. See Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, pp. 40-46.
38. Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit, p. 234 (my translation).
39. See Zelikow and Rice, pp. 150-151, 162, 225-226, 240-246, 261-262, 273, 277-278, 295-297, 328-330, 334; Elbe and Kiessler, pp. 120, 143, 151-157.
40. See, for example, Kenneth Waltz, "Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics," in Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 322-345, 331.
41. See my earlier article on this point: Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Did 'Peace Through Strength' End the Cold War? Lessons from INF," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Summer 1991), pp. 162-188.
42. See also Teltschik, 329 Tage, pp. 221, 230-234, 243-244.
43. See Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, pp. 25-28.
44. For details see Genscher, Erinnerungen, pp. 587-621.
45. Bahr's speech in Tutzing is quoted in Ash, In Europe's Name, p. 66. Ash also overemphasizes the component of Ostpolitik that stabilized the political status quo in Europe.
46. In the language of "two-level games," they played a strategy of "tied hands." See Robert Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1988), pp. 427-460, 440; Andrew Moravcsik, "Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining," in Peter B. Evans et al., eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 3-42, 28.
47. In the language of "two-level games," they played a strategy of "tied hands." See Robert Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1988), pp. 427-460, 440; Andrew Moravcsik, "Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining," in Peter B. Evans et al., eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 3-42, 28.
48. Paper by Denis Ross and Francis Fukuyama for James Baker "How to Approach the Unity Issue, November 13, 1989, quoted in Zelikow and Rice, p 113.
49. See the nine-point "incentives" package that Robert Zoellick, Baker's senior aide, drafted, which was presented to the Soviets in May 1990 by both American and German officials including Foreign Ministers Baker and Genscher (Zelikow and Rice, pp. 263-265; Elbe and Kiessler, pp. 141-145).
50. See Pond, Beyond the Wall, pp. 192-196.
51. See also Teltschik, 329 Tage, pp. 166-174, 183.
52. See Teltschik, 329 Tage, pp. 340-341. See also Genscher's comment in Erinnerungen, p. 840.
53. See Teltschik, 329 Tage, pp. 340-341. See also Genscher's comment in Erinnerungen, p. 840.
54. There is a friendly rivalry in the two books over who was more in charge of changing Western policies toward the Soviet Union, the foreign office in Bonn or the U.S. government in Washington. The "Message from Turnberry" was drafted by a senior official from the West German foreign office. See Elbe and Kiessler, pp. 144-146; also Genscher, Erinnerungen, pp. 802-803. While Zelikow and Rice play down the Turnberry message as "unremarkable" (p. 307), Elbe and Kiessler emphasize it a lot more (as does Genscher's memoirs). In contrast, the NATO summit declaration is only mentioned in passing in the German book, while Zelikow and Rice call it the "final offer for settlement of the German question" (p. 325). In this case, I agree with the American account.
55. Quoted from Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit, p. 257. See also ibid., 248, 251; Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, pp. 50-51.
56. Quoted from Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit, p. 257. See also ibid., 248, 251; Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, pp. 50-51.
57. Quoted from Shevardnadze, Die Zukunft gehört der Freiheit, p. 257. See also ibid., 248, 251; Kvitsinsky, Vor dem Sturm, pp. 50-51.
58. A good introduction to game theory is James D. Morrow, Game Theory for Political Scientists (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994). On efforts to integrate communication into game theory, see Morrow, "Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution versus Information," International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 3 (1994), pp. 387-423.
59. A good introduction to game theory is James D. Morrow, Game Theory for Political Scientists (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994). On efforts to integrate communication into game theory, see Morrow, "Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution versus Information," International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 3 (1994), pp. 387-423.
60. The theoretical background of this argument is provided by Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action. See Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 2 vols. (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1981); Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1992). For an application to international relations, see Harald Müller, "Internationale Beziehungen als kommunikatives Handeln," Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1994), pp. 15-44.
61. The theoretical background of this argument is provided by Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action. See Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 2 vols. (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1981); Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1992). For an application to international relations, see Harald Müller, "Internationale Beziehungen als kommunikatives Handeln," Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1994), pp. 15-44.
62. The theoretical background of this argument is provided by Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action. See Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 2 vols. (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1981); Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1992). For an application to international relations, see Harald Müller, "Internationale Beziehungen als kommunikatives Handeln," Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1994), pp. 15-44.
63. See Janice Gross Stein, "Political Learning by Doing: Gorbachev as Uncommitted Thinker and Motivated Learner," in Lebow and Risse-Kappen, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, pp. 223-258.
64. On rhetorical action in international relations, see Frank Schimmelfennig, Debatten zwischen Staaten: Eine Argumentationstheorie internationaler Systemkonflikte (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1995).
65. See also Gorbachev's account of the meeting in Erinnerungen, pp. 715-716.
66. See Gorbachev, Erinnerungen, pp. 722-723. For the U.S. version, see Zelikow and Rice, pp. 276-279.
67. Gorbachev's account of the conversation puts a different spin on it. According to his version, it was Bush who agreed that Germany was free to leave NATO if it wanted to. A comparison of the U.S. version and Gorbachev's account appears to indicate that the Soviet leader quotes quite selectively from the Soviet records. Compare Gorbachev, Erinnerungen, pp. 722-723, with Zelikow and Rice, pp. 276-278.
68. See Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York: Harper & Row, 1987).
69. Joseph S, Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
70. The following builds upon arguments developed in Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
71. Teltschik's memoirs contain frequent snipes against Genscher, while Genscher returns the favor in his own book. Compare Teltschik, 329 Tage, with Genscher, Erinnerungen. It should be noted that the bureaucratic infighting in Bonn appears to have been more extensive than the infighting in Washington at the time. As a result, disputes that originated in Bonn between the foreign office and the chancellery were sometimes settled in Washington, since the NSC and the State Department got along better than their West German counterparts. This is another interesting detail to be found in the Zelikow and Rice book.
72. Teltschik's memoirs contain frequent snipes against Genscher, while Genscher returns the favor in his own book. Compare Teltschik, 329 Tage, with Genscher, Erinnerungen. It should be noted that the bureaucratic infighting in Bonn appears to have been more extensive than the infighting in Washington at the time. As a result, disputes that originated in Bonn between the foreign office and the chancellery were sometimes settled in Washington, since the NSC and the State Department got along better than their West German counterparts. This is another interesting detail to be found in the Zelikow and Rice book.
73. See Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, pp. 213-215; Genscher, Erinnerungen, pp. 726-727. While Baker puts the blame on Scowcroft, Genscher blames Teltschik for the episode.
74. See Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, pp. 213-215; Genscher, Erinnerungen, pp. 726-727. While Baker puts the blame on Scowcroft, Genscher blames Teltschik for the episode.
75. See, for example, John Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56.
76. On pluralistic security communities see Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. For an interpretation of NATO as a security community, see Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among Democracies.
77. On pluralistic security communities see Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. For an interpretation of NATO as a security community, see Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among Democracies.
78. John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 216.
79. See Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," See also the recent debate in this journal between John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95); and Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-51, and Wendt, "Constructing International Politics."
80. See Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," See also the recent debate in this journal between John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95); and Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-51, and Wendt, "Constructing International Politics."
81. See Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," See also the recent debate in this journal between John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95); and Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-51, and Wendt, "Constructing International Politics."
82. See Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It," See also the recent debate in this journal between John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95); and Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-51, and Wendt, "Constructing International Politics."