Perioperative nutritional therapy in liver transplantation

Surgery Today

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 271-283

  Hammad, Ahmed ^a   Kaido, Toshimi ^a   Uemoto, Shinji ^a  

^a KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Immunonutrition; Liver transplantation; Nutritional intervention; Sarcopenia; Synbiotics

Indexed keywords

COMPLICATION; DIET THERAPY; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PROCEDURES; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; SARCOPENIA;

ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; HUMANS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NUTRITION THERAPY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; SARCOPENIA;

EID: 84892876240     PISSN: 09411291     EISSN: 14362813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-0842-3     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Dudrick SJ, Kavic SM. Hepatobiliary nutrition: history and future. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;9:459–68.
2. Cabre E, Gassull MA. Nutrition in liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:545–51.
3. O’Brien A, Williams R. Nutrition in end-stage liver disease: principles and practice. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1729–40.
4. Mendenhall CL, Moritz TE, Roselle GA, Morgan TR, Nemchausky BA, Tamburro CH, et al. A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative Study. Hepatology. 1993;17:564–76.
5. Merli M, Giusto M, Gentili F, Novelli G, Ferretti G, Riggio O, et al. Nutritional status: its influence on the outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Int. 2010;30:208–14.
6. Stephenson GR, Moretti EW, El-Moalem H, Clavien PA, Tuttle-Newhall JE. Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72:666–70.
7. Kaido T, Mori A, Ogura Y, Ogawa K, Hata K, Yoshizawa A, et al. Pre and perioperative factors affecting infection after living donor liver transplantation. Nutrition. 2012;28:1104–8.
8. Iida T, Kaido T, Yagi S, Yoshizawa A, Hata K, Mizumoto M, et al. Posttransplant bacteremia in adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2010;16:1379–85.
9. Durczynski A, Strzelczyk J, Wojciechowska-Durczynska K, Borkowska A, Hogendorf P, Szymanski D, et al. Major liver resection results in early exacerbation of insulin resistance, and may be a risk factor of developing overt diabetes in the future. Surg Today. 2013;43:534–8.
10. Kaido T, Ogawa K, Fujimoto Y, Ogura Y, Hata K, Ito T, et al. Impact of sarcopenia on survival in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:1549–56.
11. Kaido T, Mori A, Ogura Y, Hata K, Yoshizawa A, Lida A, et al. Impact of enteral nutrition using a new immuno-modulating diet after liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57:1522–5.
12. Kaido T, Mori A, Oike F, Mizumoto M, Ogura Y, Hata K, et al. Impact of pretransplant nutritional status in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57:1489–92.
13. Aranda-Michel J. Nutrition in hepatic failure and liver transplantation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2001;3:362–70.
14. Kamalaporn P, Sobhonslidsuk A, Jatchavala J, Atisook K, Rattanasiri S, Parmoolsinsap C. Factors predisposing to peptic ulcer disease in asymptomatic cirrhotic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:1459–65.
15. Madden AM, Bradbury W, Morgam MY. Taste perception in cirrhosis: its relationship to circulating micronutrients and food preferences. Hepatology. 1997;26:40–8.
16. Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. Autonomic neuropathy and chronic liver disease. Q J Med. 1989;72:737–47.
17. Maheshwari A, Thuluvath PJ. Autonomic neuropathy may be associated with delayed orocaecal transit time in patients with cirrhosis. Auton Neurosci. 2005;118:135–9.
18. Aqel BA, Scolapio JS, Dickson RC, Bruton DD, Bouras EP. Contribution of ascites to impaired gastric function and nutritional intake in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:1095–100.
19. Muller MJ, Lautz HU, Plogmann B, Bürger M, Körber J, Schmidt FW. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: the impact of cause, clinical staging and nutritional state. Hepatology. 1992;15:782–94.
20. Petrides AS, DeFronzo RA. Glucose metabolism in cirrhosis: a review with some perspective for the future. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989;5:691–709.
21. Stephen MR, Roger W. Nutrition and liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1999;31:955–62.
22. Stanley AJ, Gilmour HM, Ghosh S, Ferguson A, McGilchrist AJ. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a treatment for protein-losing enteropathy caused by portal hypertension. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1679–82.
23. Thomas EL, Taylor-Robinson SD, Barnard ML, Frost G, Sargentoni J, Davidson BR, et al. Changes in adipose tissue composition in malnourished patients before and after liver transplantation: a carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas liquid chromatography study. Hepatology. 1997;25:178–83.
24. Cabre E, Abad-Lacruz A, Nunez MC, Gonzalez-Huix F, Fernandez-Banares F, Gil A, et al. The relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency with survival in advanced liver cirrhosis: multivariate analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:718–22.
25. Campos AC, Matias JE, Coelho JC. Nutritional aspects of liver transplantation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:297–307.
26. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11:8–13.
27. Driscoll DF, Palombo JD, Bistrian BR. Nutritional and metabolic considerations of the adult liver transplant candidate and donor organ. Nutrition. 1995;11:255–63.
28. Mullen JL, Buzby GP, Waldman TF, Gertner MH, Hobbs CL, Rosato EL. Prediction of operative morbidity and mortality by preoperative nutritional assessment. Surg Forum. 1979;30:8–11.
29. Shenkin A. Serum prealbumin: is it a marker of nutritional status or of risk of malnutrition? Clin Chem. 2006;52:2177–9.
30. Tsuchiya M, Sakaida I, Okamoto M, Okita K. The effect of a late evening snack in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2005;31:95–103.
31. Catalano D, Trovato GM, Martines GF, Randazzo M, Tonzuso A. Bright liver, body composition and insulin resistance changes with nutritional intervention: a follow-up study. Liver Int. 2008;28:1280–7.
32. Stickel F, Inderbitzin D, Candinas D. Role of nutrition in liver transplantation for end-stage chronic liver disease. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:47–54.
33. Sanchez AJ, Aranda-Michel J. Nutrition for the liver transplant patient. Liver Transplant. 2006;12:1310–6.
34. Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Itou M, Ibi R, Okada T, Mutou M, et al. Body cell mass is a useful parameter for assessing malnutrition and severity of disease in non-ascitic cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or esophageal varices. Int J Mol Med. 2008;22:589–94.
35. Anderson LJ, Erceg DN, Schroeder ET. Unity of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of total and regional body composition varies between men and women. Nutr Res. 2012;32:479–85.
36. Hoyle GE, Chua M, Soiza RL. Volaemic assessment of the elderly hyponatraemic patient: reliability of clinical assessment and validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis. QJM. 2011;104:35–9.
37. Jensky-Squires NE, Dieli-Conwright CM, Rossuello A, Erceg DN, McCauley S, Schroeder ET, et al. Validity and reliability of body composition analyzers in children and adults. Br J Nutr. 2008;100:859–65.
38. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:769–74.
39. Englesbe MJ, Patel SP, He K, Lynch RJ, Schaubel DE, Harbaugh C, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211:271–8.
40. Tandon P, Ney M, Irwin I, Ma MM, Gramlich L, Bain VG, et al. Severe muscle depletion in patients on the liver transplant wait list: Its prevalence and independent prognostic value. Liver Transpl. 2012;18:1209–16.
41. Plauth M, Cabre E, Riggio O, Assis-Camilo M, Pirlich M, Kondrup J. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:285–94.
42. Plauth M, Cabre E, Campillo B, Kondrup J, Marchesini G, Schütz T. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: hepatology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:436–44.
43. Figueiredo F, Dickson ER, Pasha T, et al. Impact of nutritional status on outcomes after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2000;70:1347–52.
44. Nompleggi DJ, Bonkovsky HL. Nutritional supplementation in chronic liver disease: an analytical review. Hepatology. 1994;19:518–23.
45. Metheny NA, Meert KL, Clouse RE. Complications related to feeding tube placement. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007;23:178–82.
46. Burns D, Schaeffer D, Bosco J. Nutritional assessment of endoscopically placed nasojejunal feeding tubes. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:263–9.
47. Baskin WN. Acute complications associated with bedside placement of feeding tubes. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21:40–55.
48. Martindale RG, McClave SA, Vanek VW, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1–30.
49. Yamamoto T. Metabolic response to glucose overload in surgical stress: energy disposal in brown adipose tissue. Surg Today. 1996;26:151–7.
50. Cabré E, Periago JL, Abad Lacruz A, González Huix F, González J, Esteve Comas M. Plasma fatty acid profile in advanced cirrhosis: unsaturation deficit of lipid fractions. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:1597–604.
51. Driscoll DF, Newton DW, Bistrian BR. Precipitation of calcium phosphate from parenteral nutrient fluids. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51:2834–6.
52. Moro ML, Maffei C, Manso E, Morace G, Polonelli L, Biavasco F. Nosocomial outbreak of systemic candidosis associated with parenteral nutrition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1990;11:27–35.
53. Seyan AS, Hughes RD, Shawcross DL. Changing face of hepatic encephalopathy: role of inflammation and oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:3347–57.
54. Shawcross D, Jalan R. The pathophysiologic basis of hepatic encephalopathy: central role for ammonia and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:2295–304.
55. Bianchi GR, Marchesini G, Fabbri A, Rondelli A, Buglanesi E, Zoli M, et al. Vegetable versus animal protein diet in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy. A randomised cross-over comparison. J Intern Med. 1993;233:385–92.
56. Swart GR, Van den Berg JWO, Wattimena JL, et al. Elevated protein requirements in cirrhosis of the liver investigated by whole body protein turnover studies. Clin Sci (Lond). 1988;75:101–7.
57. Hiyama DT, Fischer JE. Nutritional support in hepatic failure: the current role of disease-specific therapy. Total Parenter Nutr. 1991;2:263–78.
58. Als-Nielsen B, Koretz RL, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Branched-chain amino acids for hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2:CD001939.
59. Le Cornu KA, McKiernan FJ, Kapadia SA, Neuberger JM. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2000;69:1364–9.
60. Reilly J, Mehta R, Teperman L, Cemaj S, Tzakis A, Yanaga K, et al. Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990;14:386–91.
61. Fischer JE, Baldessarini RJ. False neurotransmitters and hepatic failure. Lancet. 1971;2:75–80.
62. Khanna S, Gopalan S. Role of branched-chain amino acids in liver disease: the evidence for and against. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10:297–303.
63. Holecek M. Three targets of branched-chain amino acid supplementation in the treatment of liver disease. Nutrition. 2010;26:482–90.
64. Shirabe K, Yoshimatsu M, Motomura T, Takeishi K, Toshima T, Muto J, et al. Beneficial effects of supplementation with branched-chain amino acids on postoperative bacteremia in living donor liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2011;17:1073–80.
65. Nakamura I, Ochiai K, Imawari M. Phagocytic function of neutrophils of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is restored by oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acids. Hepatol Res. 2004;29:207–11.
66. Bassit RA, Sawada LA, Bacurau RF, Navarro F, Martins E Jr, Santos RV, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and the immune response of long-distance athletes. Nutrition. 2002;18:376–9.
67. Kawamura E, Habu D, Morikawa H, et al. A randomized pilot trial of oral branched-chain amino acids in early cirrhosis: validation using prognostic markers for preliver transplant status. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:790–7.
68. Takeshita S, Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Miyaaki H, Shibata H, Matsuzaki T, et al. A snack enriched with oral branched chain amino acids prevents a fall in albumin in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutr Res. 2009;29:89–93.
69. Butterworth RF. Thiamine deficiency-related brain dysfunction in chronic liver failure. Metab Brain Dis. 2009;24:189–96.
70. Levy S, Herve C, Delacoux E, Erlinger S. Thiamine deficiency in hepatitis C virus and alcohol-related liver diseases. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:543–8.
71. Moscarella S, Duchini A, Buzzelli G. Lipoperoxidation, trace elements and vitamin E in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;6:633–6.
72. Gloria L, Cravo M, Camilo ME, Resende M, Cardoso JN, Oliveira AG, et al. Nutritional deficiencies in chronic alcoholics: relation to dietary intake and alcohol consumption. Am J Gastro. 1997;92:485–9.
73. Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene:adverse interactions including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:1071–85.
74. Marchesini G, Fabbri A, Bianchi G, Brizi M, Zoli M. Zn supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1996;23:1084–92.
75. Bitetto D, Fabris C, Falleti E, Fornasiere E, Fumolo E, Fontanini E, et al. Vitamin D and the risk of acute allograft rejection following human liver transplantation. Liver Int. 2010;30:417–44.
76. Walker NM, Stuart KA, Ryan RJ, Desai S, Saab S, Nicol JA, et al. Serum ferritin concentration predicts mortality in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2010;51:1683–91.
77. Barzel US, Massey LK. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998;128:1051–3.
78. Parhami F, Jackson S, Tintut Y, Le V, Balucan JP, Territo M, et al. Atherogenic diet and minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibit osteogenic and promote adipogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. J Bone Min Res. 1999;14:2067–78.
79. Hay JE, Guichelaar MM. Evaluation and management of osteoporosis in liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2005;9:747–66.
80. Beyer N, Aadahl M, Strange B, Mohr T, Kjaer M. Exercise capacity of patients after liver transplantation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;6:84.
81. Ritland S, Foss N, Skrede S. The effect of standardized work load on “liver tests” in patients with chronic active hepatitis. J Gastroenterol. 1982;17:1013–6.
82. Escartin A, Castro E, Dopazo C, Bueno J, Bilbao I, Margarit C. Analysis of discarded livers for transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:3859–60.
83. Marsman WA, Wiesner RH, Rodriguez L, Batts KP, Porayko MK, Hay JE, et al. Use of fatty donor liver is associated with diminished early patient and graft survival. Transplantation. 1996;62:1246–51.
84. Perkins JD. Saying ‘Yes’ to obese living liver donors: short-term intensive treatment for donors with hepatic steatosis in living-donor liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2006;12:1012–3.
85. Malik SM, de Vera ME, Fontes P, Shaikh O, Ahmad J, et al. Outcome after liver transplantation for NASH cirrhosis. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:782–93.
86. Driscoll DF, Blackburn GL. A review of its current status in hospitalized patients, and the need for patient-specific feeding. Drugs. 1990;40:346–63.
87. Plank LD, McCall JL, Gane EJ, Rafique M, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K, et al. Pre- and postoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a pilot study of safety and efficacy. Clin Nutr. 2005;24:288–96.
88. Senkal M, Zumtobel V, Bauer KH, Marpe B, Wolfram G, Frei A, et al. Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg. 1999;134:1309–16.
89. Jiang H, Li B, Yan LN, Lu SC, Wen TF, Zhao JC, et al. Effect of Intravenous glutamine-dipeptide fortified enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes in patients after liver transplantation: A prospective randomized controlled study. Chin J Clin Nutr. 2007;15:21–5.
90. Kaido T, Ogura Y, Ogawa K, Hata K, Yoshizawa A, Yagi S, et al. Effects of post-transplant enteral nutrition with an immunomodulating diet containing hydrolyzed whey peptide after liver transplantation. World J Surg. 2012;36:1666–71.
91. Kume H, Okazaki K, Sasaki H. Hepatoprotective effects of whey protein on D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:1281–5.
92. Park C, Hsu C, Neelakanta G, Nourmand H, Braunfeld M, Wray C, et al. Severe intraoperative hyperglycemia is independently associated with surgical site infection after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2009;87:1031–6.
93. Bellot P, Frances R, Such J. Bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;31:508–14.
94. Riordan SM, Williams R. The intestinal flora and bacterial infection in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2006;45:744–57.
95. Sugawara G, Nagino M, Nishio H, Ebata T, Takagi K, Asahara T. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent postoperative infectious complications in biliary cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2006;244:706–14.
96. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Hansen S, Boucsein K, Müller AR, Serke S. Early enteral supply of lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2002;74:123–7.
97. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation, a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:125–30.
98. Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM, Hafeezullah M, Varma RR, Franco J. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1707–15.
99. Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Malaguarnera G, Salmeri M, Mastrojeni S, Rampello L. Bifidobacterium combined with fructo-oligosaccharide versus lactulose in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:199–206.
100. Lata J, Novotný I, Príbramská V, Juránková J, Fric P, Kroupa R, Stibůrek O. The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double blind randomized study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:1111–3.
101. Swart GR, Zillikens MC, van Vuure JK, Van den Berg JW. Effect of a late evening meal on nitrogen balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Brit Med J. 1989;299:1202–3.
102. Plank LD, Gane EJ, Peng S, Muthu C, Mathur S, Gillanders L. Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial. Hepatology. 2008;48:557–66.
103. Bianchi G, Marzocchi R, Agostini F, Marchesini G. Update on nutritional supplementation with branched-chain amino acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:83–7.
104. Muñoz SJ, Deems RO, Moritz MJ, Martin P, Jarrell BE, Maddrey WC. Hyperlipidemia and obesity after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1991;23:1480–3.
105. Janczewska I, Ericzon BG, Eriksson LS. Influence of orthotopic liver transplantation on serum vitamin A levels in patients with chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30:68–71.
106. Pescovitz MD, Mehta PL, Jindal RM, Milgrom ML, Leapman SB, Filo RS. Zinc deficiency and its repletion following liver transplantation in humans. Clin Transplant. 1996;10:256–60.
107. Palmer M, Schaffner F, Thung SN. Excessive weight gain after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1991;51:797–800.
108. Chin SE, Shepherd RW, Cleghorn GJ, Patrick MK, Javorsky G, Frangoulis E. Survival, growth and quality of life in children after orthotopic liver transplantation: a 5 year experience. J Pediatr Child Health. 1991;27:38–85.
109. Holt RI, Broide E, Buchanan CR, Miell JP, Baker AJ, Mowat AP, Mieli Vergani G. Orthotopic liver transplantation reverses the adverse nutritional changes of end stage liver disease in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:534–42.
110. Porayko MK, DiCecco S, O’Keefe SJD. Impact of malnutrition and its therapy in liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis. 1991;11:305–14.
111. Muller MJ, Loyal S, Schwarze M, Lobers J, Selberg O, Ringe B, et al. Resting energy expenditure and nutritional state in patients with liver cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation. Clin Nutr. 1994;13:145–52.
112. Canzanello VJ, Schwartz L, Taler SJ, Textor SC, Wiesner RH, Porayko MK, et al. Evolution of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation: a comparison of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (FK506). Liver Transpl Surg. 1997;3:1–9.
113. Kaido T, Egawa H, Tsuji H, Ashihara E, Maekawa T, Uemoto S. In-hospital mortality in adult recipients of living donor liver transplantation: experience of 576 consecutive cases at a single center. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:1420–5.
114. Osaki N, Ringe B, Gubernatis G, Takada Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamaoka Y, et al. Changes in energy substrates in relation to arterial ketone body ratio after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Surgery. 1993;113:403–9.
115. Takada Y, Ozawa K, Yamaoka Y, Uemoto S, Tanaka A, Morimoto T, et al. Arterial ketone body ratio and glucose administration as an energy substrate in relation to changes in ketone body concentration after live-related liver transplantation in children. Transplantation. 1993;55:1314–9.
116. Hasse J. Liver transplantation: the benefits of nutrition therapy in the liver transplant patient. Liver Transpl. 1996;2:81–100.
117. Shanbhogue RL, Bistrian BR, Jenkins RL, Randall S, Blackburn GL. Increased protein catabolism without hypermetabolism after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Surgery. 1987;101:146–9.
118. Pomposelli JJ, Baxter JK III, Babineau TJ, Pomfret EA, Driscoll DF, Forse RA. Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients. JPEN. 1998;22:77–81.
119. Stegall MD, Everson G, Schroter G, Bilir B, Karrer F, Kam I. Metabolic complications after liver transplantation. Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and obesity. Transplantation. 1995;60:1057–60.
120. Richards J, Gunson B, Johnson J, Neuberger J. Weight gain and obesity after liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2005;18:461–6.
121. Anastácio LR, Ferreira LG, Ribeiro Hde S, Liboredo JC, Lima AS, Correia MI. Metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation: prevalence and predictive factors. Nutrition. 2011;27:931–7.
122. Weseman RA, McCashland TM. Nutritional care of the chronic post-transplant patient. Top Clin Nutr. 1998;13:27–34.
123. Green GA, Moore GE. Exercise and organ transplantation. J Back Musculoskel Rehabil. 1998;10:3–11.
124. Van Den Ham EC, Kooman JP, Christiaans MH, van Hooff JP. Relation between steroid dose, body composition and physical activity in renal transplant patients. Transplantation. 2000;69:1591–8.
125. Giannini S, Nobile M, Ciuffreda M, Iemmolo RM, DalleCarbonare L, Minicuci N. Long-term persistence of low bone density in orthotopic liver transplantation. Osteoporosis. 2000;11:417–24.
126. Peris P, Navasa M, Guañabens N, Monegal A, Moya F, Brancós MA. Sacral stress fracture after liver transplantation. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:702–4.
127. Millonig G, Graziadci IW, Eichler D, Pfeiffer KP, Finkenstedt G, Muchllechner P, et al. Alendronate in combination with calcium and vitamin D prevents bone loss after orthotopic liver transplantation: a prospective single-center study. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:960–6.