A review of neuroimaging findings of apathy in Alzheimer's disease

International Psychogeriatrics

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 195-207

  Theleritis, Christos ^a,b,c   Politis, Antonios ^a,d   Siarkos, Kostas ^a   Lyketsos, Costantine G ^d  

^a NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Greece)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Anterior cingulate cortex; Apathy; Dementia; Depression; Frontal subcortical networks; Mild cognitive impairment; Neuroimaging studies

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APATHY; CAREGIVER BURDEN; DEPRESSION; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN PERFUSION; CINGULATE GYRUS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; ORBITAL CORTEX; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; WHITE MATTER;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APATHY; BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES;

EID: 84892182173     PISSN: 10416102     EISSN: 1741203X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610213001725     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Allman, J. M., Hakeem, A., Erwin, J. M., Nimchinsky, E. and Hof, P. (2001). The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935, 107-117. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x.
2. Apostolova, L. G. et al. (2007). Structural correlates of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 91-97. doi:10.1159/000103914.
3. Benoit, M. et al. (1999). Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Relation between apathy and regional cerebral perfusion. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10, 511-517. doi:10.1159/000017198.
4. Benoit, M., Clairet, S., Koulibaly, P. M., Darcourt, J. and Robert, P. H. (2004). Brain perfusion correlates of the apathy inventory dimensions of Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 864-869. doi:10.1002/gps.1163.
5. Benoit, M., Koulibaly, P. M., Migneco, O., Darcourt, J., Pringuey, D. J. and Robert, P. H. (2002). Brain perfusion in Alzheimer's disease with and without apathy: a SPECT study with statistical parametric mapping analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 114, 103-111. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(02) 00003-3.
6. Bonelli, R. M. and Cummings, J. L. (2007). Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 141-151.
7. Bruen, P. D., McGeown, W. J., Shanks, M. F. and Venneri, A. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 131, 2455-2463. doi:10.1093/brain/awn151.
8. Clarke, D. E., Ko, J. Y., Lyketsos, C., Rebok, G. W. and Eaton, W. W. (2010). Apathy and cognitive and functional decline in community-dwelling older adults: results from the Baltimore ECA longitudinal study. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 819-829. doi:10.1017/S1041610209991402.
9. Craig, A. H. et al. (1996). Cerebral blood flow correlates of apathy in Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 53, 1116-1120. doi:10.1001/archneur. 1996.00550110056012.
10. Cummings, J. L. (1997). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology, 48 (Suppl. 6), s10-s16. doi:10.1212/WNL.48.5-Suppl-6.10S.
11. Cummings, J. L., Diaz, C., Levy, M., Binetti, G. and Litvan, I. I. (1996). Behavioral syndromes in neurodegenerative diseases: frequency and significance. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 1, 241-247.
12. David, R. et al. (2008). Striatal dopamine transporter levels correlate with apathy in neurodegenerative diseases: a SPECT study with partial volume effect correction. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 110, 19-24. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.08.007.
13. Drijgers, R. L., Verhey, F. R., Leentjens, A. F., Köhler, S. and Aalten, P. (2011). Neuropsychological correlates of apathy in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: the role of executive functioning. International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 1327-1333. doi:10.1017/S1041610211001037.
14. Guimaraes, H. C., Levy, R., Teixeira, A. L., Beato, R. G. and Caramelli, P. (2008). Neurobiology of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 66, 436-443. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2008000300035.
15. Holthoff, V. A. et al. (2005). Regional cerebral metabolism in early Alzheimer's disease with clinically significant apathy or depression. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 412-421. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.035.
16. Jonsson, M., Edman, A., Lind, K., Rolstad, S., Sjögren, M. and Wallin, A. (2010). Apathy is a prominent neuropsychiatric feature of radiological white-matter changes in patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 588-595. doi:10.1002/gps.2379.
17. Kang, J. Y. et al. (2012). Regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities associated with apathy and depression in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 26, 217-224. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e318231e5fc.
18. Kim, J. W. et al. (2011). Microstructural alteration of the anterior cingulum is associated with apathy in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 644-653. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcc73.
19. Lanctôt, K. L. et al. (2007). A SPECT study of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 65-72. doi:10.1159/000103633.
20. Landes, A. M., Sperry, S. D., Strauss, M. E. and Geldmacher, D. S. (2001). Apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49, 1700-1707. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49282.x.
21. Lavretsky, H. et al. (2008). The MRI brain correlates of depressed mood, anhedonia, apathy, and anergia in older adults with and without cognitive impairment or dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 1040-1050. doi:10.1002/gps.2030.
22. Levy, R. and Dubois, B. (2006). Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal Ganglia circuits. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 916-928. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj043.
23. Lopez, O. L., Zivkovic, S., Smith, G., Becker, J. T., Meltzer, C. C. and DeKosky, S. T. (2001). Psychiatric symptoms associated with cortical-subcortical dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 56-60. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13.1.56.
24. Lyketsos, C. (2007). Apathy and agitation: challenges and future directions. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 361-364. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31803d15c1.
25. Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J. and DeKosky, S. (2002). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA, 288, 1475-1483. doi:10.1001/jama.288.12.1475.
26. Lyketsos, C. G., Rosenblatt, A. and Rabins, P. (2004). Forgotten frontal lobe syndrome or Executive Dysfunction Syndrome. Psychosomatics, 45, 247-255. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.45.3.247.
27. Lyketsos, C. G., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Steffens, D. C. and Breitner, J. C. (2000). Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 708-714. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.708.
28. Marin, R. S. (1990). Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 22-30.
29. Marshall, G. A., Fairbanks, L. A., Tekin, S., Vinters, H. V. and Cummings, J. L. (2006). Neuropathologic correlates of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 144-147. doi:10.1159/000090674.
30. Marshall, G. A., Monserratt, L., Harwood, D., Mandelkern, M., Cummings, J. L. and Sultzer, D. L. (2007). Positron emission tomography metabolic correlates of apathy in Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 64, 1015-1020. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.7.1015.
31. Mega, M. S. and Cummings, J. L. (1994). Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 6, 358-370.
32. Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Fiorello, T. and Gornbein, J. (1996). The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 46, 130-135. doi:10.1212/WNL.46.1.130.
33. Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Salloway, S. and Malloy, P. (1997). The limbic system: an anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 315-330.
34. Mega, M. S. et al. (2005). Metabolic patterns associated with the clinical response to galantamine therapy: a fludeoxyglucose f 18 positron emission tomographic study. Archives of Neurology, 62, 721-728. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.5.721.
35. Migneco, O. et al. (2001). Perfusion brain SPECT and statistical parametric mapping analysis indicate that apathy is a cingulate syndrome: a study in Alzheimer's disease and nondemented patients. Neuroimage, 13, 896-902. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0741.
36. Mulin, E. et al. (2011). Diagnostic criteria for apathy in clinical practice. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 158-165. doi:10.1002/gps.2508.
37. Onyike, C. U. et al. (2007). Epidemiology of apathy in older adults: the Cache County Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 365-375. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000235689.42910.0d.
38. Ota, M., Sato, N., Nakata, Y., Arima, K. and Uno, M. (2012). Relationship between apathy and diffusion tensor imaging metrics of the brain in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 722-726. doi:10.1002/gps.2779.
39. Ott, B. R., Noto, R. B. and Fogel, B. S. (1996). Apathy and loss of insight in Alzheimer's disease: a SPECT imaging study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 8, 41-46.
40. Politis, A. M., Mayer, L. S., Passa, M., Maillis, A. and Lyketsos, C. G. (2004). Validity and reliability of the newly translated Hellenic Neuropsychiatric Inventory (H-NPI) applied to Greek outpatients with Alzheimer's disease: a study of disturbing behaviors among referrals to a memory clinic. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 203-208. doi:10.1002/gps. 1215.
41. Robert, P. H. et al. (2006). Lack of initiative and interest in Alzheimer's disease: a single photon emission computed tomography study. European Journal of Neurology, 13, 729-735. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01088. x.
42. Robert, P. et al. (2009). Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. European Psychiatry, 24, 98-104. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.001.
43. Schroeter, M. L. et al. (2011). Dissociating behavioral disorders in early dementia-An FDG-PET study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 194, 235-244. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.009.
44. Starkstein, S. E., Petracca, G., Chemerinski, E. and Kremer, J. (2001). Syndromic validity of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 872-877. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.872.
45. Starkstein, S. E., Mizrahi, R., Capizzano, A. A., Acion, L., Brockman, S. and Power, B. D. (2009). Neuroimaging correlates of apathy and depression in Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 21, 259-265. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.3.259.
46. Tanaka, M. et al. (2004). Prediction of psychiatric response to donepezil in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 225, 135-141. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.07.009.
47. Tekin, S. et al. (2001). Orbitofrontal and anterior cingulated cortex neurofibrillary tangle burden is associated with agitation in Alzheimer disease. Annals of Neurology, 49, 355-361. doi:10.1002/ana.72.
48. Tighe, S. K. et al. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging of neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 24, 484-488. doi:10.1176/appi. neuropsych.11120375.
49. Tunnard, C. et al. (2011). Apathy and cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 741-748. doi:10.1002/gps.2603.
50. Wallis, J. D. (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 31-56. doi:10.1146/annurev. neuro.30.051606.094334.