Mismatch negativity: Translating the potential

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Volumn 4, Issue DEC, 2013, Pages

  Todd, Juanita ^a,b,c,d   Harms, Lauren ^a,b,c,d   Schal l, Ulrich ^b,c,d,e   Michie, Patricia T ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^c SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d HUNTER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Auditory event related potential; Mismatch negativity; NMDA; NMDAR; Schizophrenia; Synaptic plasticity

Indexed keywords

BROMOCRIPTINE; CERULETIDE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; HALOPERIDOL; ISPRONICLINE; KETAMINE; MEMANTINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N,N DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NORADRENALIN; PERGOLIDE; PHENCYCLIDINE; PSILOCYBINE; TRYPTOPHAN;

AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; HUMAN; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MISMATCH NEGATIVITY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; WAVEFORM;

EID: 84891684979     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16640640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00171     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Näätänen R. In Attention and Brain Function. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1992).
2. Winkler I. Interpreting the mismatch negativity. J Psychophysiol (2007) 21(3-4):147-63. doi: 10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.147.
3. Kujala T, Tervaniemi M, Schroger E. The mismatch negativity in cognitive and clinical neuroscience: theoretical and methodological considerations. Biol Psychol (2007) 74:1-19. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.001.
4. Picton TW, Alain C, Otten L, Ritter W, Achim A. Mismatch negativity: different water in the same river. Audiol Neurootol (2000) 5:111-39. doi:10.1159/000013875.
5. Umbricht D, Krljes S. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res (2005) 76:1-23. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002.
6. Alho K. Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound changes. Ear Hear (1995) 16:38-51. doi:10.1097/00003446-199502000-00004.
7. Javitt DC, Steinschneider M, Schroeder CE, Vaughan HG Jr, Arezzo JC. Detection of stimulus deviance within primate primary auditory cortex: intracortical mechanisms of mismatch negativity (MMN) generation. Brain Res (1994) 667:192-200. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91496-6.
8. Ulanovsky N, Las L, Nelken I. Processing of low-probability sounds by cortical neurons. Nat Neurosci (2003) 6:391-8. doi:10.1038/nn1032.
9. Näätänen R, Jacobsen T, Winkler I. Memory-based or afferent processes in mismatch negativity (MMN): a review of the evidence. Psychophysiology (2005) 42:25-32. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00256.x.
10. May PJ, Tiitinen H. Mismatch negativity (MMN), the deviance-elicited auditory deflection, explained. Psychophysiology (2010) 47:66-122. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00856.x.
11. Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Kiebel SJ, Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Kilner JM. The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm. Neuroimage (2008) 42:936-44. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018.
12. Garrido MI, Kilner JM, Kiebel SJ, Friston KJ. Dynamic causal modeling of the response to frequency deviants. J Neurophysiol (2009) 101:2620-31. doi:10.1152/jn.90291.2008.
13. Ruhnau P, Herrmann B, Schroger E. Finding the right control: the mismatch negativity under investigation. Clin Neurophysiol (2012) 123:507-12. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.035.
14. Schmidt A, Diaconescu AO, Kometer M, Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Vollenweider FX. Modeling ketamine effects on synaptic plasticity during the mismatch negativity. Cereb Cortex (2013) 23:2394-406. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs238.
15. Friston K. A theory of cortical responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2005) 360:815-36. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1622.
16. Winkler I, Karmos G, Naatanen R. Adaptive modeling of the unattended acoustic environment reflected in the mismatch negativity event-related potential. Brain Res (1996) 742:239-52. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01008-6.
17. Lieder F, Stephan KE, Daunizeau J, Garrido MI, Friston KJ. A neurocomputational model of the mismatch negativity. PLoS Comput Biol (2013) 9:e1003288. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003288.
18. Escera C, Alho K, Winkler I, Naatanen R. Neural mechanisms of involuntary attention to acoustic novelty and change. J Cogn Neurosci (1998) 10:590-604. doi:10.1162/089892998562997.
19. Schroger E, Wolff C. Attentional orienting and reorienting is indicated by human event-related brain potentials. Neuroreport (1998) 9:3355-8. doi:10.1097/00001756-199810260-00003.
20. Schroger E, Wolff C. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of task-irrelevant sound change: a new distraction paradigm. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res (1998) 7:71-87. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00013-5.
21. Ahveninen J, Jaaskelainen IP, Pekkonen E, Hallberg A, Hietanen M, Naatanen R, et al. Increased distractibility by task-irrelevant sound changes in abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2000) 24:1850-4. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01989.x.
22. Escera C, Alho K, Schroger E, Winkler I. Involuntary attention and distractibility as evaluated with event-related brain potentials. Audiol Neuro Otol (2000) 5:151-66. doi:10.1159/000013877.
23. Näätänen R, Kujala T, Winkler I. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: a unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology (2011) 48:4-22. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01114.x.
24. Todd J, Michie PT, Schall U, Ward PB, Catts SV. Mismatch negativity (MMN) reduction in schizophrenia-Impaired prediction-error generation, estimation or salience? Int J Psychophysiol (2012) 83:222-31. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.10.003.
25. Javitt DC, Grochowski S, Shelley A, Ritter W. Impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) generation in schizophrenia as a function of stimulus deviance, probability, and interstimulus/interdeviant interval. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol (1998) 108:143-53.
26. Shelley A-M, Silipo G, Javitt DC. Diminished responsiveness of ERPs in schizophrenic subjects to changes in auditory stimulation parameters: implications for theories of cortical dysfunction. Schizophr Res (1999) 37:65-79. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00138-8.
27. Sato Y, Yabe H, Todd J, Michie P, Shinozaki N, Sutoh T, et al. Impairment in activation of a frontal attention-switch mechanism in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychol (2003) 62:49-63. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00113-8.
28. Menon RR, Barta PE, Aylward EH, Richards SS, Vaughn DD, Tien AY, et al. Posterior superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: grey matter changes and clinical correlates. Schizophr Res (1995) 16:127-35. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)00067-I.
29. Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Mcgorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet (2003) 361:281-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12323-9.
30. Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Yucel M, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, et al. Neuroimaging and emerging psychotic disorders: the Melbourne ultra-high risk studies. Int Rev Psychiatry (2007) 19:371-81. doi:10.1080/09540260701512079.
31. Harms MP, Wang L, Campanella C, Aldridge K, Moffitt AJ, Kuelper J, et al. Structural abnormalities in gyri of the prefrontal cortex in individuals with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Br J Psychiatry (2010) 196:150-7. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067314.
32. Takahashi T, Wood SJ, Yung AR, Walterfang M, Phillips LJ, Soulsby B, et al. Superior temporal gyrus volume in antipsychotic-naive people at risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (2010) 196:206-11. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.069732.
33. Bhojraj TS, Francis AN, Montrose DM, Keshavan MS. Grey matter and cognitive deficits in young relatives of schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage (2011) 54(Suppl 1):S287-92. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.069.
34. Malla AK, Bodnar M, Joober R, Lepage M. Duration of untreated psychosis is associated with orbital-frontal grey matter volume reductions in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res (2011) 125:13-20. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.021.
35. Rasser PE, Schall U, Todd J, Michie PT, Ward PB, Johnston P, et al. Gray matter deficits, mismatch negativity, and outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull (2011) 37:131-40. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp060.
36. Sweet RA, Bergen SE, Sun Z, Marcsisin MJ, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Anatomical evidence of impaired feedforward auditory processing in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2007) 61:854-64. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.033.
37. Lewis DA, Sweet RA. Schizophrenia from a neural circuitry perspective: advancing toward rational pharmacological therapies. J Clin Investig (2009) 119:706-16. doi:10.1172/JCI37335.
38. Sweet RA, Henteleff RA, Zhang W, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. Reduced dendritic spine density in auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34:374-89. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.67.
39. Deo AJ, Cahill ME, Li S, Goldszer I, Henteleff R, Vanleeuwen J-E, et al. Increased expression of Kalirin-9 in the auditory cortex of schizophrenia subjects: its role in dendritic pathology. Neurobiol Dis (2012) 45:796-803. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.11.003.
40. Salisbury DF, Kuroki N, Kasai K, Shenton ME, Mccarley RW. Progressive and interrelated functional and structural evidence of post-onset brain reduction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2007) 64:521-9. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.521.
41. Gogtay N, Giedd JN, Lusk L, Hayashi KM, Greenstein D, Vaituzis AC, et al. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004) 101:8174-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101.
42. Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Lee C-U, Ciszewski AA, et al. Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry (2003) 160:156-64. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.156.
43. Javitt D, Zukin S. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry (1991) 148:1301-8.
44. Kantrowitz J, Javitt D. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia? Brain Res Bull (2010) 30:108-21. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.006.
45. Javitt DC, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Umbricht D. Has an angel shown the way? Etiological and therapeutic implications of the PCP/NMDA model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull (2012) 38:958-66. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs069.
46. Jacobsen T, Schröger E. Is there a pre-attentive memory-based comparison of pitch. Psychophysiology (2001) 38:723-7. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3840723.
47. Jacobsen T, Schröger E, Horenkamp T, Winkler I. Mismatch negativity to pitch change: varied stimulus proportions in controlling effects of neural refractoriness on human auditory event-related brain potentials. Neurosci Lett (2003) 344:79-82. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00408-7.
48. Maess B, Jacobsen T, Schröger E, Friederici A. Localizing pre-attentive auditory memory-based comparison: magnetic mismatch negativity to pitch change. Neuroimage (2007) 37:561-71. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.040.
49. Jacobsen T, Schröger E. Measuring duration mismtach negativity. Clin Neurophysiol (2003) 114:1133-43. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00043-9.
50. Schröger E, Wolff C. Mismatch response of the human brain to changes in sound location. Neuroreport (1996) 7:3005-8. doi:10.1097/00001756-199611250-00041.
51. Shelley AM, Ward PB, Catts SV, Michie PT, Andrews S, Mcconaghy N. Mismatch negativity: an index of a preattentive processing deficit in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (1991) 30:1059-62. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90126-7.
52. Catts SV, Shelley AM, Ward PB, Liebert B, Mcconaghy N, Andrews S, et al. Brain potential evidence for an auditory sensory memory deficit in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry (1995) 152:213-9.
53. Todd J, Michie PT, Schall U, Karayanidis F, Yabe H, Naatanen R. Deviant matters: duration, frequency, and intensity deviants reveal different patterns of mismatch negativity reduction in early and late schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2008) 63:58-64. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.016.
54. Todd J, Whitson LR, Smith E, Michie PT, Schall U, Ward P. What's intact and what's not within the mismatch negativity system in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology (in press).
55. Sams M, Alho K, Naatanen R. Sequential effects on the ERP in discriminating two stimuli. Biol Psychol (1983) 17:41-58. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(83)90065-0.
56. Cowan N, Winkler I, Teder W, Naatanen R. Memory prerequisites of mismatch negativity in the auditory event-related potential (ERP). J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn (1993) 19:909-21. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.909.
57. Bendixen A, Roeber U, Schroger E. Regularity extraction and application in dynamic auditory stimulus sequences. J Cogn Neurosci (2007) 19:1664-77. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1664.
58. Cooper RJ, Atkinson RJ, Clark RA, Michie PT. Event-related potentials reveal modelling of auditory repetition in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol (2013) 88:74-81. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.003.
59. Baldeweg T, Klugman A, Gruzelier J, Hirsch SR. Mismatch negativity potentials and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (2004) 69:203-17. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.009.
60. Dima D, Frangou S, Burge L, Braeutigam S, James AC. Abnormal intrinsic and extrinsic connectivity within the magnetic mismatch negativity brain network in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Schizophr Res (2012) 135:23-7. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.024.
61. Javitt DC, Shelley A, Ritter W. Associated deficits in mismatch negativity generation and tone matching in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol (2000) 111:1733-7. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00377-1.
62. Rabinowicz EF, Silipo G, Goldman R, Javitt DC. Auditory sensory dysfunction in schizophrenia: imprecision or distractibility? Arch Gen Psychiatry (2000) 57:1149-55. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1149.
63. Light GA, Swerdlow NR, Rissling AJ, Radant A, Sugar CA, Sprock J, et al. Characterization of neurophysiologic and neurocognitive biomarkers for use in genomic and clinical outcome studies of schizophrenia. PLoS One (2012) 7:e39434. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039434.
64. Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr Bull (2007) 33:1178-200. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl065.
65. Gottesman I, Gould T. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry (2003) 160:636-45. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636.
66. Umbricht D, Koller R, Schmid L, Skrabo A, Grubel C, Huber T, et al. How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry (2003) 53:1120-31. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01642-6.
67. Hall M, Rijsdijk F, Kalidindi S, Schulze K, Kravariti E, Kane F, et al. Genetic overlap between bipolar illness and event-related potentials. Psychol Med (2007) 37:667-78. doi:10.1017/S003329170600972X.
68. Hall M, Schulze K, Rijsdijk F, Kalidindi S, Mcdonald C, Bramon E, et al. Are auditory P300 and duration MMN heritable and putative endophenotypes of psychotic bipolar disorder? A Maudsley bipolar twin and family study. Psychol Med (2009) 39:1277-87. doi:10.1017/S0033291709005261.
69. Kahkonen S, Yamashita H, Rytsala H, Suominen K, Ahveninen J, Isometsa E. Dysfunction in early auditory processing in major depressive disorder revealed by combined MEG and EEG. J Psychiatry Neurosci (2007) 32:316-22.
70. Takei Y, Kumano S, Hattori S, Uehara T, Kawakubo Y, Kasai K, et al. Preattentive dysfunction in major depression: a magnetoencephalography study using auditory mismatch negativity. Psychophysiology (2009) 46:52-61. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00748.x.
71. Qiao Z, Yu Y, Wang L, Yang X, Qiu X, Zhang C, et al. Impaired pre-attentive change detection in major depressive disorder patients revealed by auditory mismatch negativity. Psychiatry Res (2013) 211:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.07.006.
72. Hall MH, Rijsdijk F, Picchioni M, Schulze K, Ettinger U, Toulopoulou T, et al. Substantial shared genetic influences on schizophrenia and event-related potentials. Am J Psychiatry (2007) 164:804-12. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.5.804.
73. Ahveninen J, Jaaskelainen IP, Osipova D, Huttunen MO, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kaprio J, et al. Inherited auditory-cortical dysfunction in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2006) 60:612-20. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.015.
74. Corlett PR, Honey GD, Fletcher PC. From prediction error to psychosis: ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusions. J Psychopharmacol (2007) 21:238-52. doi:10.1177/0269881107077716.
75. Fisher DJ, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Auditory hallucinations and the mismatch negativity: processing speech and non-speech sounds in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol (2008) 70:3-15. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.04.001.
76. Fisher DJ, Grant B, Smith DM, Borracci G, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Effects of auditory hallucinations on the mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia as measured by a modified 'optimal' multi-feature paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol (2011) 81:245-51. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.018.
77. Fisher DJ, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Alterations of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations experiencing acute exacerbation of illness. Schizophr Res (2012) 139:237-45. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.004.
78. Shinozaki N, Yabe H, Sato Y, Hiruma T, Sutoh T, Nashida T, et al. The difference in mismatch negativity between the acute and post-acute phase of schizophrenia. Biol Psychol (2002) 59:105-19. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00129-6.
79. Zhou Z, Zhu H, Chen L. Effect of aripiprazole on mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia. PLoS One (2013) 8:e52186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052186.
80. Leifker FR, Patterson TL, Bowie CR, Mausbach BT, Harvey PD. Psychometric properties of performance-based measurements of functional capacity: test-retest reliability, practice effects, and potential sensitivity to change. Schizophr Res (2010) 119:246-52. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.021.
81. Burdick KE, Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Faull RN, Malhotra AK. Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis (2006) 194:255-60. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000207360.70337.7e.
82. Light GA, Braff DL. Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2005) 62:127-36. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.127.
83. Light GA, Braff DL. Stability of mismatch negativity deficits and their relationship to functional impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry (2005) 162:1741-3. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1741.
84. Kiang M, Light GA, Prugh J, Coulson S, Braff DL, Kutas M. Cognitive, neurophysiological, and functional correlates of proverb interpretation abnormalities in schizophrenia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc (2007) 13:653-63. doi:10.1017/S1355617707070816.
85. Hermens DF, Ward PB, Hodge MA, Kaur M, Naismith SL, Hickie IB. Impaired MMN/P3a complex in first-episode psychosis: cognitive and psychosocial associations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2010) 34:822-9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.019.
86. Friedman T, Sehatpour P, Dias E, Perrin M, Javitt DC. Differential relationships of mismatch negativity and visual p1 deficits to premorbid characteristics and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2012) 71:521-9. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.037.
87. Wynn JK, Sugar C, Horan WP, Kern R, Green MF. Mismatch negativity, social cognition, and functioning in schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry (2010) 67:940-7. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.024.
88. Green M, Kern R, Braff D, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the "right stuff?" Schizophr Bull (2000) 26:119-36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430.
89. Barch DM, Carter CS, Macdonald AW III, Braver TS, Cohen JD. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol (2003) 112:132-43. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.132.
90. Javitt DC, Shelley A-M, Silipo G, Lieberman JA. Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: defining the pattern. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2000) 57:1131-7. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1131.
91. Magleby K. Modal gating of NMDA receptors. Trends Neurosci (2004) 25:231-3. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.03.001.
92. Zhang W, Howe J, Popescu G. Distinct gating modes determine the biphasic relaxation of NMDA receptor currents. Nat Neurosci (2008) 11:1373-5. doi:10.1038/nn.2214.
93. Popescu G. Modes of glutamate receptor gating. J Physiol (2012) 590:73-91. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.223750.
94. Wang H, Stradtman G, Xiao-Jung W, Wen-Jun G. A specialised NMDA receptor function in layer 5 recurrent microcircuitry of the adult rat prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008) 105:16791-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804318105.
95. Wang M, Yang Y, Ching-Jung W, Nao L, Lu E, Mazer J, et al. NMDA receptors subserve persistent neuronal firing during working memory in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron (2013) 77:736-49. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.032.
96. Miyanishi T, Sumiyoshi T, Higuchi Y, Seo T, Suzuki M. LORETA current source density for duration mismatch negativity and neuropsychological assessment in early schizophrenia. PLoS One (2013) 8:e61152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061152.
97. Todd J, Myers R, Pirillo R, Drysdale K. Neuropsychological correlates of auditory perceptual inference: a mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Brain Res (2010) 1310:113-23. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.019.
98. Todd J, Provost A, Cooper G. Lasting first impressions: a conservative bias in automatic filters of the acoustic environment. Neuropsychologia (2011) 49:3399-405. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.016.
99. Cirillo M, Seidman L. Verbal declarative memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: from clinical assessment to genetics and brain mechanisms. Neuropsychol Rev (2003) 13:43-77. doi:10.1023/A:1023870821631.
100. Kawakubo Y, Kasai K, Kudo N, Rogers MA, Nakagome K, Itoh K, et al. Phonetic mismatch negativity predicts verbal memory deficits in schizophrenia. Neuroreport (2006) 17:1043-6. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000221828.10846.ba.
101. Kaur M, Battisti RA, Ward PB, Ahmed A, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. MMN/P3a deficits in first episode psychosis: comparing schizophrenia-spectrum and affective-spectrum subgroups. Schizophr Res (2011) 130:203-9. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.025.
102. Price GW, Michie PT, Johnston J, Innes-Brown H, Kent A, Clissa P, et al. A multivariate electrophysiological endophenotype, from a unitary cohort, shows greater research utility than any single feature in the Western Australian family study of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2006) 60:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.010.
103. Toyomaki A, Kusumi I, Matsuyama T, Kako Y, Ito K, Koyama T. Tone duration mismatch negativity deficits predict impairment of executive function in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2008) 32:95-9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.020.
104. Yung AR, Yuen HP, Mcgorry PD, Phillips LJ, Kelly D, Dell'olio M, et al. Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states. Aust N Z J Psychiatry (2005) 39:964-71. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01714.x.
105. Jessen F, Fries T, Kucharski C, Nishimura T, Hoenig K, Maier W, et al. Amplitude reduction of the mismatch negativity in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett (2001) 309:185-8. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02072-9.
106. Michie PT, Innes-Brown H, Todd J, Jablensky AV. Duration mismatch negativity in biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry (2002) 52:749-58. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01379-3.
107. Bramon E, Croft RJ, Mcdonald C, Virdi GK, Gruzelier JG, Baldeweg T, et al. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a family study. Schizophr Res (2004) 67:1-10. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00132-4.
108. Magno E, Yeap S, Thakore JH, Garavan H, De Sanctis P, Foxe JJ. Are auditory-evoked frequency and duration mismatch negativity deficits endophenotypic for schizophrenia? High-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives and first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2008) 64:385-91. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.019.
109. Hong E, Moran L, Du X, O'Donnell P, Summerfelt A. Mismatch negativity and low frequency oscillations in schizophrenia families. Clin Neurophysiol (2012) 123:1980-8. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.011.
110. Sevik AE, Anil Yagcioglu AE, Yagcioglu S, Karahan S, Gurses N, Yildiz M. Neuropsychological performance and auditory event related potentials in schizophrenia patients and their siblings: a family study. Schizophr Res (2011) 130:195-202. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.018.
111. Brockhaus-Dumke A, Tendolkar I, Pukrop R, Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkotter J, Ruhrmann S. Impaired mismatch negativity generation in prodromal subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (2005) 73:297-310. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.016.
112. Atkinson RJ, Michie PT, Schall U. Duration mismatch negativity and P3a in first-episode psychosis and individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry (2012) 71:98-104. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.023.
113. Jahshan C, Cadenhead KS, Rissling AJ, Kirihara K, Braff DL, Light GA. Automatic sensory information processing abnormalities across the illness course of schizophrenia. Psychol Med (2012) 42:85-97. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001061.
114. Shaikh M, Valmaggia L, Broome MR, Dutt A, Lappin J, Day F, et al. Reduced mismatch negativity predates the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res (2012) 134:42-8. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.022.
115. Higuchi Y, Sumiyoshi T, Seo T, Miyanishi T, Kawasaki Y, Suzuki M. Mismatch negativity and cognitive performance for the prediction of psychosis in subjects with at-risk mental state. PLoS One (2013) 8:e54080. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054080.
116. Nagai T, Tada M, Kirihara K, Noriaki Y, Hashimoto R, Araki T, et al. Auditory mismatch negativity and P3a in response to duration and frequency changes in the early stages of psychosis. Schizophr Res (2013) 150:547-54 doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.005.
117. Perez V, Woods S, Roach B, Ford J, Mcglashan T, Vh S, et al. Automatic auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia and clinically high-risk patients: forecasting psychosis risk with mismatch negativity. Biol Psychiatry (2013). doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.038.
118. Bodatsch M, Ruhrmann S, Wagner M, Muller R, Schultze-Lutter F, Frommann I, et al. Prediction of psychosis by mismatch negativity. Biol Psychiatry (2011) 69:959-66. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.057.
119. Oranje B, Van Berckel BN, Kemner C, Van Ree JM, Kahn RS, Verbaten MN. The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology (2000) 22:293-302. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00118-9.
120. Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Hell D, Javitt DC. Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2000) 57:1139-47. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1139.
121. Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Rosburg T, Demme U, Gaser E, Nowak H, Sauer H. Effect of ketamine on the neuromagnetic mismatch field in healthy humans. Cogn Brain Res (2001) 12:109-16. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00043-X.
122. Umbricht D, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L, Grubel C, Skrabo A, Huber T, et al. Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28:170-81. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300005.
123. Korostenskaja M, Nikulin VV, Kicic D, Nikulina AV, Kahkonen S. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on mismatch negativity. Brain Res Bull (2007) 72:275-83. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.007.
124. Heekeren K, Daumann J, Neukirch A, Stock C, Kawohl W, Norra C, et al. Mismatch negativity generation in the human 5HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis. Psychopharmacology (2008) 199:77-88. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1129-4.
125. Roser P, Haussleiter IS, Chong H-J, Maier C, Kawohl W, Norra C, et al. Inhibition of cerebral type 1 cannabinoid receptors is associated with impaired auditory mismatch negativity generation in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (2011) 218:611-20. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2352-y.
126. Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Kometer M, Csomor PA, Stephan KE, Seifritz E, et al. Mismatch negativity encoding of prediction errors predicts S-ketamine-induced cognitive impairments. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37:865-75. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.261.
127. Gunduz-Bruce H, Reinhart RMG, Roach BJ, Gueorguieva R, Oliver S, D'Souza DC, et al. Glutamatergic Modulation of Auditory Information Processing in the Human Brain. Biol Psychiatry (2012) 71:969-77. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.031.
128. Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry (2005) 10:40-68. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001558.
129. Lewis DA, Moghaddam B. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: convergence of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate alterations. Arch Neurol (2006) 63:1372-6. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.10.1372.
130. Javitt DC, Steinschneider M, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC. Role of cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1996) 93:11962-7. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11962.
131. Umbricht D, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L. Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry (2002) 51:400-6. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01242-2.
132. Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Friston KJ. Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry (2006) 59:929-39. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.005.
133. Jaaskelainen IP, Lehtokoski A, Alho K, Kujala T, Pekkonen E, Sinclair JD, et al. Low dose of ethanol suppresses mismatch negativity of auditory event-related potentials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (1995) 19:607-10.
134. Jaaskelainen IP, Pekkonen E, Hirvonen J, Sillanaukee P, Naatanen R. Mismatch negativity subcomponents and ethyl alcohol. Biol Psychol (1996) 43:13-25. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(95)05174-0.
135. Lin H, Vicini S, Hsu F-C, Doshi S, Takano H, Coulter DA, et al. Axonal 7 nicotinic ACh receptors modulate presynaptic NMDA receptor expression and structural plasticity of glutamatergic presynaptic boutons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010) 107:16661-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007397107.
136. Moran RJ, Campo P, Symmonds M, Stephan KE, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ. Free energy, precision and learning: the role of cholinergic neuromodulation. J Neurosci (2013) 33:8227-36. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4255-12.2013.
137. Harkrider AW, Hedrick MS. Acute effect of nicotine on auditory gating in smokers and non-smokers. Hear Res (2005) 202:114-28. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2004.11.009.
138. Baldeweg T, Wong D, Stephan KE. Nicotinic modulation of human auditory sensory memory: evidence from mismatch negativity potentials. Int J Psychophysiol (2006) 59:49-58. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.07.014.
139. Dunbar G, Boeijinga PH, Demazieres A, Cisterni C, Kuchibhatla R, Wesnes K, et al. Effects of TC-1734 (AZD3480), a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist, on cognitive performance and the EEG of young healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (2007) 191:919-29. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0675-x.
140. Knott VJ, Bolton K, Heenan A, Shah D, Fisher DJ, Villeneuve C. Effects of acute nicotine on event-related potential and performance indices of auditory distraction in nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res (2009) 11:519-30. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp044.
141. Martin LF, Davalos DB, Kisley MA. Nicotine enhances automatic temporal processing as measured by the mismatch negativity waveform. Nicotine Tob Res (2009) 11:698-706. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp052.
142. Inami R, Kirino E, Inoue R, Arai H. Transdermal nicotine administration enhances automatic auditory processing reflected by mismatch negativity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2005) 80:453-61. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.001.
143. Knott VJ, Scherling CS, Blais CM, Camarda J, Fisher DJ, Millar A, et al. Acute nicotine fails to alter event-related potential or behavioral performance indices of auditory distraction in cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res (2006) 8:263-73. doi:10.1080/14622200600576669.
144. Solowij N, Michie PT. Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci (2007) 32:30-52.
145. Murray RM, Lappin J, Di Forti M. Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (2008) 18(Suppl 3):S129-34. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.04.002.
146. Solowij N, Yucel M, Respondek C, Whittle S, Lindsay E, Pantelis C, et al. Cerebellar white-matter changes in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Psychol Med (2011) 41:2349-59. doi:10.1017/S003329171100050X.
147. Yucel M, Bora E, Lubman DI, Solowij N, Brewer WJ, Cotton SM, et al. The impact of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of existing findings and new data in a first-episode sample. Schizophr Bull (2012) 38:316-30. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq079.
148. Bossong MG, Niesink RJM. Adolescent brain maturation, the endogenous cannabinoid system and the neurobiology of cannabis-induced schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol (2010) 92:370-85. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.010.
149. Juckel G, Roser P, Nadulski T, Stadelmann AM, Gallinat J. Acute effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory evoked mismatch negativity. Schizophr Res (2007) 97:109-17. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.015.
150. Stadelmann AM, Roser P, Arning L, Gallinat J, Epplen JT, Juckel G. Acute effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the auditory evoked mismatch negativity are modulated by the NRG1 gene. Pharmacopsychiatry (2010) 43:194-5. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254088.
151. Boucher A, Arnold J, Duffy L, Schofield P, Micheau J, Karl T. Heterozygous neuregulin 1 mice are more sensitive to the behavioural effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (2007) 192:325-36. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0721-3.
152. Javitt DC, Doneshka P, Grochowski S, Ritter W. Impaired mismatch negativity generation reflects widespread dysfunction of working memory in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry (1995) 52:550-8. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190032005.
153. Lawler CP, Prioleau C, Lewis MM, Mak C, Jiang D, Schetz JA, et al. Interactions of the novel antipsychotic aripiprazole (OPC-14597) with dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes. Neuropsychopharmacology (1999) 20:612-27. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00099-2.
154. Shapiro DA, Renock S, Arrington E, Chiodo LA, Liu LX, Sibley DR, et al. Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28:1400-11. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300203.
155. Mailman R. GPCR functional selectivity has therapeutic impact. Trends Pharmacol Sci (2007) 28:390-6. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.06.002.
156. Han M, Huang X-F, Deng C. Aripiprazole differentially affects mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic transmission: implications for long-term drug efficacy and low extrapyramidal side-effects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol (2009) 12:941-52. doi:10.1017/S1461145709009948.
157. Mervaala E, Alhainen K, Helkala EL, Partanen J, Jousmaki V, Vayrynen M, et al. Electrophysiological and neuropsychological effects of a central alpha 2-antagonist atipamezole in healthy volunteers. Behav Brain Res (1993) 55:85-91. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90010-N.
158. Schreiber H, Stolz-Born G, Pietrowsky R, Kornhuber HH, Fehm HL, Born J. Improved event-related potential signs of selective attention after the administration of the cholecystokinin analog ceruletide in healthy persons. Biol Psychiatry (1995) 37:702-12. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00207-J.
159. Kahkonen S, Ahveninen J, Jaaskelainen IP, Kaakkola S, Naatanen R, Huttunen J, et al. Effects of haloperidol on selective attention: a combined whole-head MEG and high-resolution EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology (2001) 25:498-504. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00255-X.
160. Pekkonen E, Hirvonen J, Ahveninen J, Kaehkoenen S, Kaakkola S, Huttunen J, et al. Memory-based comparison process not attenuated by haloperidol: a combined MEG and EEG study. Neuroreport (2002) 13:177-81. doi:10.1097/00001756-200201210-00040.
161. Ahveninen J, Kahkonen S, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Jaaskelainen IP. Tryptophan depletion effects on EEG and MEG responses suggest serotonergic modulation of auditory involuntary attention in humans. Neuroimage (2002) 16:1052-61. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1142.
162. Leung S, Croft RJ, Baldeweg T, Nathan PJ. Acute dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor stimulation does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (2007) 194:443-51. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0865-1.
163. Korostenskaja M, Kicic D, Kahkonen S. The effect of methylphenidate on auditory information processing in healthy volunteers: a combined EEG/MEG study. Psychopharmacology (2008) 197:475-86. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1065-8.
164. Leung S, Croft RJ, Guille V, Scholes K, O'Neill BV, Phan KL, et al. Acute dopamine and/or serotonin depletion does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human participants. Psychopharmacology (2010) 208:233-44. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1723-0.
165. Nelken I, Ulanovsky N. Mismatch negativity and stimulus-specific adaptation in animal models. J Psychophysiol (2007) 21:214-23. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6045-11.2012.
166. Ulanovsky N, Las L, Farkas D, Nelken I. Multiple time scales of adaptation in auditory cortex neurons. J Neurosci (2004) 24:10440-53. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1905-04.2004.
167. Eriksson J, Villa AE. Event-related potentials in an auditory oddball situation in the rat. Biosystems (2005) 79:207-12. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.09.017.
168. von der Behrens W, Bauerle P, Kossl M, Gaese BH. Correlating stimulus-specific adaptation of cortical neurons and local field potentials in the awake rat. J Neurosci (2009) 29:13837-49. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3475-09.2009.
169. Farley BJ, Quirk MC, Doherty JJ, Christian EP. Stimulus-specific adaptation in auditory cortex is an NMDA-independent process distinct from the sensory novelty encoded by the mismatch negativity. J Neurosci (2010) 30:16475-84. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2793-10.2010.
170. Taaseh N, Yaron A, Nelken I. Stimulus-specific adaptation and deviance detection in the rat auditory cortex. PLoS One (2011) 6:e23369. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023369.
171. Fishman YI, Steinschneider M. Searching for the mismatch negativity in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey: deviance detection or stimulus specific adaptation? J Neurosci (2012) 32:15747-58. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2835-12.2012.
172. Ehrlichman RS, Maxwell CR, Majumdar S, Siegel SJ. Deviance-elicited changes in event-related potentials are attenuated by ketamine in mice. J Cogn Neurosci (2008) 20:1403-14. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20097.
173. Ehrlichman RS, Luminais SN, White SL, Rudnick ND, Ma N, Dow HC, et al. Neuregulin 1 transgenic mice display reduced mismatch negativity, contextual fear conditioning and social interactions. Brain Res (2009) 1294:116-27. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.065.
174. Ruusuvirta T, Lipponen A, Pellinen E, Penttonen M, Astikainen P. Auditory cortical and hippocampal-system mismatch responses to duration deviants in urethane-anesthetized rats. PLoS One (2013) 8:e54624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054624.
175. Imada A, Morris A, Wiest MC. Deviance detection by a P3-like response in rat posterior parietal cortex. Front Integr Neurosci (2012) 6:127. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00127.
176. Pincze Z, Lakatos P, Rajkai C, Ulbert I, Karmos G. Separation of mismatch negativity and the N1 wave in the auditory cortex of the cat: a topographic study. Clin Neurophysiol (2001) 112:778-84. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00509-0.
177. Umbricht D, Vyssotki D, Latanov A, Nitsch R, Lipp HP. Deviance-related electrophysiological activity in mice: is there mismatch negativity in mice? Clin Neurophysiol (2005) 116:353-63. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.08.015.
178. Jung F, Stephan KE, Backes H, Moran R, Gramer M, Kumagai T, et al. Mismatch responses in the awake rat: evidence from epidural recordings of auditory cortical fields. PLoS One (2013) 8:e63203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063203.
179. Tikhonravov D, Neuvonen T, Pertovaara A, Savioja K, Ruusuvirta T, Naatanen R, et al. Effects of an NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 on an MMN-like response recorded in anesthetized rats. Brain Res (2008) 1203:97-102. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.006.
180. Tikhonravov D, Neuvonen T, Pertovaara A, Savioja K, Ruusuvirta T, Naatanen R, et al. Dose-related effects of memantine on a mismatch negativity-like response in anesthetized rats. Neuroscience (2010) 167:1175-82. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.014.
181. Roger C, Hasbroucq T, Rabat A, Vidal F, Burle B. Neurophysics of temporal discrimination in the rat: a mismatch negativity study. Psychophysiology (2009) 46:1028-32. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00840.x.
182. Ahmed M, Mallo T, Leppanen PH, Hamalainen J, Ayravainen L, Ruusuvirta T, et al. Mismatch brain response to speech sound changes in rats. Front Psychol (2011) 2:283. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00283.
183. Astikainen P, Stefanics G, Nokia M, Lipponen A, Cong F, Penttonen M, et al. Memory-based mismatch response to frequency changes in rats. PLoS One (2011) 6:e24208. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024208.
184. Lazar R, Metherate R. Spectral interactions, but no mismatch negativity, in auditory cortex of anesthetized rat. Hear Res (2003) 181:51-6. doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(03)00166-7.
185. Astikainen P, Ruusuvirta T, Wikgren J, Penttonen M. Memory-based detection of rare sound feature combinations in anesthetized rats. Neuroreport (2006) 17:1561-4. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000233097.13032.7d.
186. Nakamura T, Michie PT, Fulham WR, Todd J, Budd TW, Schall U, et al. Epidural auditory event-related potentials in the rat to frequency and duration deviants: evidence of mismatch negativity? Front Psychol (2011) 2:367. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00367.
187. Ruusuvirta T, Penttonen M, Korhonen T. Auditory cortical event-related potentials to pitch deviances in rats. Neurosci Lett (1998) 248:45-8. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00330-9.
188. Ruusuvirta T, Koivisto K, Wikgren J, Astikainen P. Processing of melodic contours in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Eur J Neurosci (2007) 26:701-3. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05687.x.
189. Näätänen R. The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav Brain Sci (1990) 13:201-33. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00078407.
190. Zoladz PR, Campbell AM, Park CR, Schaefer D, Danysz W, Diamond DM. Enhancement of long-term spatial memory in adult rats by the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists, memantine and neramexane. Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2006) 85:298-306. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.08.011.
191. Zuckerman L, Weiner I. Maternal immune activation leads to behavioral and pharmacological changes in the adult offspring. J Psychiatr Res (2005) 39:311-23. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.08.008.
192. Meyer U, Nyffeler M, Yee BK, Knuesel I, Feldon J. Adult brain and behavioral pathological markers of prenatal immune challenge during early/middle and late fetal development in mice. Brain Behav Immun (2008) 22:469-86. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.012.
193. Vorhees CV, Graham DL, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Richtand NM, et al. Prenatal immune challenge in rats: altered responses to dopaminergic and glutamatergic agents, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, and reduced route-based learning as a function of maternal body weight gain after prenatal exposure to poly IC. Synapse (2012) 66:725-37. doi:10.1002/syn.21561.
194. Picton TW, Bentin S, Berg P, Donchin E, Hillyard SA, Johnson R, et al. Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria. Psychophysiology (2000) 37:127-52. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720127.
195. Todd J, Heathcote A, Mullens D, Whitson LR, Provost A, Winkler I. What controls gain in gain control? Mismatch negativity (MMN), priors and system biases. Brain Topogr (in press).
196. Hall J, Romaniuk L, Mcintosh AM, Steele JD, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Associative learning and the genetics of schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci (2009) 32:359-65. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.01.011.