Rigidity as a predictor of older persons' aging stereotypes and aging self-perceptions

Social Behavior and Personality

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 559-570

  Levy, Becca R ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Personality; Rigidity; Self perceptions; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 50049133246     PISSN: 03012212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.4.559     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.
2. Allport, G. W. (1958). The nature of prejudice. Garden City, NY: Harper & Row.
3. Altemeyer, R. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
4. Atchley, R. C., & Stanley, D. (1997). User's guide to the Ohio longitudinal study of aging and retirement. Oxford, OH: Miami University.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1996). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Butler, R. N. (2005). Ageism in America. New York: International Longevity Center.
7. Clark, K. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power. New York: Harper & Row.
8. Cunningham, W. A., Nezlek, J. B., & Banaji, M. R. (2004). Implicit and explicit ethnocentrism: Revisiting the ideologies of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1332-1346.
9. Dijksterhuis, A., van Knippenberg, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Schaper, C. (1996). Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 254-270.
10. Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1949). Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional and perceptual personality variable. Journal of Personality, 18, 108-143.
11. Gough, H. G. (1969). Manual for the California Psychological Inventory (Rev. ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
12. Hess, T. M. (2001). Aging-related influences on personal need for structure. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 482-490.
13. Hess, T. M., Hinson, J. T., & Statham, J. A. (2004). Explicit and implicit stereotype activation effects on memory: Do age and awareness moderate the impact of priming? Psychology and Aging, 19, 495-505.
14. Hollingshead, A. B. (1965). Two factor index of social position. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.
15. Hooker, K., & McAdams, D. P. (2003). Personality reconsidered: A new agenda for aging research. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58, 296-304.
16. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
17. Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A revision. Journals of Gerontology, 30, 85-89.
18. Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age by implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107.
19. Levy, B. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58, 203-211.
20. Levy, B. R., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). Implicit ageism. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotypes and prejudice against older persons (pp. 49-75). Cambridge, MA: MTT Press.
21. Levy, B. R., Hausdorff, J., Hencke, R., & Wei, J. Y. (2000). Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive self-stereotypes of aging. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 55, 205-213.
22. Levy, B., Slade, M., & Kasl, S. (2002). Longitudinal benefit of positive self-perceptions of aging on functioning health. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 57, 409-417.
23. Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Increased longevity by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261-270.
24. Liang, J., & Bollen, K. A. (1983). The structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A reinterpretation. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 181-189.
25. Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., Wolfinger, R. D., & Schabenberger, O. (2006). SAS for Mixed Models, Second Edition (pp. 199-202, 647-650). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
26. Luchins, A. S., & Luchins, E. H. (1994). The water jar experiments and Einstellung Effects. Part I: Early history and surveys of textbook citations. Gestalt Theory, 16, 101-121.
27. Malyon, A. K. (1982). Psychotherapeutic implications of internalized homophobia in gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 7, 59-69.
28. Mancini, J. A., Shade, D. D., & Quinn, W. H. (1995). Measuring morale: Note on use of factor scores. Psychological Reports, 56, 139-144.
29. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1992). Personality in adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.
30. McCulloch, J. B. (1991). A longitudinal investigation of the factor structure of subjective wellbeing: The case of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 46, 251-258.
31. Moor, C., Zimprich, D., Schmitt, M., & Kliegel, M. (2006). Personality, aging self-perceptions, and subjective health: A mediation model. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63, 241-257.
32. Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113-131.
33. Neugarten, D. A. (1996). The meaning of age. Selected papers of Bernice Neugarten. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. O'Brien, L. T., & Hummert, M. L. (2006). Memory performance of late middle-aged adults: Contrasting self-stereotyping and stereotype threat accounts of assimilation to age stereotypes. Social Cognition, 24, 338-358.
35. Palmore, E. B. (1998). The Facts on Aging Quiz. New York: Springer.
36. Palmore, E. B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and positive. New York: Springer.
37. Quinn, D. M., & Crocker, J. (1998). Vulnerability to the affective consequences of the stigma of overweight. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
38. Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.
39. Rothermund, K., & Brandtstadter, J. (2003). Age stereotypes and self-views in later life: Evaluating rival assumptions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 549-554.
40. Rosow, I., & Breslau, N. (1966). A Guttman health scale for the aged. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 556-559.
41. Schaller, M., Boyd, C., Yohannes, J., & O'Brien, M. (1995). The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal needs for structure and formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 544-555.
42. Schultz, P. W., & Searleman, A. (2002). Rigidity of thought and behavior: 100 years of research. Psychology Monographs, 128, 165-207.
43. Shih, M., Ambady, N., Richeson, J. A., Fujita, K., & Gray, H. (2002). Stereotype performance boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 638-647.
44. Srivastava, S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Porter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1041-1053.
45. Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 67, 1049-1062.