Meal Nutrition and Utilization

Canola: Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 281-312

  Arntfield, Susan ^a   Hickling, Dave ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b Canola Council of Canada   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DERIVATIVES; EMULSIFICATION; OILSEEDS; POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; PROTEINS;

ANTI-NUTRITIONAL; FOAMING PROPERTIES; FOOD APPLICATIONS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; NUTRITIONAL INGREDIENTS; PROTEIN CONTENTS; PROTEIN SOURCES; TOXIC COMPOUNDS;

NUTRITION;

EID: 84890790125     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-9818936-5-5.50014-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (126)

1. Abdul-Aziz G.M., El-Nady M.A., Shalaby A.S., Mahmoud S.H. Partial substitution of soybean meal protein by different plant protein sources in diets for Nile tilapia fingerlings. Bull. Fac. Ag. U. Cairo 1999, 50:189-202.
2. Badshah A., Aurang Z., Nizakat B., Sajjad A., Chaudry M.A., Sattar A. Utilization of rapeseed meal/cake in poultry feed. Part II. Effect of incorporating higher levels of rapeseed cake in poultry diet on laying performance of brown-egg layer. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2001, 44:171-174.
3. Bell J.M. Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1993, 73:679-697.
4. Belzile R.J., Poliquin L.S., Jones J.D. Nutritive value of rapeseed flour for mink: Effects on live performance, nutrient utilization, thyroid function and pelt quality. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1974, 54:639-644.
5. Boila R.J., Ingalls J.R. In situ rumen digestion and escape of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids in canola meal. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 72:891-901.
6. Brand T.S., De Brabander L., Van Schalkwyk S.J., Pfister B., Hays J.P. The true metabolisable energy content of canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches (Struthio camelus). Brit. Poult. Sci. 2000, 41:201-203.
7. Brand T.S., Brandt D.A., Cruywagen C.W. Utilisation of growing-finishing pig diets containing high levels of solvent or expeller oil extracted canola meal. New Zeal. J. Ag. Res. 2001, 44:31-35.
8. Brito A.F., Broderick G.A. Effects of different protein supplements on milk production and nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:1816-1827.
9. Brito A.F., Broderick G.A., Reynal S.M. Effects of different protein supplements on omasal nutrient flow and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90:1828-1841.
10. Butler E.J., Pearson A.W., Fenwick G.R. Problems which limit the use of rapeseed meal as a protein source in poultry diets. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1982, 33:866-875.
11. Campbell, L.D.; B.A. Slominski. Feeding Quality of Very-Low Glucosinolate Canola. Presented at the Twelfth Western Nutrition Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 11-12, 1991; pp 245-252.
12. Campbell L.D., Slominski B.A. Low-Glucosinolate Canola in Laying Hen Diets 1999, Prepared for the Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
13. Chabanon G., Alves da Costa L., Farges B., Harscoat C., Chenu S., Goergen J.-L., Marc A., Marc I., Chevalot I. Influence of the rapeseed hydrolysis process on CHO cell growth. Biores. Tech. 2008, 99:7143-7151.
14. Chabanon G., Chevalot I., Framboisier X., Chenu S., Marc I. Hydrolysis of rapeseed protein isolates: Kinetics, characterization and functional properties of hydrolysates. Process Biochem. 2007, 42:1419-1428.
15. Claypool D.W., Hoffman C.H., Oldfield J.E., Adams H.P. Canola meal, cottonseed and soybean meals as protein supplements for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1985, 68:67-70.
16. Cumby N., Zhong Y., Haczk M., Shahidi R. Antioxidant activity and water-holding capacity of canola protein hydrolysates. Food Chem. 2008, 109:144-148.
17. Cymbaluk N.F. Using canola meal in growing draft horse diets. Equine Practice 1990, 12:13-19.
18. DePeters E.J., Bath D.L. Canola meal versus cottonseed meal as a protein supplement in dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69:148-154.
19. Dewhurst R.J., Aston K., Fisher W.J., Evans R.T., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A.B. Comparison of energy and protein sources offered at low levels in grass-silage-based diets for dairy cows. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. 1999, 68:789-799.
20. Fisher L.J., Walsh D.S. Substitution of rapeseed meal for soybean meal as a source of protein for lactating cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1976, 56:233-242.
21. Glencross B. Pilot Assessment of the Potential for Canola Meal and Oil Use in Aquaculture Feeds; Final report for the Grains Research and Development Corporation; Fisheries Research Contract report No. 5 2003, Department of Fisheries, Western Australia, North Beach: Western Australia.
22. Gruener L., Ismond M.A.H. Effects of acetylation and succinylation on the functional properties of the canola 12S globulin. Food Chem. 1997, 60:513-520.
23. Gueguen J., Bollecker S., Schwenke K.D., Raab B. Effect of succinylation on some physicochemical and functional properties of the 12S storage protein from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38:61-69.
24. Guo X., Tian S., Small D.M. Generation of meat-like flavourings from enzymatic hydrolysates of proteins from Brassica sp. Food Chem. 2010, 119:167-172.
25. Higgs, D.A.; B.S. Dosanjh; M. Little; R.J.J. Roy; J.R. McBride. Potential for Including Canola Products (Meal and Oil) in Diets for Oreochromis mossambicus x O. aureus Hybrids. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, Toba, Japan, August 28 to September 1, 1989; pp 301-314.
26. Hill R. Rapeseed meal in the diets of ruminants. Nutr. Abs. Rev. B 1991, 61(3):139-155.
27. Hill R., Vincent I.C., Thompson J. The effects on food intake in weaned calves of low glucosinolate rapeseed meal as the sole protein supplement. Anim. Prod. 1990, 50:586-587.
28. Honkatukia M., Reese K., Preisinger R., Tuiskula-Haavisto M., Weigend S., Roito J., Mäki-Tanila A., Vilkki J. Fishy taint in chicken eggs is associated with a substitution within a conserved motif of the FMO3 gene. Genomics. 2005, 86:225-232.
29. Huhtanen P., Vanhatalo A., Varvikko T. Effects of abomasal infusions of histidine, glucose and leucine on milk production and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed grass silage diets. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85:204-216.
30. Ingalls J.R., Sharma H.R. Feeding of Bronowski, Span and commercial rapeseed meals with or without addition of molasses or flavor in rations of lactating cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1975, 55:721-729.
31. Ismond M.A.H., Welsh W.D. Application of new methodology to canola protein isolation. Food Chem. 1992, 45:125-127.
32. Kendall E.M., Ingalls J.R., Boila R.J. Variability in the rumen degradability and post ruminal digestion of the dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of canola meal. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71:739-754.
33. Khattab R.Y., Arntfield S.D. Functional properties of raw and processed canola meal. LWT Food Sci. Tech. 2009, 42:1119-1124.
34. Klockeman D.M., Toledo R., Sims K.A. Isolation and characterization of defatted canola meal protein. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45:3867-3870.
35. Kocher A., Choct M., Porter M.D., Broz J. The effects of enzyme addition to broiler diets containing high concentrations of canola or sunflower meal. Poult. Sci. 2000, 79:1767-1774.
36. Koenig K.M., Beauchemin K.A. Barley versus protein-supplemented corn-based diets for feedlot cattle evaluated using the NRC and CNCPS beef models. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 85:377-388.
37. Konishi C., Matsui T., Park W., Yano H., Yano F. Heat treatment of soybean meal and rapeseed meal suppresses rumen degradation of phytate phosphorus in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1999, 80:115-122.
38. Kracht W., Dänicke S., Lluge H., Keller K., Matzki W., Hennig U., Schumann W. Effect of dehulling of rapeseed on feed value and nutrient digestibility of rape products in pigs. Adv. Anim. Nutr. 2004, 58:389-404.
39. Krause J.-P., Schwenke K.D. Behaviour of a protein isolate from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and its main protein components-Globulin and albumin at air/solution and solid interfaces and in emulsions. Coll. Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2001, 21:29-36.
40. Laarveld B., Christensen D.A. Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1976, 59:1929-1935.
41. Laarveld B., Brockman R.P., Christensen D.A. The effects of tower and midas rapeseed meals on milk production and concentrations of goitrogens and iodide in milk. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1981, 61:131-139.
42. Lapierre H., Raggio G., Ouellet D.R., Berthiaume R., Doepel L., Pacheco D. Balancing Dairy Rations for Amino Acids: Why and How?. Proceedings of the 43rd Eastern Nutrition Conference 2007, 165-179. Animal Nutrition Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
43. Lebas F., Colin M. Utilization of rapeseed oil meal in growing rabbit feeding. Effect of dehulling. Ann. Zootech. 1977, 26:93-97.
44. Léger L.W., Arntfield S.D. Thermal gelation of the 12S canola globulin. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1993, 70:853-861.
45. Lim C., Beames R.M., Eales J.G., Prendergast A.F., McLeese J.M., Shearer K.D., Higgs D.A. Nutritive values of low and high fibre canola meals for shrimp. Aquacult. Nutr. 1997, 3:269-279.
46. Lim C., Klesius P.H., Higgs D.A. Substitution of canola meal for soybean meal in diets for channel catfish. Ictalurus punctatus; J. World Aquacult. Soc. 1998, 29:161-168.
47. Linnemann A.R., Dijkstra D.S. Toward sustainable production of protein-rich foods: Appraisal of eight crops for Western Europe. Part 1. Analysis of the primary links of the production chain. Food Sci. Nutr. 2002, 42:377-401.
48. Liu R.F.K., Thompson L.U., Jones J.D. Yield and nutritive value of rapeseed protein concentrate. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47:977-981.
49. Maesoomi S.M., Ghorbani G.R., Alikhani M., Nikkhah A. Canola meal as a substitute for cottonseed meal in diet of midlactation Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89:1673-1677.
50. Malabat C., Sanchez-Vioque R.I., Rabiller C., Gueguen J. Emulsifying and foaming properties of native and chemically modified peptides for the 2S and 12S proteins of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2001, 78:235-242.
51. Mandal A.B., Elangovan A.V., Tyagi P.K., Johri A.K., Kaur S. Effect of enzyme supplementation on the metabolisable energy content of solvent-extracted rapeseed and sunflower seed meals for chicken, guinea fowl and quail. Br. Poult. Sci. 2005, 46:75-79.
52. Mandiki, S.N.M.; J.L. Bister; G. Derycke; J.P. Wathelet; N. Mabon; N. Marlier; R. Paquay. Optimal Level of Rapeseed Meal in Diets of Lambs. In Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress, Canberra, Australia, 1999.
53. Marcu N., Banto E., Sut-Gherman M., Dinea M., Ludu O., Ceghezi J. The effect of soybean meal substitution with rape meal in laying hens nutrition. Bull. Univ. Stiinte. Agri. Med. Vet. Cluj-Napoca Seria Zooteh. Biotehnol. 2004, 60:138-142.
54. Marczak E.D., Usui H., Fujita H., Yang Y., Yokoo M., Lipkowski A.W., Yoshikawa M. New antihypertensive peptides isolated from rapeseed. Peptides 2003, 24:791-798.
55. McLean C., Laarveld B. Effect of somatotropin and protein supplement on thyroid function of dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71:1053-1061.
56. Megías C., Pedroche J., Yust M.d.M., Alaiz M., Girón-Calle J., Millán F., Vioque J. Affinity purification of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides using immobilized ACE. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54:7120-7124.
57. Meng X., Slominski B.A., Campbell L.D., Guenter W., Jones O. The use of enzyme technology for improved energy utilization from full-fat oilseeds. Part 1: Canola seed. Poult. Sci. 2006, 85:1025-1030.
58. Meng X., Slominski B.A., Nyachoti C.M., Campbell L.D., Guenter W. Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by combinations of carbohydrase enzymes and their effect on nutrient utilization and broiler chicken performance. Poult. Sci. 2005, 84:37-47.
59. Meng X., Slominski B.A Nutritive values for corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. Poult. Sci. 2005, 84:1242-1251.
60. Mulrooney, C.N.; D.J. Schingoethe; K.F. Kalscheur; A.R. Hippen. Canola Meal Replacing Dried Distillers Grains with Soluble in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets. In Proceedings of American Association of Animal Sciences, Midwest Section Annual Meeting, Des Moines, IA, 2008; Abstract 110.
61. Mwachireya S.A., Beames R.M., Higgs D.A., Dosanjh B.S. Digestibility of canola protein products derived from the physical, enzymatic and chemical processing of commercial canola meal in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) held in fresh water. Aquacult. Nut. 1999, 5:73-82.
62. Naczk M., Amarowicz R., Sullivan A., Shahidi F. Current research developments on polyphenolics of rapeseed/canola: A review. Food Chem. 1998, 62:489-502.
63. Newkirk R.W., Classen H.L. The effects of toasting canola meal on body weight, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 2002, 81:815-825.
64. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 2001, National Academies Press, Washington, DC. 7th Rev. Ed.
65. Papas A., Ingalls J.R., Cansfield P. Effects of Tower and 1821 rapeseed meals and Tower gums on milk yield, milk composition and blood parameters of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1978, 58:671-679.
66. Papas A., Ingalls J.R., Campbell L.D. Studies on the effects of rapeseed meal on thyroid status of cattle, glucosinolate and iodine content of milk and other parameters. J. Nutr. 1979, 109:1129-1139.
67. Perez-Maldonado, R.A.; Barram, K.M. Evaluation of Australian Canola Meal for Production and Egg Quality in Two Layer Strains. In Proceedings of the16th Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, February 9-11, 2004: pp 171-174.
68. Petit H.V., Veira D.M. Effect of post-weaning protein supplementation of beef steers fed grass silage on performance during the finishing phase, and carcass quality. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1994, 74:699-701.
69. Pinterits A., Arntfield S.D. The effect of limited proteolysis on canola protein gelation. Food Chem. 2007, 102:1337-1343.
70. Pinterits A., Arntfield S.D. Improvement of canola protein gelation properties through enzymatic modification with transglutaminase. LWT Food Sci. Tech. 2008, 41:128-138.
71. Raab B., Schwenke K.D. Simplified isolation procedure for the 12S globulin and the albumin fraction from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Nahrung. 1984, 28:863-868.
72. Ramachandran S., Singh S.K., Larroch C., Soccol C.R., Pandey A. Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications-a review. Biores. Tech. 2007, 98:2000-2009.
73. Ramesh K.R., Devegowda G., Khosravinia H. Effects of enzyme addition to broiler diets containing varying levels of double zero rapeseed meal. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 19:1354-1360.
74. Ravindran V., Cabahug S., Ravindran G., Bryden W.L. Influence of microbial phytase on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feedstuffs for broilers. Poult. Sci. 1999, 78:699-706.
75. Robinson P.H., Kennelly J.J. Influence of intake of rumen undegradable protein on milk production of late lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1988, 71:2135-2142.
76. Rozan P., Villaume C., Bau H.M., Schwertz A., Nicolas J.P., Méjean L. Detoxication of rapeseed meal by Rhizopus oligosporus sp-T3: A first step toward rapeseed protein concentrate. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 1996, 31:85-90.
77. Rubino M.I., Arntfield S.D., Nadon C., Bernatsky A. Phenolic protein interactions in relation to the gelation properties of canola protein. Food Res. Int. 1996, 29:653-659.
78. Rutkowski A., Kozlowska H. Chemical constituents and protein food processing of rapeseed. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1979, 56:475-477.
79. Salleh M.R.B.M., Maruyama N., Adachi A., Hontani N., Saka S., Kato N., Ohkawa Y., Utsumi S. Comparison of protein chemical and physicochemical properties of rapeseed cruciferin with those of soybean glycinin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:7380-7385.
80. Salminen H., Estévez M., Kivkari R., Heinonen M. Inhibition of protein and lipid oxidation by rapeseed, camelina and soy meal in cooked pork meat patties. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 2006, 223:461-468.
81. Schingoethe D.J. Protein quality, amino acid supplementation in dairy cattle explored. Feedstuffs March 18, 1991, 11.
82. Schone F., Groppel B., Hennig A., Jahreis G., Lange R. Rapeseed meal, methimazole, thiocyanate and iodine affect growth and thyroid. Investigations into glucosinolate tolerance in the pig. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1997, 74:69-80.
83. Schone F., Rudolph B., Kirchheim U., Knapp G. Counteracting the negative effects of rapeseed and rapeseed press cake in pig diets. Brit. J. Nutr. 1997, 78:947-962.
84. Schwenke K.D. Rapeseed Protein. New and Developing Sources of Food Proteins 1994, 281-306. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom. J.F. Hudson (Ed.).
85. Schwenke K.D., Dahme A., Wolter T. Heat-induced gelation of rapeseed proteins: Effect of protein interaction and acetylation. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1998, 75:83-87.
86. Schwenke K.D., Mothes R., Dudek S., Görnitz E. Phosphorylation of the 12S globulin from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by phosphorous oxychloride: Chemical and conformational aspects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48:708-715.
87. Ser W.Y., Arntfield S.D., Hydamaka A.W., Slominski B.A. Use of diabetic test kits to assess the recovery of glucosinolates during isolation of canola protein. LWT Food Sci. Tech. 2008, 42:934-941.
88. Sharma H.R., Ingalls J.R., McKirdy J.A. Effects of feeding a high level of Tower rapeseed meal in dairy rations on feed intake and milk production. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1977, 57:653-662.
89. Simbaya J., Slominski B.A., Guenter W., Morgan A., Campbell L. The effects of protease and carbohydrase supplementation on the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry-In vitro and in vivo studies. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1996, 61:219-234.
90. Slominski B.A, Campbell L.D. Non-starch polysaccharides of canola meal: Quantification, digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1990, 53:175-184.
91. Summers J.D., Bedford M. Canola meal and diet acid-base balance for broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1994, 74:335-339.
92. Summers J.D., Leeson S., Spratt D. Canola meal and egg size. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1988, 68:907-913.
93. Summers J.D., Spratt D., Bedford M. Factors influencing the response to calcium supplementation of canola meal. Poult. Sci. 1990, 69:615-622.
94. Summers J.D., Spratt D., Bedford M. Sulfur and calcium supplementation of soybean and canola meal diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 72:127-133.
95. Summers J.D., Spratt D., Leeson S. Utilization of calcium in canola meal supplemented laying diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1988, 68:1315-1317.
96. Sutton E.I. Canola Meal for Other Species. Horses. Feed Intake and Performance. Canola Nutritionist Manual 1988, Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
97. Tandang M.R.G., Atsuta N., Maruyama N., Adachi M., Utsumi S. Evaluation of the solubility and emulsifying property of soybean proglycinin and rapeseed procruciferin in relation to structure modified by protein engineering. J. Agric Food Chem. 2005, 53:6736-6744.
98. Thiessen D.L., Campbell G.L., Adelizi P.D. Digestibility and growth performance of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) fed with pea and canola products. Aquacult. Nutr. 2003, 9:67-75.
99. Thompson L.U., Liu R.F.K., Jones J.D. Functional properties and food applications of rapeseed protein concentrate. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47:1175-1180.
100. Throckmorton J.C., Cheeke P.R., Patton N.M. Tower rapeseed meal as a protein source for weanling rabbits. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1980, 60:1027-1028.
101. Tolstoguzov V.B. Functional Properties of Protein-Polysaccharide Mixtures. Functional Properties of Food Macromolecules 1998, 642-667. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD. 2nd ed. S.E. Hill, J.R. Mitchell, D.A. Ledward (Eds.).
102. Tranchino L., Costaintino R., Sodini G. Food grade oilseed protein processing-Sunflower and rapeseed. Plant Food Human Nutr. 1982, 32:305-334.
103. Tzeng Y.-M., Diosady L.L., Rubin L.J. Production of canola protein materials by alkaline extraction, precipitation and membrane processing. J. Food Sci. 1990, 55:1147-1156.
104. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Rheological characteristics of commercial canola protein isolate- κ carrageenan systems. Food Hydrocolloids 2004, 18:419-427.
105. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. The physicochemical properties of commercial canola protein-Guar gum gels. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2005, 40:643-653.
106. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Emulsifying characteristics of commercial canola protein-Hydrocolloid systems. Food Res. Int. 2005, 38:659-672.
107. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Structural thermostability of commercial canola protein-hydrocolloid systems. LWT Food Sci. Tech. 2006, 39:124-134.
108. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Surface hydrophobicity of commercial canola protein mixed with kappa-carrageenan or guar gum. Food Chem. 2006, 95:255-263.
109. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Network formation of canola protein-kappa-carrageenan mixtures as affected by salts, urea and dithiothreitol. LWT Food Sci. Tech. 2006, 39:939-946.
110. Uruakpa F.O., Arntfield S.D. Impact of urea on the microstructure of commercial canola protein-carrageenan network: A research note. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2006, 38:115-119.
111. Vanhatalo A., Huhtanen P., Toivonen V., Varvikko T. Response of dairy cows fed grass silage diets to abomasal infusion of histidine alone or in combinations with methionine and lysine. J. Dairy Sci. 1999, 82:2674-2685.
112. Vincent I.C., Thompson J., Hill R. The voluntary feed intake and weight gain of lambs given concentrate feeds containing rapeseed meal with a range of glucosinolate contents. Anim. Prod. 1990, 50:587.
113. Vincent I.C., Williams H.L., Hill R. Feeding British rapeseed meals to pregnant and lactating ewes. Anim. Prod. 1988, 47:283-289.
114. Vioque J., Sanchez-Vioque R., Clements A., Pedroche J., Millan F. Partially hydrolyzed rapeseed protein isolates with improved functional properties. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 2000, 77:447-450.
115. Vuorela S., Salminen H., Makelä M., Kivkari R., Karonen M., Heinonen M. Effect of plant phenolics on protein and lipid oxidation in cooked pork meat patties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53:8492-8497.
116. Wales W.J., Dellow D.W., Doyle P.T. Protein supplementation of cows grazing limited amounts of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Pouir.)-dominant irrigated pasture in mid lactation. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2000, 40:923-929.
117. Wang R., Bai L., Hickling D. Effects of Replacement of Soybean Meal in Dairy Cow TMR Concentrate with Canola Meal of Low KOH Solubility on Milk Production and Milk Composition in Early Lactation 2006, Prepared for the Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
118. White C.L., Staines M.v-H., Phillips N., Young P., Coupar F., Ashes J.R., Gulati S.K. Protected canola meal increases milk protein concentrate in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2004, 44:827-832.
119. Wu J., Aluko R.E., Muir A.D. Production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from defatted canola meal. Biores. Tech. 2009, 100:5283-5287.
120. Wu J., Muir A.D. Comparative structural, emulsifying and biological properties of 2 major canola proteins, cruciferin and napin. Food Chem. 2008, 73:C210-C216.
121. Xu L., Diosady L.L. The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates by membrane processing. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71:935-939.
122. Xu L., Diosady L.L. Functional properties of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates. J. Food Sci. 1994, 59:1127-1130.
123. Xu L., Diosady L.L. Removal of phenolic compounds in the production of high-quality canola protein isolates. Food Res. Int. 2002, 35:23-30.
124. Xue Z., Yu W., Liu Z., Wu M., Kou X., Wang J. Preparation and antioxidative properties of a rapeseed (Brassica napus) protein hydrolysate and three peptide fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57:5287-5293.
125. Yoshie-Stark Y., Wada Y., Wäsche A. Chemical composition, functional properties and bioactivities of rapeseed protein isolates. Food Chem. 2008, 107:32-39.
126. Yust M.d.M., Pedroche J., Megías C., Girón-Calle J., Alaiz M., Millán F., Vioque J. Rapeseed protein hydrolysates: A source of HIV protease peptide inhibitors. Food Chem. 2004, 87:387-392.