Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian maximal oxygen consumption during exercise

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 216, Issue 24, 2013, Pages 4712-4721

  Dlugosz, Elizabeth M ^a,g   Chappell, Mark A ^a   Meek, Thomas H ^a,h   Szafrańska, Paulina A ^b   Zub, Karol ^b   Konarzewski, Marek ^b,c   Jones, James H ^d   Bicudo, J Eduardo P W ^e   Nespolo, Roberto F ^f   Careau, Vincent ^a,i   Garland, Theodore ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MAMMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Poland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIALYSTOK   (Poland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^f UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE   (Chile)

^g BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^h UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

ⁱ DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Allometry; Comparative method; Exercise; Locomotion; Mammals; Maximum oxygen consumption; Phylogeny,VO2max

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BODY SIZE; COMPARATIVE METHOD; DIET; EXERCISE; GENETICS; LOCOMOTION; MAMMAL; MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; VO2MAX;

ALLOMETRY; COMPARATIVE METHOD; EXERCISE; LOCOMOTION; MAMMALS; MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYLOGENY; VO2MAX;

ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; DIET; MAMMALS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, STATISTICAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84890701066     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.088914     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Agutter, P. S. and Wheatley, D. N. (2004). Metabolic scaling: consensus or controversy?. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 1, 13.
2. Alexander, L. F. and Riddle, B. R. (2005). Phylogenetics of the new world rodent family Heteromyidae. J. Mammal. 86, 366-379.
3. Anderson, D. R. (2008). Model Based Inference in the Life Sciences: A Primer on Evidence. New York, NY: Springer.
4. Banbury, J. L. and Spicer, G. S. (2007). Molecular systematics of chipmunks (Neotamias) inferred by mitochondrial control region sequences. J. Mamm. Evol. 14, 149-162.
5. Bardeleben, C., Moore, R. L. and Wayne, R. K. (2005). A molecular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclear loci. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 37, 815-831.
6. Bartholomew, G. A., Vleck, D. and Vleck, C. M. (1981). Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in sphingid and saturnid moths. J. Exp. Biol. 90, 17-32.
7. Bicudo, J. E. P. W., Longworth, K. E., Jones, J. H., Taylor, C. R. and Hoppeler, H. (1996). Structural determinants of maximal O2 transport in muscles of exercising foxes. Respir. Physiol. 103, 243-251.
8. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K. E., MacPhee, R. D. E., Beck, R. M. D., Grenyer, R., Price, S. A., Vos, R. A., Gittleman, J. L. and Purvis, A. (2007). The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446, 507-512.
9. Blomberg, S. P., Garland, T., Jr and Ives, A. R. (2003). Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57, 717-745.
10. Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoritical Approach. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
11. Careau, V. and Garland, T., Jr (2012). Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 85, 543-571.
12. Chaline, J. and Graf, J. (1988). Phylogney of the Arvicolidae (Rodentia): biochemical and paleontological evidence. J. Mammal. 69, 22-33.
13. Chappell, M. A. and Bachman, G. C. (1995). Aerobic performance in Belding's ground squirrels, Spermopholis beldingi: variance, ontogeny, and the aerobic capacity model of endothermy. Physiol. Zool. 68, 421-442.
14. Chappell, M. A. and Dlugosz, E. M. (2009). Aerobic capacity and running performance across a 1.6 km altitude difference in two sciurid rodents. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 610-619.
15. Chappell, M. A. and Snyder, L. R. G. (1984). Biochemical and physiological correlates of deer mouse alpha-chain hemoglobin polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 5484-5488.
16. Chappell, M. A., Bachman, G. C. and Odell, J. P. (1995). Repeatability of maximal aerobic performance in Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. Funct. Ecol. 9, 498-504.
17. Chappell, M. A., Garland, T., Jr, Rezende, E. L. and Gomes, F. R. (2004). Voluntary running in deer mice: speed, distance, energy costs and temperature effects. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 3839-3854.
18. Chappell, M. A., Garland, T., Jr, Robertson, G. F. and Saltzman, W. (2007). Relationships among running performance, aerobic physiology and organ mass in male Mongolian gerbils. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 4179-4197.
19. Chown, S. L., Marais, E., Terblanche, J. S., Klok, C. J., Lighton, J. R. B. and Blackburn, T. M. (2007). Scaling of insect metabolic rate is inconsistent with the nutrient supply network model. Funct. Ecol. 21, 282-290.
20. Churakov, G., Sadasivuni, M. K., Rosenbloom, K. R., Huchon, D., Brosius, J. and Schmitz, J. (2010). Rodent evolution: back to the root. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27, 1315-1326.
21. Darveau, C.-A., Suarez, R. K., Andrews, R. D. and Hochachka, P. W. (2002). Allometric cascade as a unifying principle of body mass effects on metabolism. Nature 417, 166-170.
22. Dawson, T. J., Mifsud, B., Raad, M. C. and Webster, K. N. (2004). Aerobic characteristics of red kangaroo skeletal muscles: is a high aerobic capacity matched by muscle mitochondrial and capillary morphology as in placental mammals?. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 2811-2821.
23. Dlugosz, E. M., Chappell, M. A., McGillivray, D. G., Syme, D. A. and Garland, T., Jr (2009). Locomotor trade-offs in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 2612-2618.
24. Dlugosz, E. M., Harris, B. N., Saltzman, W. and Chappell, M. A. (2012). Glucocorticoids, aerobic physiology, and locomotor behavior in California mice. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 85, 671-683.
25. Dohm, M. R., Richardson, C. S. and Garland, T., Jr (1994). Exercise physiology of wild and random-bred laboratory house mice and their reciprocal hybrids. Am. J. Physiol. 267, R1098-R1108.
26. Elsner, R. and Ashwell-Erikson, S. (1982). Maximum oxygen consumption of exercising harbor seals. Physiologist 25, 279.
27. Fedak, M. A., Rome, L. and Seeherman, H. J. (1981). One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-circuit VO2 measuring systems. J. Appl. Physiol. 51, 772-776.
28. Garland, T., Jr and Adolph, S. C. (1994). Why not to do two-species comparative studies: limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiol. Zool. 67, 797-828.
29. Garland, T., Jr and Huey, R. B. (1987). Testing symmorphosis: does structure match functional requirements?. Evolution 41, 1404-1409.
30. Garland, T., Jr and Ives, A. R. (2000). Using the past to predict the present: confidence intervals for regression equations in phylogenetic comparative methods. Am. Nat. 155, 346-364.
31. Garland, T., Jr and Janis, C. M. (1993). Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?. J. Zool. (Lond.) 229, 133-151.
32. Garland, T., Jr, Dickerman, A. W., Janis, C. W. and Jones, J. A. (1993). Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Syst. Biol. 42, 265-292.
33. Garland, T., Jr, Bennett, A. F. and Rezende, E. L. (2005). Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 3015-3035.
34. Gartner, G. E. A., Hicks, J. W., Manzani, P. R., Andrade, D. V., Abe, A. S., Wang, T., Secor, S. M. and Garland, T., Jr (2010). Phylogeny, ecology, and heart position in snakes. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 83, 43-54.
35. Gaustad, S. E., Rolim, N. and Wisløff, U. (2010). A valid and reproducible protocol for testing maximal oxygen uptake in rabbits. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 17, 83-88.
36. Hafner, J. C., Light, J. E., Hafner, D. J., Hafner, M. S., Reddington, E., Roger, D. S. and Riddle, B. R. (2007). Basal clades and molecular systematics of heteromyid rodents. J. Mammal. 88, 1129-1145.
37. Harrison, R. G., Bogdanowicz, S. M., Hoffmann, R. S., Yensen, E. and Sherman, P. W. (2003). Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae). J. Mamm. Evol. 10, 249-276.
38. Helgen, K. M., Cole, F. R., Helgen, L. E. and Wilson, D. E. (2009). Generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. J. Mammal. 90, 270-305.
39. Heusner, A. A. (1985). Body size and energy metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 5, 267-293.
40. Hiernaux, J. and Ghesquiere, J. (1981). Statistical methods for studying the relationship between maximum aerobic power and body weight: comparison between Twa and Oto of the lake Tumba area (Zaire). J. Hum. Evol. 10, 627-631.
41. Hillman, S. S., Hancock, T. V. and Hedrick, M. S. (2013). A comparative metaanalysis of maximal aerobic metabolism of vertebrates: implications for respiratory and cardiovascular limits to gas exchange. J. Comp. Physiol. B 183, 167-179.
42. Hochachka, P. W., Darveau, C.-A., Andrews, R. D. and Suarez, R. K. (2003). Allometric cascade: A model for resolving body mass effects on metabolism. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 134A, 675-691.
43. Hoppeler, H., Lthi, P., Claassen, H., Weibel, E. R. and Howald, H. (1973). The ultrastructure of the normal human skeletal muscle. A morphometric analysis on untrained men, women and well-trained orienteers. Pflugers Arch. 344, 217-232.
44. Ives, A. R., Midford, P. E. and Garland, T., Jr (2007). Within-species variation and measurement error in phylogenetic comparative methods. Syst. Biol. 56, 252-270.
45. Jones, J. H. (1998). Optimization of the mammalian respiratory system: symmorphosis versus single species adaptation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120B, 125-138.
46. Jones, J. H. and Lindstedt, S. L. (1993). Limits to maximal performance. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55, 547-569.
47. Kayar, S. R., Hoppeler, H., Lindstedt, S. L., Claassen, H., Jones, J. H., Essen-Gustavsson, B. and Taylor, C. R. (1989). Total muscle mitochondrial volume in relation to aerobic capacity of horses and steers. Pflugers Arch. 413, 343-347.
48. Kemi, O. J., Loennechen, J. P., Wisløff, U. and Ellingsen, . (2002). Intensitycontrolled treadmill running in mice: cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1301-1309.
49. Kleiber, M. (1932). Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6, 315-353.
50. Konarzewski, M. and Ksiazek, A. (2013). Determinants of intra-specific variation in basal metabolic rate. J. Comp. Physiol. B 183, 27-41.
51. Lavin, S. R., Karasov, W. H., Ives, A. R., Middleton, K. M. and Garland, T., Jr (2008). Morphometrics of the avian small intestine compared with that of nonflying mammals: A phylogenetic approach. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81, 526-550.
52. Levine, B. D. (2008). VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J. Physiol. 586, 25-34.
53. Lindstedt, S. L., Hokanson, J. F., Wells, D. J., Swain, S. D., Hoppeler, H. and Navarro, V. (1991). Running energetics in the pronghorn antelope. Nature 353, 748-750.
54. Longworth, K. E., Jones, J. H., Bicudo, J. E. P. W., Taylor, C. R. and Weibel, E. R. (1989). High rate of O2 consumption in exercising foxes: large PO2 difference drives diffusion across the lung. Respir. Physiol. 77, 263-276.
55. Lovegrove, B. G. (2006). The power of fitness in mammals: perceptions from the African slipstream. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 79, 224-236.
56. Lutton, L. M. and Hudson, J. W. (1980). Running performance of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, the eastern chipmunk, and the albino Norway rat. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65A, 85-90.
57. MacMillen, R. E. and Hinds, D. S. (1992). Standard, cold induced and exerciseinduced metabolism of rodents. In Mammalian Energetics: Interdisciplinary Views of Metabolism and Reproduction (ed. T. E. Tomasi and T. H. Horton), pp. 16-33. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates.
58. Maddison, W. P. and Maddison, D. R. (2009). Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis. http://mesquiteproject.org.
59. Martin, Y., Gerlach, G., Schlötterer, C. and Meyer, A. (2000). Molecular phylogeny of European muroid rodents based on complete cytochrome b sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16, 37-47.
60. McKechnie, A. E. and Wolf, B. O. (2004). The allometry of avian basal metabolic rate: good predictions need good data. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 77, 502-521.
61. McMahon, T. (1973). Size and shape in biology. Science 179, 1201-1204.
62. McNab, B. K. (1988). Complications inherent in scaling the basal rate of metabolism in mammals. Q. Rev. Biol. 63, 25-54.
63. McNab, B. K. (1992). A statistical analysis of mammalian rates of metabolism. Funct. Ecol. 6, 672-679.
64. Meredith, R. W., Westerman, M. and Springer, M. S. (2008). A phylogeny and timescale for the living gneera of kangaroos and kin (Macropodiformes: Marsupialia) based on nuclear DNA sequences. Aust. J. Zool. 56, 395-410.
65. Meredith, R. W., Jane.ka, J. E., Gatesy, J., Ryder, O. A., Fisher, C. A., Teeling, E. C., Goodbla, A., Eizirik, E., Simao, T. L. L., Stadler, T. et al. (2011). Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334, 521-524.
66. Michaux, J. R., Chevret, P., Filippucci, M.-G. and Macholan, M. (2002). Phylogeny of the genus Apodemus with a special emphasis on the subgenus Sylvaemus using the nuclear IRBP gene and two mitochondrial markers: cytochrome b and 12S rRNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 23, 123-136.
67. Munoz-Garcia, A. and Williams, J. B. (2005). Basal metabolic rate in carnivores is associated with diet after controlling for phylogeny. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78, 1039-1056.
68. Nieto, J. E., Snyder, J. R., Vatistas, N. J. and Jones, J. H. (2009). Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 70, 787-795.
69. Noakes, T. D. (2011). Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: the evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36, 23-35.
70. Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walkerfs Mammals of the World, 6th edn. Johns Hopkins University, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
71. Nunn, C. L. (2011). The Comparative Approach in Evolutionary Anthropology and Biology. University of Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
72. Nyakatura, K. and Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012). Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): A new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biol. 10, 12.
73. Ohmura, H., Mukai, K., Takahashi, T., Matsui, A., Hiraga, A. and Jones, J. H. (2010). Comparison of net anaerobic energy utilisation estimated by plasma lactate accumulation rate and accumulated oxygen deficit in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 42, 62-69.
74. Ong, T. C. (1993). A comparative study of the aerobic fitness of 421 healthy adult males in Singapore. J. Sports Sci. 11, 71-76.
75. Pagel, M. D. (1992). A method for the analysis of comparative data. J. Theor. Biol. 156, 431-442.
76. Pasquis, P., Lacaisse, A. and Dejours, P. (1970). Maximal oxygen uptake in four species of small mammals. Respir. Physiol. 9, 298-309.
77. Prothero, D. R. and Foss, S. E. (2007). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. Johns Hopkins University, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
78. Revell, L. J., Harmon, L. J. and Collar, D. C. (2008). Phylogenetic signal, evolutionary process, and rate. Syst. Biol. 57, 591-601.
79. Rezende, E. L. and Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. (2012). Phylogenetic analyses: comparing species to infer adaptations and physiological mechanisms. Compr. Physiol. 2, 639-674.
80. Rezende, E. L., Bozinovic, F. and Garland, T., Jr (2004). Climatic adaptation and the evolution of basal and maximum rates of metabolism in rodents. Evolution 58, 1361-1374.
81. Rezende, E. L., Gomes, F. R., Malisch, J. L., Chappell, M. A. and Garland, T., Jr (2006). Maximal oxygen consumption in relation to subordinate traits in lines of house mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running. J. Appl. Physiol. 101, 477-485.
82. Robovsky, J., Ricankova, V. and Zrzavy, J. (2008). Phylogeny of Arvicolinae (Mammalia, Cricetidae): utility of morphological and molecular data sets in a recently radiating clade. Zool. Scr. 37, 571-590.
83. Rubner, M. (1883). Uber den einfluss der korpergrosse auf stoff-und kraftwechsel. Z. Biol. 19, 536-562.
84. Sadowska, E. (2009). Evolution of metabolic rate: heritability, genetic correlations and the effects of artificial selection in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). PhD thesis, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
85. Sadowska, E. T., Labocha, M. K., Baliga, K., Stanisz, A., Wroblewska, A. K., Jagusiak, W. and Koteja, P. (2005). Genetic correlations between basal and maximum metabolic rates in a wild rodent: consequences for evolution of endothermy. Evolution 59, 672-681.
86. Savage, V. M., Gillooly, J. F., Woodruff, W. H., West, G. B., Allen, A. P., Enquist, B. J. and Brown, J. H. (2004). The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology. Funct. Ecol. 18, 257-282.
87. Schaeffer, P. J., Hokanson, J. F., Wells, D. J. and Lindstedt, S. L. (2001). Cold exposure increases running VO2max and cost of transport in goats. Am. J. Physiol. 280, R42-R47.
88. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1975). Scaling in biology: the consequences of size. J. Exp. Zool. 194, 287-307.
89. Seeherman, H. J., Taylor, C. R., Maloiy, G. M. O. and Armstrong, R. B. (1981). Design of the mammalian respiratory system. II. Measuring maximum aerobic capacity. Respir. Physiol. 44, 11-23.
90. Segrem, N. P. and Hart, J. S. (1967). Oxygen supply and performance in Peromyscus: metabolic and circulatory responses to exercise. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 45, 531-541.
91. Sobrero, R., May-Collado, L. J., Agnarsson, I. and Hernandez, C. E. (2011). Expensive brains: ebrainyf rodents have higher metabolic rate. Front. Evol. Neurosci. 3, 2.
92. Spurway, N. C., Ekblom, B., Noakes, T. D. and Wagner, P. D. (2012). What limits [V(.)]O(2max)?. J. Sports Sci. 30, 517-531.
93. Steppan, S. J., Adkins, R. M., Spinks, P. Q. and Hale, C. (2005). Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 37, 370-388.
94. Taylor, C. R., Maloiy, G. M. O., Weibel, E. R., Langman, V. A., Kamau, J. M., Seeherman, H. J. and Heglund, N. C. (1981). Design of the mammalian respiratory system. III Scaling maximum aerobic capacity to body mass: wild and domestic mammals. Respir. Physiol. 44, 25-37.
95. Thomas, S. P. and Suthers, R. A. (1972). The physiology and energetics of bat flight. J. Exp. Biol. 57, 317-335.
96. Veniaminova, N. A., Vassetzky, N. S., Lavrenchenko, L. A., Popov, S. V. and Kramerov, D. A. (2007). Phylogeny of the Order Rodentia inferred from structural analysis of short retroposon B1. Russ. J. Genet. 43, 757-768.
97. Wagner, P. D. (2011). Modeling O2 transport as an integrated system limiting VO2MAX. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 101, 109-114.
98. Wagner, P. D. (2012). Muscle intracellular oxygenation during exercise: optimization for oxygen transport, metabolism, and adaptive change. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 1-8.
99. Weibel, E. R. (1973). Morphological basis of alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Physiol. Rev. 53, 419-495.
100. Weibel, E. R. and Hoppeler, H. (2005). Exercise-induced maximal metabolic rate scales with muscle aerobic capacity. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1635-1644.
101. Weibel, E. R., Taylor, C. R., OfNeil, J. J., Leith, D. E., Gehr, P., Hoppeler, H., Langman, V. and Baudinette, R. V. (1983). Maximal oxygen consumption and pulmonary diffusing capacity: A direct comparison of physiologic and morphometric measurements in canids. Respir. Physiol. 54, 173-188.
102. Weibel, E. R., Taylor, C. R. and Hoppeler, H. (1991). The concept of symmorphosis: A testable hypothesis of structure-function relationship. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10357-10361.
103. Weibel, E. R., Taylor, C. R. and Hoppeler, H. (1992). Variations in function and design: testing symmorphosis in the respiratory system. Respir. Physiol. 87, 325-348.
104. Weibel, E. R., Bacigalupe, L. D., Schmitt, B. and Hoppeler, H. (2004). Allometric scaling of maximal metabolic rate in mammals: muscle aerobic capacity as determinant factor. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 140, 115-132.
105. West, G. B., Brown, J. H. and Enquist, B. J. (1997). A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276, 122-126.
106. West, G. B., Woodruff, W. H. and Brown, J. H. (2002). Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 Suppl. 1, 2473-2478.
107. White, C. R. and Kearney, M. R. (2013). Determinants of inter-specific variation in basal metabolic rate. J. Comp. Physiol. B 183, 1-26.
108. White, C. R. and Kearney, M. R. (2014). Metabolic scaling in animals: methods, empirical results, and theoretical explanations. Comp. Physiol. (in press).
109. White, C. R. and Seymour, R. S. (2005). Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1611-1619.
110. White, C. R., Matthews, P. G. D. and Seymour, R. S. (2006). Balancing the competing requirements of saltatorial and fossorial specialisation: burrowing costs in the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2103-2113.
111. White, C. R., Blackburn, T. M., Martin, G. R. and Butler, P. J. (2007). Basal metabolic rate of birds is associated with habitat temperature and precipitation, not primary productivity. Proc. Biol. Sci. 274, 287-293.
112. White, C. R., Terblanche, J. S., Kabat, A. P., Blackburn, T. M., Chown, S. L. and Butler, P. J. (2008). Allometric scaling of maximum metabolic rate: the influence of temperature. Funct. Ecol. 22, 616-623.
113. White, C. R., Blackburn, T. M. and Seymour, R. S. (2009). Phylogenetically informed analysis of the allometry of mammalian basal metabolic rate supports neither geometric nor quarter-power scaling. Evolution 63, 2658-2667.
114. Williams, T. M. (1983). Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. II. The effect of an elongate body on running energetics and gait patterns. J. Exp. Biol. 105, 283-295.
115. Williams, T. M., Friedl, W. A. and Haun, J. E. (1993). The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise. J. Exp. Biol. 179, 31-46.
116. Wunder, B. A. (1970). Energetics of running activity in Merriamfs chipmunk, Eutamias merriami. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 33, 821-836.