Metabolic scaling: Consensus or controversy?

Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling

Volumn 1, Issue , 2004, Pages

  Agutter, Paul S ^a   Wheatley, Denys N ^a,b  

^a Theoretical and Cell Biology Consultancy   (United Kingdom)

^b BioMedES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; METABOLIC RATE; METABOLISM; MODEL; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMETRY; BODY WEIGHT; CONFLICT; CONSENSUS; HUMAN; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BIOMETRY; BODY WEIGHT; CONSENSUS; DISSENT AND DISPUTES; HUMANS; METABOLISM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 15444371681     PISSN: 17424682     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-1-13     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Kleiber M: Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 1932, 6:315-353.
2. Brody S, Procter RC, Ashworth US: Basal metabolism, endogenous nitrogen, creatinine and neutral sulfur excretion as functions of body weight. Univ Missouri Agric Exp Sta Res Bull 1934, 220:1-40.
3. Benedict FG: Vital Energetics: a Study in Comparative Basal Metabolism. Washington DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington; 1938.
4. Hemmingsen AM: The relationship of standard (basal) energy metabolism to total fresh weight of living organisms. Rep Steno Mom Hosp Copenhagen 1950, 4:1-58.
5. Hemmingsen AM: Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surfaces, and its evolution. Rep Steno Mom Hosp Copenhagen 1960, 9:1-110.
6. Zeuthen E: Oxygen uptake as related to body size in organisms. Quart Rev Biol 1953, 28:1-12.
7. Kleiber M: The Fire of Life. An Introduction to Animal Energetics. New York: Wiley; 1961.
8. Schmidt-Nielsen K: Scaling in biology: the consequences of size. J Exp Zool 1975, 194:287-308.
9. Schmidt-Nielsen K: Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984.
10. Peters RH: The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1983.
11. McMahon TA, Bonner JT: On Size and Life. New York: Scientific American Books; 1983.
12. Calder WA: Size, Function, and Life History. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press; 1984.
13. McNab BK: Complications inherent in scaling the basal rate of metabolism in mammals. Quart Rev Biol 1988, 63:25-54.
14. Niklas KJ: Plant Allometry: the Scaling of Form and Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1994.
15. Brown JH, West GB, eds: Scaling in Biology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000.
16. Dodds PS, Rothman DH, Weitz JS: Re-examination of the '3/4-law' of metabolism. J Theoret Biol 2001, 209:9-27.
17. Feldman HA: On the allometric mass exponent, when it exists. J Theoret Biol 1995, 172:187-197.
18. Atanasov AT, Dimitrov BD: Changes of the power coefficient in the 'metabolism-mass' relationship in the evolutionary process of animals. Biosystems 2002, 66:65-71.
19. Niklas KJ, Enquist BJ: Invariant scaling relationships for interspecific plant biomass production rates and body size. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:2922-2927.
20. Enquist BJ, Niklas KJ: Invariant scaling relationships across treedominated communities. Nature 2001, 410:655-660.
21. Bartels H: Metabolic rate in mammals equals the 0.75 power of their body weight. Exp Biol Med 1982, 7:1-11.
22. Andersen HT, ed: The Biology of Marine Mammals. New York: Academic Press; 1969.
23. Elgar MA, Harvey PH: Basal metabolic rates in mammals: allometry, phyogeny and ecology. Funct Ecol 1987, 1:25-36.
24. Economos AC: Elastic and/or geometric similarity in mammalian design? J Theoret Biol 1983, 103:167-172.
25. Secor SM, Diamond J: Determinants of the postfeeding metabolic response of Burmese pythons, Python molurus. Physiol Zool 1997, 70:202-212.
26. McKenzie D: New clues as to why size equals destiny. Science 1999, 284:1607-1609.
27. Dreyer O: Allometric scaling and central source systems. Phys Rev Lett 2001, 87(03810):1-3.
28. Prothero J: Scaling of energy metabolism in unicellular organisms: a re-analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1986, 83:243-248.
29. Smith RJ: Allometric scaling in comparative biology: problems of concept and method. Am J Physiol 1984, 246:R152-R160.
30. Kaitaniemi P: Testing the allometric scaling laws. J Theoret Biol 2004, 228:149-153.
31. Patterson MR: A mass transfer explanation of metabolic scaling relationships in some aquatic invertebrates and algae. Science 1992, 255:1421-1423.
32. Coulson RA: Metabolic rate and the flow theory: a study in chemical engineering. Comp Biochem Physiol 1986, 84:217-229.
33. Rubner M: Über die Einflus der Körpergrösse auf Stroff und Kraftwechsel. Z Biol 1883, 19:535-562.
34. Heusner AA: Energy metabolism and body size. I. Is the 0.75 mass exponent of Kleiber's equation a statistical artifact? Respir Physiol 1982, 48:1-12.
35. Feldman HA, McMahon TA: The 3/4 mass exponent for energy metabolism is not a statistical artifact:. Respir Physiol 1983, 52:149-163.
36. Heusner AA: Size and power in mammals. J Exp Biol 1991, 160:25-54.
37. Hayssen V, Lacy RC: Basal metabolic rates in mammals: taxonomic differences in the allometry of BMR and body mass. Comp Biochem Physiol 1985, 81A:741-754.
38. White CR, Seymour RS: Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:4046-4049.
39. Harvey PH, Bennett PM: Evolutionary biology. Brain size, energetics, ecology and life history patterns. Nature 1983, 306:314-315.
40. Wieser W: A distinction must be made between the ontogeny and the phylogeny of metabolism in order to understand the mass exponent of energy metabolism. Respir Physiol 1984, 55:1-9.
41. Butler JP, Feldman HA, Fredberg JJ: Dimensional analysis does not determine a mass exponent for metabolic scaling. Am J Physiol 1987, 253:R195-R199.
42. McMahon TA: Using body size to understand the structural design of animals: quadrupedal locomotion. J Appl Physiol 1975, 39:619-627.
43. Brody S: Bioenergetics and Growth, with Special Reference to the Efficiency Complex in Domestic Animals New York: Reinholt; 1945.
44. Nevill AM: The need to scale for differences in body size and mass: an explanation of Kleiber's 0.75 mass exponent. J Appl Physiol 1994, 77:2870-2873.
45. Taylor CR, Maloiy GMO, Weibel ER, Longman VA, Kamau JMZ, Seeherman HJ, Heglund NC: Design of the mammalian respiratory system. III Scaling maximum aerobic capacity to body mass: wild and domestic mammals. Respir Physiol 1981, 44:25-37.
46. Hinds DS, Baudinette RV, MacMillen R, Halpern EA: Maximum metabolism and the aerobic factorial scope of endotherms. J Exp Biol 1993, 182:41-56.
47. Bishop CM: The maximum oxygen consumption and aerobic scope of birds and mammals: getting to the heart of the matter. Proc Roy Soc London B 1999, 266:2275-2281.
48. Weibel ER, Bacigalupe LD, Schmitt B, Hoppeler H: Allometric scaling of maximal metabolic rate in mammals: muscle aerobic capacity as determinant factor. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004, 140:115-132.
49. Koteja P: On the relation between basal and maximum metabolic rate in mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol 1987, 87:205-208.
50. Weibel ER: Symmorphosis: on Form and Function in Shaping Life Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press; 2000.
51. Economos AC: Gravity, metabolic rate and body size of mammals. Physiologist 1979:S71.
52. Smith AH: Physiological changes associated with long-term increases in acceleration. COSPAR: Life Sci Space Res 1976, 14:91-100.
53. Smith AH: The roles of body mass and gravity in determining the energy requirements of homoiotherms. COSPAR: Life Sci Space Res 1978, 16:83-88.
54. Pace N, Rahlmann DF, Smith AH: Scaling of metabolic rate on body mass in small laboratory animals. Physiologist 1981:S115-S116.
55. Holmes E: The Metabolism of Living Tissues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1938.
56. Altman PL, Dittmer DS: Metabolism Bethesda, Maryland: Fed Am Soc Exp Biol Press; 1968.
57. Kozlowski J, Konarzewski M, Gawelczyk AT: Cell size as a link between noncoding DNA and metabolic rate scaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:14080-14085.
58. Lasiewski RC, Calder WA: A preliminary allometric analysis of respiratory variables in resting birds. Respir Physiol 1971, 11:152-166.
59. Tenney SM, Bartlett D: Comparative quantitative morphology of the mammalian lung: trachea. Respir Physiol 1967, 3:130-135.
60. Stahl WR: Scaling of respiratory variables in mammals. J Appl Physiol 1967, 22:453-460.
61. Gehr P, Mwangi DK, Ammann A, Maloiy GMO, Taylor CR, Weibel ER: Design of the mammalian respiratory system. V. Scaling morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity to body mass: wild and domestic mammals. Respir Physiol 1981, 44:61-86.
62. O'Neil JJ, Leith DE: Lung diffusing capacity scaled in mammals from 25 g to 500 kg. Fed Proc 1980, 39:972.
63. Weibel ER, Taylor CR, Gehr P, Hoppeler H, Mathieu O, Maloiy GMO: Design of the mammalian respiratory system. IX. Functional and structural limits for oxygen flow. Respir Physiol 1981, 44:151-164.
64. Taylor CR, Weibel ER: Design of the mammalian respiratory system. I. Problem and strategy. Respir Physiol 1981, 44:1-10.
65. Schmidt-Nielsen K, Pennycuik P: Capillary density in mammals in relation to body size and oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol 1961, 200:746-750.
66. Prothero J: Heart weight as a function of body weight in mammals. Growth 1980, 43:139-50.
67. Buttgereit F, Brand MD: A hierarchy of ATP-consuming processes in mammalian cells. Biochem J 1995, 312:163-167.
68. Krebs HA: (1950) Body size and tissue respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1950, 4:249-269.
69. Kleiber M: Body size and metabolism of liver slices in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961, 48:419-423.
70. Couture P, Hulbert JA: On the relationship between body mass, tissue metabolic rate and sodium pump activity in mammalian liver and kidney cortex. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:R641-R650.
71. Martin AW, Fuhrman FA: The relationship between summated tissue respiration and metabolic rate in the mouse and dog. Physiol Zool 1955, 28:18-34.
72. Spaargen DH: Metabolic rate and body size: a new view on the 'surface law' for basic metabolic rate. Acta Biotheor 1994, 42:263-269.
73. Wang Z, O'Connor T, Heshk S, Heymsfield SB: The reconstruction of Kleiber's law at the organ-tissue level. J Nutr 2001, 131:2967-2970.
74. Porter RK, Brand MD: Cellular oxygen consumption depends on body mass. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:R226-R228.
75. Smith RE: Quantitative relations between liver mitochondria metabolism and total weight in mammals. Ann New York Acad Sci 1956, 62:403-422.
76. Schwertzmann K, Hoppeler H, Kayar SP, Weibel EP: Oxidative capacity of muscle and mitochondria: correlation of physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:1583-1587.
77. Else PL, Hulbert AJ: Mammals: an allometric study of metabolism at tissue and mitochondrial level. Am J Physiol 1985, 248:R415-R421.
78. Porter RK, Hulbert AJ, Brand MD: Allometry of a mitochondrial proton leak: influence of surface area and fatty acid composition. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:R1550-R1560.
79. Brand MD, Chien L-F, Diolez P: Experimental discrimination between proton leak and redox slip during mitochondrial electron transport. Biochem J 1994, 310:477-481.
80. Stahl WR: Organ weights in primates and other mammals. Science 1965, 150:1039-1042.
81. Drabkin DL: The distribution of the chromoproteins, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c, in the tissues of different species, and the relationship of the content of each chromoprotein to body mass. J Biol Chem 1950, 182:317-333.
82. Kunkel HO, Spalding JF, Franciscis G, Futrell MF: Cytochrome oxidase activity and body weight in rats and in species of large animals. Am J Physiol 1956, 186:203-206.
83. Jansky L: Total cytochrome oxidase activity and its relation to basal and maximal metabolism. Nature 1961, 189:921-922.
84. Guan M-X, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Attardi G: Biochemical evidence for nuclear gene involvement in phenotype of non-syndromic deafness associated with mitochondrial 12S rRNA mutation. Hum Molec Genet 1996, 5:963-971.
85. Villani G, Attardi G: In vivo control of respiration by cytochrome c oxidase in wild-type and mitochondrial DNA mutation-carrying human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:1166-1171.
86. Terroine EF, Roche J: La respiration des tissus. I. Production calorique des homeotherms et intensité de la respiration in vitro des tissu homologues. Arch Intern Physiol 1925, 24:356-399.
87. Rumsey WL, Schloss C, Nuutinen EM, Robiolo M, Wilson DF: Cellular energetics and the oxygen dependence of respiration in cardiac myocytes isolated from adult rat. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:15392-15399.
88. West GB, Woodruff WH, Brown JH: Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:2473-2478.
89. Wheatley DN, Clegg JS: What determines the basal metabolic rate of vertebrate cells in vivo? BioSystems 1994, 32:83-92.
90. Wheatley DN: On the possible importance of an intracellular circulation. Life Sci 1985, 36:299-307.
91. Clegg JS, Wheatley DN: Intracellular organization: evolutionary origins and possible consequences to metabolic rate control in vertebrates. Am Zool 1991, 31:504-513.
92. Wheatley DN: On the vital role of fluid movement in organisms and cells: a brief historical account from Harvey to Coulson, extending the hypothesis of circulation. Medical Hypotheses 1999, 52:275-284.
93. Hochachka PW: The metabolic implications of intracellular circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:12233-12239.
94. Banavar JR, Naritan A, Rinaldo A: Size and form in efficient transportation networks. Nature 1999, 399:130-132.
95. Banavar JR, Dalmuth J, Maritan A, Rinaldo A: Supply-demand balance and metabolic scaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:10506-10509.
96. Dreyer O, Puzio R: Allometric scaling in animals and plants. J Math Biol 2001, 43:144-156.
97. Haff PK: Rivers, blood and transportation networks. Nature 2000, 408:159-160.
98. Rau AR: Biological scaling and physics. J Biosci 2002, 27:475-478.
99. Blum JJ: On the geometry of four-dimensions and the relationship between metabolism and body mass. J Theoret Biol 1977, 64:599-602.
100. Speakman JR: On Blum's four-dimensional geometric explanation for the 0.75 exponent in metabolic allometry. J Theoret Biol 1990, 144:139-141.
101. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ: A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 1997, 276:122-126.
102. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ: The fourth dimension of life: fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 1999, 284:1677-1679.
103. Agutter PS, Wheatley DN: Random walks and cell size. BioEssays 2001, 22:1018-1023.
104. Santillan M: Allometric scaling law in a simple oxygen exchanging network: possible implications on the biological allometric scaling laws. J Theor Biol 2003, 223:249-257.
105. Gillooly JF, Brown JH, West GB, Savage VM, Charnov EL: Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 2001, 293:2248-2251.
106. Hochachka PW, Somero GN: Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.
107. Carbone C, Gittleman JL: A common rule for the scaling of carnivore density. Science 2002, 295:2273-2276.
108. Enquist BJ: Universal scaling in tree and vascular plant allometry: towards a general quantitative theory linking plant form and function from cells to ecosystems. Tree Physiol 2002, 22:1045-1064.
109. Richie ME, Olff H: Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity. Nature 1999, 400:557-560.
110. Garlaschelli D, Caldarelli G, Pietronero L: Universal scaling relations in food webs. Nature 2003, 423:165-168.
111. Fell D: Understanding the Control of Metabolism London: Portland Press; 1999.
112. Darveau C-A, Suarez RK, Andrews RD, Hochachka PW: Allometric cascade as a unifying principle of body mass effects on metabolism. Nature 2002, 417:166-170.
113. Jones JH: Optimization of the mammalian respiratory system: symmorphosis versus single-species adaptation. Comp Biochem Physiol 1998, 120B:125-138.
114. Burness GP: Ecology. Elephants, mice, and red herrings. Science 2002, 296:1245-1247.
115. Hochachka PW, Darveau CA, Andrews RD, Suarez RK: Allometric cascade: a model for resolving body mass effects on metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol 2003, 134:675-691.
116. Batterham AM, Jackson AS: Validity of the allometric cascade model at submaximal and maximal metabolic rates in exercising men. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003, 135:103-106.
117. Heusner AA: Body size, energy metabolism, and the lungs. J Appl Physiol 1983, 5:867-873.
118. Lindstedt L, Schaeffer PJ: Use of allometry in predicting anatomical and physiological parameters of mammals. Lab Anim 2002, 36:1-19.
119. Bokma F: Evidence against universal metabolic allometry. Func Ecol 2004, 18:184-187.