What limits VO 2max?: A symposium held at the BASES Conference, 6 September 2010

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 517-531

  Spurway, N C ^a   Ekblom, B ^b,c   Noakes, T D ^d   Wagner, P D ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c SWEDISH SCHOOL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac output; gas exchange, pulmonary; oxygen uptake, maximum; oxygenation, cerebral; oxygenation, muscle; perfusion, muscle

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ALTITUDE; ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRAIN; BREATHING; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; HEART OUTPUT; HUMAN; METABOLISM; ORGANIZATION; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ALTITUDE; ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CARDIAC OUTPUT; CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; EXERCISE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OXYGEN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; RESPIRATION;

EID: 84857865111     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.642809     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Albertus, Y. 2008. Critical analysis of techniques for normalising electromyographic data: From laboratory to clinical research, PhD thesis, University of Cape Town.
2. Andersen, P. and Saltin, B. 1985. Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. Journal of Physiology, 366: 233-249.
3. Brink-Elfegoun, T., Holmberg, H.-C., Nordlund-Ekblom, M. and Ekblom, B. 2007a. Neuromuscular and circulatory adaptation during combined arm and leg exercise with different maximal work loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101: 603-611.
4. Brink-Elfegoun, T., Kaijser, L., Gustafsson, T. and Ekblom, B. 2007b. Maximal oxygen uptake is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102: 781-786.
5. 2 during cycle ergometry in sedentary subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30: 697-703.
6. Cerretelli, P. and Samaja, M. 2003. Acid-base balance at exercise in normoxia and chronic hypoxia: Revisiting the "lactate paradox". European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90: 431-448.
7. 2 in a working red muscle. in situ. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61: 402-408.
8. 2. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68: 833-842.
9. Dempsey, J. A. and Wagner, P. D. 1999. Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87: 1997-2006.
10. Dill, D. B. 1938. Life, heat and altitude, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. 2max at the whole animal level. Journal of Experimental Biology, 115: 319-331.
12. di Prampero, P. E. 2003. Factors limiting maximal performance in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90: 420-429.
13. di Prampero, P. E. and Ferretti, G. 1990. Factors limiting maximal oxygen consumption in humans. Respiration Physiology, 80: 113-128.
14. Edwards, R. H. T. 1983. "Biochemical bases for fatigue in exercise performance: Catastrophe theory in muscular fatigue". In Biochemistry of exercise, Edited by: Knuttgen, H. T., Vogel, J. A. and Poortmans, J. 1-28. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
15. Ekblom, B. and Berglund, B. 1991. Effect of erythropoietin administration on maximal aerobic power in man. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 1: 88-93.
16. Ekblom, B., Wilson, G. and Åstrand, P.-O. 1976. Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells. Journal of Applied Physiology, 40: 379-383.
17. Grubbström, J., Berglund, B. and Kaijser, L. 1991. Myocardial lactate release and lactate metabolism at rest and during exercise with reduced arterial oxygen content. Acta Physiologica Scandinanica, 142: 467-474.
18. Grubbström, J., Berglund, B. and Kaijser, L. 1993. Myocardial oxygen supply and lactate metabolism during marked arterial hypoxaemia. Acta Physiologica Scandinanica, 149: 303-310.
19. Hale, T. 2008. History of developments in sport and exercise physiology: A. V. Hill, maximal oxygen uptake, and oxygen debt. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26: 365-400.
20. Hammond, H. K., Frances, C. W., Bhargava, V. and Shabetai, R. 1992. Heart size and maximal cardiac output are limited by the pericardium. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 263: H1675-H1681.
21. Hill, A. V., Long, C. N. H. and Lupton, H. 1924. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and The supply and utilization of oxygen - part VII. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 97: 155-167.
22. Hill, A. V. and Lupton, H. 1923. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 16: 135-171.
23. Kanstrup, I.-L. and Ekblom, B. 1982. Acute hypervolemia, cardiac performance and aerobic power during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 52: 1186-1191.
24. Kayser, B. 2003. Exercise starts and ends in the brain. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90: 411-419.
25. Kayser, B., Narici, M., Binzoni, T., Grassi, B. and Cerretelli, P. 1994. Fatigue and exhaustion in chronic hypobaric hypoxia: Influence of exercising muscle mass. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76: 634-640.
26. Lange-Anderson, K., Shephard, R. J., Denolin, H., Varnauskas, E. and Massironi, R. 1971. Fundamentals of exercise testing, (3rd edn.), Geneva: World Health Organization.
27. Marcora, S. 2009. Perception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart and lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2060-2062: 2067
28. 2max. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19: 313-322.
29. Molé, P. A., Chung, Y., Tran, K., Sailasuta, N., Hurd, R. and Jue, T. 1999. Myoglobin desaturation with exercise intensity in human gastrocnemius muscle. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 277: R173-R180.
30. Noakes, T. D. 1997. J. B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture. Challenging beliefs. ex Africa semper aliquid novi. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29: 571-590.
31. Noakes, T. D. and Gibson, A. StC. 2004. A logical limitation to the "catastrophe" models of fatigue during exercise in humans. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38: 648-649.
32. Noakes, T. D. and Marino, F. E. 2009a. Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106: 338-342.
33. Noakes, T. D. and Marino, F. E. 2009b. Last word on Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106: 347
34. Nybo, L. and Rasmussen, P. 2007. Inadequate cerebral oxygen delivery and central fatigue during strenuous exercise. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, 35: 110-118.
35. Rasmussen, P., Nielsen, J., Overgaard, M., Krogh-Madsen, R., Gjedde, A.Secher, N. H. 2010. Reduced muscle activation during exercise related to brain oxygenation and metabolism in humans. Journal of Physiology, 588: 1985-1995.
36. 2. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85: 627-634.
37. 2max in normal humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 67: 291-299.
38. Secher, N. H., Clausen, J. P., Klausen, K., Noer, I. and Trap-Jensen, J. 1977. Central and regional circulatory effects of adding arm exercise to leg exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 100: 288-297.
39. Sgherza, A. L., Axen, K., Fain, R., Hoffman, R. S., Dunbar, C. C. and Haas, F. 2002. Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93: 2023-2028.
40. Spriet, L. L., Howlett, R. A. and Heigenhauser, G. J. F. 2000. An enzymatic approach to lactate production in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32: 756-763.
41. Spurway, N. C. 1992. Aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and the lactate threshold. British Medical Bulletin, 48: 569-591.
42. Spurway, N. C., Watson, H., McMillan, K. and Connolly, G. 2000. The effect of strength training on the apparent inhibition of eccentric force production in voluntarily activated human quadriceps. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82: 374-380.
43. Stray-Gundersen, J., Musch, T. I., Haidet, G. C., Swain, D. P., Ordway, G. A. and Mitchell, J. H. 1986. The effect of pericardiectomy on maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output in untrained dogs. Circulation Research, 58: 523-530.
44. Sutton, J. R., Jones, N. L. and Pugh, L. G. C. E. 1983. Exercise at altitude. Annual Review of Physiology, 45: 427-437.
45. Swart, J., Lamberts, R. P., Lambert, M. I., Lambert, E. V., Woolrich, R. W.Johnston, S. 2009. Exercising with reserve: Exercise regulation by perceived exertion in relation to duration of exercise and knowledge of endpoint. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43: 775-781.
46. Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E. and Henschel, A. 1955. Maximum oxygen intake as an objective measure of exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 8: 73-80.
47. Thomas, R. and Stephane, P. 2008. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and neuromuscular responses to exhaustive exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 102: 153-163.
48. Tucker, R. 2009. The anticipatory regulation of performance: The physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43: 392-400.
49. Tucker, R. and Noakes, T. D. 2009. The physiological regulation of pacing strategy during exercise: A critical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43 e1 (DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2009. 057562)
50. Volianitis, S., Krustrup, P., Dawson, E. and Secher, N. H. 2003. Arm blood flow and oxygenation on the transition from arm to combined arm and leg exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology, 547: 641-648.
51. 2max. Respiration Physiology, 93: 221-237.
52. Wagner, P. D. 1996a. Determinants of maximal oxygen transport and utilization. Annual Review of Physiology, 58: 21-50.
53. 2maxat sea level and altitude. Respiration Physiology, 106: 329-343.
54. 2max. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 101: 109-114.
55. Wagner, P. D., Hoppeler, H. and Saltin, B. 1997. "Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake". In The Lung: Scientific Foundations, (3rd edn, Edited by: Crystal, R. G., West, J. B., Barnes, P. J. and Weibel, E. R. 2033-2041. Philadelphia, PA: Raven Press.