From Colors and Guns to Caps and Gowns? The Effects of Gang Membership on Educational Attainment

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 56-87

  Pyrooz, David C ^a  

^a SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

educational attainment; gang membership; NLSY97

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890690677     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: 1552731X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427813484316     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Ainsworth James W."Why Does It Take a Village? The Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Educational Achievement.".Social Forces. 2002;81:117-52.
2. Apel Robert J.,Sweeten GaryHandbook of Quantitative Criminology. Weisburd DavidAlex R., ed. Piquero. New York: Springer; 2010:543-562.
3. Arciaga Michelle,Sakamoto Wayne,Jones Errika Fearbry2010:.
4. Barrows Julie,Ron Huff C."Gangs and Public Policy: Constructing and Deconstructing Gang Databases.".Criminology and Public Policy. 2009;8:675-703.
5. Battin-Pearson Sara,Newcomb Michael D.,Abbott Robert D.,Hill Karl G.,Catalano Richard F.,David Hawkins J."Predictors of Early High School Dropout: A Test of Five Theories.".Journal of Educational Psychology. 2000;92:568-82.
6. Becker Gary S.A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research; 1964:.
7. Bellair Paul E.,McNulty Thomas L."Gang Membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context.".Justice Quarterly. 2009;26:644-69.
8. Bernburg Jon G.,Krohn Marvin D."Labeling, Life Chances, and Adult Crime: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Official Intervention in Adolescence on Crime in Early Adulthood.".Criminology. 2003;41:1287-318.
9. Bjerk David."How Much Can We Trust Causal Interpretations of Fixed-Effects Estimators in the Context of Criminality?".Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2009;25:391-417.
10. Bjerregaard Beth."Gang Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship.".Crime and Delinquency. 2010;56:3-34.
11. BLS. 2011. "Education Pays." Current Population Survey. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved November 3, 2011 (http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm).
12. Brand Jennie E.,Xie Yu."Who Benefits Most from College? Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education.".American Sociological Review. 2010;75:273-302.
13. Broidy Lisa M.,Tremblay Richard E.,Brame Bobby,Fergussion David,Horwood John L.,Laird Robert,Moffit Terrie E.,Nagin Daniel S.,Bates John E.,Dodge Kenneth A.,Loeber Rolf,Lynam Donald R.,Pettit Gregory S.,Vitaro Frank."Developmental Trajectories of Childhood Disruptive Behaviors and Adolescent Delinquency: A Six-Site, Cross-National Study.".Developmental Psychology. 2003;39:222-45.
14. Brotherton David C."The Contradictions of Suppression: Notes from a Study of Approaches to Gangs in Three Public High Schools.".Urban Review. 1996;28:95-117.
15. Caliendo Marco,Kopeinig Sabine."Some Practical Guidance for the Implementation of Propensity Score Matching.".Journal of Economic Surveys. 2008;22:31-72.
16. Cameron Stephen V.,Heckman James J."The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents.".Journal of Labor Economics. 1993;11:1-147.
17. Card DavidHandbook of Labor Economics. Ashenfelter OrleyCard David, ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland; 1999:1802-63.
18. Carnevale Anthony P.,Rose Stephen J.,Cheah BanThe College Payoff: Education, Occupations, and Lifetime Earnings. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce; 2011:.
19. CataldiEmily F.LairdJenniferKewalRamaniAngelinaChapmanChris. 2009. "High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 2007."NCES 2009-064, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved November 11, 2011 (http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009064).
20. Coleman James S."Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.".American Journal of Sociology. 1988;94:95-121.
21. Craig Wendy M.,Vitaro Frank,Gagnon Claude,Tremblay Richard E."The Road to Gang Membership: Characteristics of Male Gang and Nongang Members from Ages 10 to 14.".Social Development. 2004;11:53-68.
22. Crissey Sara R.Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2009:.
23. Crutchfield Robert D."Labor Stratification and Violence Crime.".Social Forces. 1989;68:489-512.
24. Curry G. David,Decker Scott H.,Pyrooz David C.Confronting gangs: Crime and community. 2013. Confronting gangs: Crime and community (3rd Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.New York: Oxford University Press; 2013:.
25. Decker Scott H.,Pyrooz David C.Small Arms Survey, 2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010:128-55.
26. Decker Scott H.,Melde Chris,Pyrooz David C."What do We Know about Gangs and Gang Members and Where to We Go from Here?".Justice Quarterly. 2013;:.
27. Decker Scott H.,Winkle Barrik VanLife in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1996:.
28. Duncan Greg J.,Murnane Richard J.Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. Duncan Greg J.Murnane Richard J., ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2011:3-23.
29. Duran Robert J.Gang life in two cities: An insider's journey. New York: Columbia University Press; 2013:.
30. Ebaugh Helen R. F.Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1988:.
31. Esbensen Finn-Aage,Peterson Dana,Taylor Terrance J.,Wayne Osgood D."Results from a Multi-Site Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program.".Justice Quarterly. 2013;29:125-51.
32. Esbensen Finn-Aage,Thomas Winfree L.,He Ni,Taylor Terrance J."Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues: When Is a Gang a Gang, and Why does it Matter?".Crime and Delinquency. 2001;47:105-30.
33. Garot RobertWho You Claim: Performing Gang Identity in Schools. New York: New York University Press; 2010:.
34. Giordano Peggy C.,Cernkovich Stephen A.,Rudolph Jennifer L."Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward a Theory of Cognitive Transformation.".American Journal of Sociology. 2002;107:990-1064.
35. Greene Jay P.,Winters Marcus A.2005:.
36. Guo S.,Fraser M. W.Propensity Score Analysis: Statistical Methods and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010:.
37. Harding David J."Counterfactual Models of Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Dropping out and Teenage Pregnancy.".American Journal of Sociology. 2003;109:676-719.
38. Hagedorn John M.People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. 1998. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Lakeview Press.Chicago, IL: Lakeview Press; 1998:.
39. Harlow Caroline WolfeEducation and Correctional Populations. Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2003:.
40. Haveman Robert H.,Wolfe Barbara L.Succeeding Generations: On the Effects of Investments in Children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994:.
41. Hirschfield Paul."Another Way Out: The Impact of Juvenile Arrests on High School Dropout.".Sociology of Education. 2009;82:368-93.
42. Hout Michael."Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States.".Annual Review of Sociology. 2012;38:379-400.
43. Howell James C.Gangs in America's Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2011:.
44. Kaplan Diane S.,Mitchell Peck B.,Kaplan Howard B."Decomposing the Academic Failure-Dropout Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis.".Journal of Educational Research. 1997;90:331-43.
45. Katz Charles M.,Schnebly Steven M."Neighborhood Variation in Gang Member Concentrations.".Crime and Delinquency. 2011;57:377-407.
46. Katz Charles M.,Webb Vincent J.Policing Gangs in America. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006:.
47. Katz Charles M.,Webb Vincent J.,Decker Scott H."Using the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program to Further Understand the Relationship between Drug Use and Gang Membership.".Justice Quarterly. 2005;22:58-88.
48. King Gary,Zeng Langche."Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data.".Political Analysis. 2001;9:137-63.
49. Kingston Paul W.,Hubbard Ryan,Lapp Brent,Schroeder Paul,Wilson Julia."Why Education Matters.".Sociology of Education. 2003;76:53-70.
50. Klein Malcolm W.,Crawford Louis Y."Groups, Gangs, and Cohesiveness.".Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1967;4:63-75.
51. Klein Malcolm W.,Maxson Cheryl L.Street Gang Patterns and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:.
52. Krohn Marvin D."The Web of Conformity: A Network Approach to the Explanation of Delinquent Behavior.".Social Problems. 1986;33:S81-93.
53. Krohn Marvin D.,Thornberry Terence P.The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research. Liberman Akiva M., ed. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 2008:128-160.
54. Krohn Marvin D.,Ward Jeffrey T.,Thornberry Terence P.,Lizotte Alan J.,Chu Rebekah."The Cascading Effects of Adolescent Gang Involvement across the Life Course.".Criminology. 2011;49:991-1028.
55. Levitt Steven D.,Venkatesh Sudhir A."Growing Up in the Projects: The Economic Lives of a Cohort of Men Who Came of Age in Chicago Public Housing.".American Economic Review. 2001;91:79-84.
56. LeuvenEdwinSianesiBarbara. 2003. "Psmatch2: Stata Module to Perform Full Mahalanobis and Propensity Score Matching, Common Support Graphing, and Covariate Imbalance Testing." Accessed August, 2011. (http://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s432001.html).
57. Lleras-Muney Adriana."The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States.".Review of Economics and Statistics. 2005;72:181-217.
58. Maruna ShaddMaking Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2001:.
59. Matsuda Kristy N.,Melde Chris,Taylor Terrance J.,Freng Adrienne,Esbensen Finn-Aage."Gang Membership and Adherence to the "Code of the Street".".Justice Quarterly. 2013;:.
60. Melde Chris,Esbensen Finn-Aage."Gang Membership as a Turning Point in the Life Course.".Criminology. 2011;49:513-52.
61. Miller Walter B."Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency.".Journal of Social Issues. 1958;14:5-19.
62. MillerWalter B.2011. "City Gangs."Retrieved June 12, 2012 (http://gangresearch.asu.edu/walter_miller_library/walter-b.-miller-book/city-gangs-book).
63. Mincer Jacob."Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution.".Journal of Political Economy. 1958;4:281-302.
64. Mirowski John,Ross Catherine E.Education, Social Status, and Health. New York: Walter de Gruyter; 2003:.
65. Moffitt Terrie E."Adolesence-limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.".Psychological Review. 1993;100:674-701.
66. Moffitt Terrie E.,Caspi Avshalom,Dickson Nigel,Silva Phil,Stanton Warren."Childhood-Onset Versus Adolescent-Onset of Antisocial Conduct Problems in Males: Natural History from ages 3 to 18 years.".Development and Psychopathology. 1996;8:399-424.
67. Moore Joan W.Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1991:.
68. Moule Richard K.,Decker Scott H.,Pyrooz David C.Handbook of Life-Course Criminology: Emerging Trends and Directions for Future Research. Gibson Chris L.Krohn Marvin D., ed. 2013:143-58.
69. Murray CharlesComing Apart: The State of White America, 1960-2010. New York: Crown Forum; 2012:.
70. Oreopoulos Philip,Salvanes Kjell G."Priceless: The Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling.".Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2011;25:159-84.
71. Pyrooz David C.,Decker Scott H."Motives and Methods for Leaving the Gang: Understanding the Process of Gang Desistance.".Journal of Criminal Justice. 2011;39:417-25.
72. Pyrooz David C.,Decker Scott H.,Fleisher Mark."From the Street to the Prison, from the Prison to the Street: Understanding and Responding to Prison Gangs.".Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research. 2011;3:12-24.
73. Pyrooz David C.,Fox Andrew M.,Decker Scott H. Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity, Economic Disadvantage, and Gangs: A Macro-Level Study of Gang Membership in Urban America.Justice Quarterly. 2010;27:867-93.
74. Pyrooz David C.,Sweeten Gary,Piquero Alex R."Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness.".Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. In Press;:.
75. Ream Robert K.,Rumberger Russell W."Student Engagement, Peer Social Capital, and School Dropout among Mexican American and Non-Latino White Students.".Sociology of Education. 2008;81:109-39.
76. Rios Victor MPunished: Policing the lives of black and latino boys. New York: New York University Press; 2011:.
77. Romo Harriett,Falbo ToniLatino High School Graduation: Defying the Odds. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1996:.
78. Rosenbaum Paul R.,Rubin Donald B."The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.".Biometrika. 1983;70:41-55.
79. Rosenbaum Paul R.,Rubin Donald B."Constructing a Control Group using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods that Incorporate the Propensity Score.".American Statistician. 1985;39:33-83.
80. Rumberger Russell W.,Lim Sun Ah2008:.
81. Schwartz Christine R."Pathways to Homogamy in Marital and Cohabiting Unions.".Demography. 2010;47:735-53.
82. Short James F.,Strodtbeck Fred L.Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1965:.
83. Siennick Sonja E.,Staff Jeremy."Explaining the Educational Deficits of Delinquent Youths.".Criminology. 2008;46:609-35.
84. Smith Jeffrey A.,Todd Petra E."Does Matching Overcome LaLonde's Critique of Nonexperimental Estimators?".Journal of Econometrics. 2005;125:305-53.
85. Sweeten Gary."Who Will Graduate? Disruption of High School Education by Arrest and Court Involvement.".Justice Quarterly. 2006;23:462-80.
86. Sweeten Gary,Bushway Shawn D.,Paternoster Raymond."Does Dropping out of School Mean Dropping into Delinquency?".Criminology. 2009;47:47-91.
87. SweetenGaryPyroozDavid C.PiqueroAlex R. 2013. "Disengaging from Gangs and Desisting from Crime."Justice Quarterly. In Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.723033.
88. Tapia Mike."Gang Membership and Race as Risk Factors for Juvenile Arrest.".Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2011;48:364-95.
89. Thornberry Terence2010:.
90. Thornberry Terence,Krohn Marvin D.,Lizotte Alan J.,Smith Carolyn A.,Tobin KimberlyGangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 2003:.
91. Thrasher Frederick M.The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1927:.
92. Toch Hans."Sequestering Gang Members, Burning Witches, and Subverting Due Process.".Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2007;34:274-78.
93. TomzMichaelKingGaryZengLangche. 1999. RELOGIT: Rare Events Logistic Regression. Version 1.1.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Accessed August, 2011 (http://gking.harvard.edu/).
94. Venkatesh SudhirGang Leader for a Day. New York: Penguin Books; 2008:.
95. Vigil James D.Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1988:.
96. Vigil James D."Streets and Schools: How Educators Can Help Chicano Marginalized Gang Youth.".Harvard Educational Review. 1999;69:270-89.
97. Wilson William J.More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City. New York: W. W. Norton; 2009:.