Polymer nanoparticles for drug and small silencing RNA delivery to treat cancers of different phenotypes

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 40-60

  Devulapally, Rammohan ^a   Paulmurugan, Ramasamy ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL USE; NANO-CARRIERS; POLYMER NANOPARTICLES;

DISEASES; PROTEINS; RNA;

LOADING;

ANTAGOMIR; ANTAGOMIR 122; APTAMER; CHITOSAN; CISPLATIN; CURCUMIN; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; HYALURONIC ACID; LIPOSOME; MACROGOL; MICRORNA 122; MICRORNA 155; MITOMYCIN; NANOCARRIER; PACLITAXEL; POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYGLACTIN; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYLACTIDE; SHORT HAIRPIN RNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TAMOXIFEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER OIL CREAM;

ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANUS CANCER; BIODEGRADABILITY; BLADDER CANCER; BREAST CANCER; BREAST METASTASIS; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER MODEL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED EMESIS; COLON ADENOCARCINOMA; COLON CANCER; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DYSPNEA; EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; FATIGUE; GENE SILENCING; HAIR LOSS; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG INJURY; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHOMA; MOUTH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NANOENCAPSULATION; NANOFABRICATION; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OVARY ADENOCARCINOMA; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PRECIPITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; STOMACH CANCER; TESTIS CANCER; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ANIMALS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; DRUG CARRIERS; HUMANS; MICE; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; POLYMERS; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING;

EID: 84890187102     PISSN: 19395116     EISSN: 19390041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1242     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Stewart BW, Kleihues P. World Cancer Report 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization Press.
2. Boyle P, Levin B. World Cancer Report 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization Press.
3. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2013.
4. Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R, Langer R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat Nanotechnol 2007, 2:751-760.
5. Haley B, Frenkel E. Nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer treatment. Urol Oncol 2008, 26:57-64.
6. Hans ML, Lowman AM. Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2002, 6:319-327.
7. Kumari A, Yadav SK, Yadav SC. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010, 75:1-18.
8. Mahapatro A, Singh DK. Biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent vehicle for site directed in-vivo delivery of drugs and vaccines. J Nanobiotechnol 2011, 9:55.
9. Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR, Rudzinski WE. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. J Control Release 2001, 70:1-20.
10. Rao JP, Geckeler KE. Polymer nanoparticles: preparation techniques and size-control parameters. Prog Polym Sci 2011, 36:887-913.
11. McNeil SE. Characterization of nanoparticles intended for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2011, 697:269.
12. Averineni RK, Shavi GV, Gurram AK, Deshpande PB, Arumugam K, Maliyakkal N, Meka SR, Nayanabhirama U. PLGA 50:50 nanoparticles of paclitaxel: development, in vitro anti-tumor activity in BT-549 cells and in vivo evaluation. Bull Mater Sci 2012, 35:319-326.
13. Chan JM, Valencia PM, Zhang L, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 624:163-175.
14. Chen KJ, Tang L, Garcia MA, Wang H, Lu H, Lin WY, Hou S, Yin Q, Shen CK, Cheng J, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of camptothecin-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012, 33:1162-1169.
15. Liu Y, Zhang N. Gadolinium loaded nanoparticles in theranostic magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2012, 33:5363-5375.
16. Danhier F, Lecouturier N, Vroman B, Jerome C, Marchand-Brynaert J, Feron O, Preat V. Paclitaxel-loaded PEGylated PLGA-based nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 2009, 133:11-17.
17. Cheng J, Teply BA, Sherifi I, Sung J, Luther G, Gu FX, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Radovic-Moreno AF, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials 2007, 28:869-876.
18. Farokhzad OC, Cheng J, Teply BA, Sherifi I, Jon S, Kantoff PW, Richie JP, Langer R. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:6315-6320.
19. Hrkach J, Von Hoff D, Mukkaram Ali M, Andrianova E, Auer J, Campbell T, De Witt D, Figa M, Figueiredo M, Horhota A, et al. Preclinical development and clinical translation of a PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticle with a differentiated pharmacological profile. Sci Transl Med 2012, 4:128ra139.
20. Gryparis EC, Hatziapostolou M, Papadimitriou E, Avgoustakis K. Anticancer activity of cisplatin-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007, 67:1-8.
21. Cheng L, Jin C, Lv W, Ding Q, Han X. Developing a highly stable PLGA-mPEG nanoparticle loaded with cisplatin for chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2011, 6:e25433.
22. Dhar S, Gu FX, Langer R, Farokhzad OC, Lippard SJ. Targeted delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:17356-17361.
23. Dhar S, Kolishetti N, Lippard SJ, Farokhzad OC. Targeted delivery of a cisplatin prodrug for safer and more effective prostate cancer therapy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:1850-1855.
24. Graf N, Bielenberg DR, Kolishetti N, Muus C, Banyard J, Farokhzad OC, Lippard SJ. α(V)β(3) integrin-targeted PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of a Pt(IV) prodrug. ACS Nano 2012, 6:4530-4539.
25. Moreno D, Zalba S, Navarro I, Tros de Ilarduya C, Garrido MJ. Pharmacodynamics of cisplatin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles administered to tumor-bearing mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010, 74:265-274.
26. Moreno D, de Ilarduya CT, Bandres E, Bunuales M, Azcona M, Garcia-Foncillas J, Garrido MJ. Characterization of cisplatin cytotoxicity delivered from PLGA-systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008, 68:503-512.
27. Nair KL, Jagadeeshan S, Nair SA, Kumar GS. Biological evaluation of 5-fluorouracil nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy and its dependence on the carrier, PLGA. Int J Nanomed 2011, 6:1685-1697.
28. Cheng MR, Li Q, Wan T, He B, Han J, Chen HX, Yang FX, Wang W, Xu HZ, Ye T, et al. Galactosylated chitosan/5-fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit mouse hepatic cancer growth and its side effects. World J Gastroenterol 2012, 18:6076-6087.
29. Cheng M, He B, Wan T, Zhu W, Han J, Zha B, Chen H, Yang F, Li Q, Wang W, et al. 5-Fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma via activation of the p53 pathway in the orthotopic transplant mouse model. PLoS One 2012, 7:e47115.
30. Yadav AK, Agarwal A, Rai G, Mishra P, Jain S, Mishra AK, Agrawal H, Agrawal GP. Development and characterization of hyaluronic acid decorated PLGA nanoparticles for delivery of 5-fluorouracil. Drug Deliv 2010, 17:561-572.
31. Li S, Wang A, Jiang W, Guan Z. Pharmacokinetic characteristics and anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil loaded nanoparticles. BMC Cancer 2008, 8:103.
32. Betancourt T, Brown B, Brannon-Peppas L. Doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Nanomedicine 2007, 2:219-232.
33. Chang L, Deng L, Wang W, Lv Z, Hu F, Dong A, Zhang J. Poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-γ-hydroxyl-ε-caprolactone) bearing pendant hydroxyl groups as nanocarriers for doxorubicin delivery. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13:3301-3310.
34. Wohlfart S, Khalansky AS, Gelperina S, Maksimenko O, Bernreuther C, Glatzel M, Kreuter J. Efficient chemotherapy of rat glioblastoma using doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with different stabilizers. PLoS One 2011, 6:e19121.
35. Chittasupho C, Xie SX, Baoum A, Yakovleva T, Siahaan TJ, Berkland CJ. ICAM-1 targeting of doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles to lung epithelial cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009, 37:141-150.
36. Park H, Yang J, Lee J, Haam S, Choi IH, Yoo KH. Multifunctional nanoparticles for combined doxorubicin and photothermal treatments. ACS Nano 2009, 3:2919-2926.
37. Amjadi I, Rabiee M, Hosseini MS, Mozafari M. Synthesis and characterization of doxorubicin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles as a sustained-release anticancer drug delivery system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012, 168:1434-1447.
38. Liu CW, Lin WJ. Polymeric nanoparticles conjugate a novel heptapeptide as an epidermal growth factor receptor-active targeting ligand for doxorubicin. Int J Nanomed 2012, 7:4749-4767.
39. Perez E, Benito M, Teijon C, Olmo R, Teijon JM, Blanco MD. Tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles based on a novel mixture of biodegradable polyesters: characterization and in vitro evaluation as sustained release systems. J Microencapsul 2012, 29:309-322.
40. Cavalli R, Bisazza A, Bussano R, Trotta M, Civra A, Lembo D, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. Poly(amidoamine)-cholesterol conjugate nanoparticles obtained by electrospraying as novel tamoxifen delivery system. J Drug Deliv 2011, 2011:587604.
41. Jain AK, Swarnakar NK, Godugu C, Singh RP, Jain S. The effect of the oral administration of polymeric nanoparticles on the efficacy and toxicity of tamoxifen. Biomaterials 2011, 32:503-515.
42. Renoir JM, Stella B, Ameller T, Connault E, Opolon P, Marsaud V. Improved anti-tumoral capacity of mixed and pure anti-oestrogens in breast cancer cell xenografts after their administration by entrapment in colloidal nanosystems. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006, 102:114-127.
43. Devalapally H, Duan Z, Seiden MV, Amiji MM. Modulation of drug resistance in ovarian adenocarcinoma by enhancing intracellular ceramide using tamoxifen-loaded biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:3193-3203.
44. Arya G, Vandana M, Acharya S, Sahoo SK. Enhanced antiproliferative activity of Herceptin (HER2)-conjugated gemcitabine-loaded chitosan nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2011, 7:859-870.
45. Arias JL, Reddy LH, Couvreur P. Superior preclinical efficacy of gemcitabine developed as chitosan nanoparticulate system. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12:97-104.
46. Aggarwal S, Yadav S, Gupta S. EGFR targeted PLGA nanoparticles using gemcitabine for treatment of pancreatic cancer. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2011, 7:137-138.
47. Papa AL, Basu S, Sengupta P, Banerjee D, Sengupta S, Harfouche R. Mechanistic studies of Gemcitabine-loaded nanoplatforms in resistant pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012, 12:419.
48. Jia L, Zheng JJ, Jiang SM, Huang KH. Preparation, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity in vitro of gemcitabine-loaded PEG-PDLLA nanovesicles. World J Gastroenterol 2010, 16:1008-1013.
49. Hou Z, Zhan C, Jiang Q, Hu Q, Li L, Chang D, Yang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Ye S, et al. Both FA- and mPEG-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptake and enhanced tumor tissue distribution. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:563.
50. Yordanov G, Skrobanska R, Evangelatov A. Entrapment of epirubicin in poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) colloidal nanospheres by nanoprecipitation: formulation development and in vitro studies on cancer cell lines. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012, 92:98-105.
51. Zhang HZ, Li XM, Gao FP, Liu LR, Zhou ZM, Zhang QQ. Preparation of folate-modified pullulan acetate nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2010, 17:48-57.
52. Yallapu MM, Dobberpuhl MR, Maher DM, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Design of curcumin loaded cellulose nanoparticles for prostate cancer. Curr Drug Metab 2012, 13:120-128.
53. Mukerjee A, Vishwanatha JK. Formulation, characterization and evaluation of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanospheres for cancer therapy. Anticancer Res 2009, 29:3867-3875.
54. Gryparis EC, Mattheolabakis G, Bikiaris D, Avgoustakis K. Effect of conditions of preparation on the size and encapsulation properties of PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles of cisplatin. Drug Deliv 2007, 14:371-380.
55. Danhier F, Ansorena E, Silva JM, Coco R, Le Breton A, Preat V. PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. J Control Release 2012, 161:505-522.
56. Wolf DM, Langan-Fahey SM, Parker CJ, McCague R, Jordan VC. Investigation of the mechanism of tamoxifen-stimulated breast tumor growth with nonisomerizable analogues of tamoxifen and metabolites. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993, 85:806-812.
57. Erdogar N, Iskit AB, Mungan NA, Bilensoy E. Prolonged retention and in vivo evaluation of cationic nanoparticles loaded with Mitomycin C designed for intravesical chemotherapy of bladder tumours. J Microencapsul 2012, 29:576-582.
58. Erdogar N, Mungan A, Bilensoy E. Preparation and characterization of cationic nanoparticles loaded with Mitomycin C by double emulsion and ionotropic gelation techniques. J Control Release 2010, 148:e78-e79.
59. Khalil NM, do Nascimento TC, Casa DM, Dalmolin LF, de Mattos AC, Hoss I, Romano MA, Mainardes RM. Pharmacokinetics of curcumin-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles after oral administration in rats. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013, 101:353-360.
60. Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD. Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet 2009, 10:94-108.
61. Tokatlian T, Segura T. siRNA applications in nanomedicine. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010, 2:305-315.
62. Ozpolat B, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G. Nanomedicine based approaches for the delivery of siRNA in cancer. J Intern Med 2010, 267:44-53.
63. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009, 136:215-233.
64. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004, 116:281-297.
65. Bhardwaj A, Singh S, Singh AP. MicroRNA-based cancer therapeutics: big hope from small RNAs. Mol Cell Pharmacol 2010, 2:213-219.
66. Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Aqeilan RI, Zupo S, Dono M, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:13944-13949.
67. Hammond SM. MicroRNAs as oncogenes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006, 16:4-9.
68. Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 1999, 286:950-952.
69. Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 2001, 411:494-498.
70. Hammond SM, Bernstein E, Beach D, Hannon GJ. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells. Nature 2000, 404:293-296.
71. Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1998, 391:806-811.
72. Babar IA, Cheng CJ, Booth CJ, Liang X, Weidhaas JB, Saltzman WM, Slack FJ. Nanoparticle-based therapy in an in vivo microRNA-155 (miR-155)-dependent mouse model of lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:E1695-E1704.
73. Jin H, Yu Y, Chrisler WB, Xiong Y, Hu D, Lei C. Delivery of microRNA-10b with polylysine nanoparticles for inhibition of breast cancer cell wound healing. Breast Cancer 2012, 6:9-19.
74. Ren Y, Kang CS, Yuan XB, Zhou X, Xu P, Han L, Wang GX, Jia Z, Zhong Y, Yu S, et al. Co-delivery of as-miR-21 and 5-FU by poly(amidoamine) dendrimer attenuates human glioma cell growth in vitro. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2010, 21:303-314.
75. Liang GF, Zhu YL, Sun B, Hu FH, Tian T, Li SC, Xiao ZD. PLGA-based gene delivering nanoparticle enhance suppression effect of miRNA in HePG2 cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:447.
76. Cheng CJ, Saltzman WM. Polymer nanoparticle-mediated delivery of microRNA inhibition and alternative splicing. Mol Pharm 2012, 9:1481-1488.
77. Liu XQ, Song WJ, Sun TM, Zhang PZ, Wang J. Targeted delivery of antisense inhibitor of miRNA for antiangiogenesis therapy using cRGD-functionalized nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2011, 8:250-259.
78. Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, Stoffel M. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature 2005, 438:685-689.
79. Baigude H, Rana TM. Interfering nanoparticles for silencing microRNAs. Methods Enzymol 2012, 509:339-353.
80. Mattes J, Yang M, Foster PS. Regulation of microRNA by antagomirs: a new class of pharmacological antagonists for the specific regulation of gene function? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007, 36:8-12.
81. Woodrow KA, Cu Y, Booth CJ, Saucier-Sawyer JK, Wood MJ, Saltzman WM. Intravaginal gene silencing using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles densely loaded with small-interfering RNA. Nat Mater 2009, 8:526-533.
82. Zeng P, Xu Y, Zeng C, Ren H, Peng M. Chitosan-modified poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres for plasmid DNA delivery and HBV gene-silencing. Int J Pharm 2011, 415:259-266.
83. Du J, Shi QS, Sun Y, Liu PF, Zhu MJ, Du LF, Duan YR. Enhanced delivery of monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly l-lysine nanoparticles loading platelet-derived growth factor BB small interfering RNA by ultrasound and/or microbubbles to rat retinal pigment epithelium cells. J Gene Med 2011, 13:312-323.
84. Du J, Sun Y, Shi QS, Liu PF, Zhu MJ, Wang CH, Du LF, Duan YR. Biodegradable nanoparticles of mPEG-PLGA-PLL triblock copolymers as novel non-viral vectors for improving siRNA delivery and gene silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2012, 13:516-533.
85. Li YH, Shi QS, Du J, Jin LF, Du LF, Liu PF, Duan YR. Targeted delivery of biodegradable nanoparticles with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated hVEGF-siRNA transfection in human PC-3 cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2013, 31:163-171.
86. Lu ZX, Liu LT, Qi XR. Development of small interfering RNA delivery system using PEI-PEG-APRPG polymer for antiangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor tumor-targeted therapy. Int J Nanomed 2011, 6:1661-1673.
87. Dragomira Nikolova DT. RNA interference-regulations and application in oncology. J Cancer Mol 2008, 4:67-77.
88. Rao DD, Vorhies JS, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. siRNA vs. shRNA: similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009, 61:746-759.
89. Paddison PJ, Caudy AA, Bernstein E, Hannon GJ, Conklin DS. Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells. Genes Dev 2002, 16:948-958.
90. Check E. A crucial test. Nat Med 2005, 11:243-244.
91. Wang SL, Yao HH, Qin ZH. Strategies for short hairpin RNA delivery in cancer gene therapy. Exp Opin Biol Ther 2009, 9:1357-1368.
92. Zhang C, Wang YS, Wu H, Zhang ZX, Cai Y, Hou HY, Zhao W, Yang XM, Ma JX. Inhibitory efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α short hairpin RNA plasmid DNA-loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles on choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced rat model. Gene Ther 2010, 17:338-351.
93. Qazi Y, Stagg B, Singh N, Singh S, Zhang X, Luo L, Simonis J, Kompella UB, Ambati BK. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of shRNA.VEGF-a plasmids regresses corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012, 53:2837-2844.
94. Yang J, Xie SX, Huang Y, Ling M, Liu J, Ran Y, Wang Y, Thrasher JB, Berkland C, Li B. Prostate-targeted biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with androgen receptor silencing constructs eradicate xenograft tumors in mice. Nanomedicine 2012, 7:1297-1309.
95. Huang Z, Dong L, Chen J, Gao F, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Low-molecular weight chitosan/vascular endothelial growth factor short hairpin RNA for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Life Sci 2012, 91:1207-1215.
96. Yin Q, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Li Y. Bioreducible poly (β-amino esters)/shRNA complex nanoparticles for efficient RNA delivery. J Control Release 2011, 151:35-44.
97. Ferrara N. VEGF and the quest for tumour angiogenesis factors. Nat Rev Cancer 2002, 2:795-803.
98. Kim DH, Rossi JJ. Strategies for silencing human disease using RNA interference. Nat Rev Genet 2007, 8:173-184.
99. Whitehead KA, Langer R, Anderson DG. Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009, 8:129-138.
100. Soman P, Kelber JA, Lee JW, Wright TN, Vecchio KS, Klemke RL, Chen S. Cancer cell migration within 3D layer-by-layer microfabricated photocrosslinked PEG scaffolds with tunable stiffness. Biomaterials 2012, 33:7064-7070.
101. Su WP, Cheng FY, Shieh DB, Yeh CS, Su WC. PLGA nanoparticles codeliver paclitaxel and Stat3 siRNA to overcome cellular resistance in lung cancer cells. Int J Nanomed 2012, 7:4269-4283.
102. Zhang J, Lan CQ, Post M, Simard B, Deslandes Y, Hsieh TH. Design of nanoparticles as drug carriers for cancer therapy. Cancer Genom Proteom 2006, 3:147-157.
103. Brewer E, Coleman J, Lowman A. Emerging technologies of polymeric nanoparticles in cancer drug delivery. J Nanomater 2011, 2011:1-10.
104. Acharya S, Sahoo SK. PLGA nanoparticles containing various anticancer agents and tumour delivery by EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011, 63:170-183.
105. Hochwald SN. Molecular-targeted therapy for cancer and nanotechnology. Methods Mol Biol 2010, 624:11-23.
106. Bae YH, Park K. Targeted drug delivery to tumors: myths, reality and possibility. J Control Release 2011, 153:198-205.
107. Farokhzad OC, Jon S, Khademhosseini A, Tran TN, Lavan DA, Langer R. Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004, 64:7668-7672.
108. Dusinska M, Magdolenova Z, Fjellsbo LM. Toxicological aspects for nanomaterial in humans. Methods Mol Biol 2013, 948:1-12.
109. Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:823-839.
110. Semete B, Booysen L, Lemmer Y, Kalombo L, Katata L, Verschoor J, Swai HS. In vivo evaluation of the biodistribution and safety of PLGA nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2010, 6:662-671.
111. Devalapally H, Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs: part 3. Therapeutic efficacy and safety studies in ovarian cancer xenograft model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006, 59:477-484.
112. Mura S, Hillaireau H, Nicolas J, Le Droumaguet B, Gueutin C, Zanna S, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Influence of surface charge on the potential toxicity of PLGA nanoparticles towards Calu-3 cells. Int J Nanomed 2011, 6:2591-2605.
113. Yildirimer L, Thanh NT, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM. Toxicology and clinical potential of nanoparticles. Nano Today 2011, 6:585-607.