Gadolinium loaded nanoparticles in theranostic magnetic resonance imaging

Biomaterials

Volumn 33, Issue 21, 2012, Pages 5363-5375

  Liu, Yongjun ^a   Zhang, Na ^a  

^a SHANDONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cancer; Gadolinium; MRI; Nanoparticles; Theranostic

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE TARGETING; CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS; MOLECULAR THERAPY; POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES; PREPARATION PROCESS; SINGLE PLATFORM; THERANOSTIC; THERANOSTIC AGENTS;

DENDRIMERS; DRUG DELIVERY; GADOLINIUM; LOADING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MOLECULAR IMAGING;

NANOPARTICLES;

ALBUMIN; CHITOSAN; DENDRIMER; DEXTRAN; ECHOVIST; FERRITIN; FERUCARBOTRAN; GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE; GADOBUTROL; GADODIAMIDE; GADOLINIUM; GADOLINIUM LOADED NANOPARTICLE; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GADOLINIUM SILICON DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLE; GADOTERATE MEGLUMINE; GADOTERIDOL; GADOVERSETAMIDE; HYALURONIC ACID; LIPOPROTEIN; MANGAFODIPIR; NANOPARTICLE; PENTETIC ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID; POLYAMINE DERIVATIVE; POLYLYSINE; SILICON DIOXIDE; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACTIVE TARGETING; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER THERAPY; CHELATION; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DIFFUSION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG UPTAKE; HUMAN; MICELLE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MOLECULAR THERAPY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PASSIVE TARGETING; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THERANOSTIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 84860920545     PISSN: 01429612     EISSN: 18785905     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.084     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Mohanraj V.J., Chen Y. Nanoparticles - a review. J Pharmaceut Res 2006, 5:561-573.
2. Cho K., Wang X., Nie S., Chen Z.G., Shin D.M. Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14:1310-1316.
3. Janib S.M., Moses A.S., Mackay J.A. Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 1052-1063.
4. Liu F., Park J.Y., Zhang Y., Conwell C., Liu Y., Bathula S.R., et al. Targeted cancer therapy with novel high drug-loading nanocrystals. J Pharm Sci 2010, 99:3542-3551.
5. Fukumori Y., Ichikawa H. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv Powder Technol 2006, 17:1-28.
6. Zhang M.Q., Sun C., Lee J.S.H. Magnetic nanoparticles in mr imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008, 60:1252-1265.
7. Ozdemir V., Williams-Jones B., Glatt S.J., Tsuang M.T., Lohr J.B., Reist C. Shifting emphasis from pharmacogenomics to theragnostics. Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24:942-946.
8. Hudis C.A. Trastuzumab-mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:39-51.
9. Pene F., Courtine E., Cariou A., Mira J.P. Toward theragnostics. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:S50-S58.
10. Bhojani M.S., Van Dort M., Rehemtulla A., Ross B.D. Targeted imaging and therapy of brain cancer using theranostic nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2010, 7:1921-1929.
11. Lammers T., Kiessling F., Hennink W.E., Storm G. Nanotheranostics and image-guided drug delivery: current concepts and future directions. Mol Pharm 2010, 7:1899-1912.
12. Hong H., Zhang Y., Sun J., Cai W. Molecular imaging and therapy of cancer with radiolabeled nanoparticles. Nano Today 2009, 4:399-413.
13. Lanza G.M., Winter P.M., Caruthers S.D., Hughes M.S., Hu G., Schmieder A.H., et al. Theragnostics for tumor and plaque angiogenesis with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Angiogenesis 2010, 13:189-202.
14. Weissleder R. Molecular imaging in cancer. Science 2006, 312:1168-1171.
15. Guo-Ping Yan L.R.P.H. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: overview and perspective. Radiography 2007, 13:e5-e19.
16. Caravan P. Strategies for increasing the sensitivity of gadolinium based mri contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev 2006, 35:512-523.
17. Sharma P., Brown S.C., Walter G., Santra S., Scott E., Ichikawa H., et al. Gd nanoparticulates: from magnetic resonance imaging to neutron capture therapy. Adv Powder Technol 2007, 18:663-698.
18. Wang Y.X., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: Physicochemical characteristics and applications in mr imaging. Eur Radiol 2001, 11:2319-2331.
19. Bellin M.F. Mr contrast agents, the old and the new. Eur J Radiol 2006, 60:314-323.
20. Thorek D.L., Chen A.K., Czupryna J., Tsourkas A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle probes for molecular imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2006, 34:23-38.
21. Yang X.Q., Grailer J.J., Rowland I.J., Javadi A., Hurley S.A., Steeber D.A., et al. Multifunctional spio/dox-loaded wormlike polymer vesicles for cancer therapy and mr imaging. Biomaterials 2010, 31:9065-9073.
22. Yang X.Q., Grailer J.J., Rowland I.J., Javadi A., Hurley S.A., Matson V.Z., et al. Multifunctional stable and ph-responsive polymer vesicles formed by heterofunctional triblock copolymer for targeted anticancer drug delivery and ultrasensitive mr imaging. ACS Nano 2010, 4:6805-6817.
23. Na K., Lee S.A., Jung S.H., Shin B.C. Gadolinium-based cancer therapeutic liposomes for chemotherapeutics and diagnostics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011, 84:82-87.
24. de Smet M., Langereis S., van den Bosch S., Grull H. Temperature-sensitive liposomes for doxorubicin delivery under mri guidance. J Control Release 2010, 143:120-127.
25. Shubayev V.I., Pisanic T.R., Jin S.H. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009, 61:467-477.
26. McCarthy J.R., Weissleder R. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008, 60:1241-1251.
27. Yoo D., Lee J.H., Shin T.H., Cheon J. Theranostic magnetic nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:863-874.
28. Arruebo M., Femandez-Pacheco R., Ibarra M.R., Santamaria J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nano Today 2007, 2:22-32.
29. Bentzen S.M. Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology: dose-painting by numbers. Lancet Oncol 2005, 6:112-117.
30. Bentzen S.M. Dose painting and theragnostic imaging: towards the prescription, planning and delivery of biologically targeted dose distributions in external beam radiation oncology. Cancer Treat Res 2008, 139:41-62.
31. Manus L.M., Mastarone D.J., Waters E.A., Zhang X.Q., Schultz-Sikma E.A., MacRenaris K.W., et al. Gd(iii)-nanodiamond conjugates for mri contrast enhancement. Nano Lett 2010, 10:484-489.
32. Cabella C., Crich S.G., Corpillo D., Barge A., Ghirelli C., Bruno E., et al. Cellular labeling with gd(iii) chelates: only high thermodynamic stabilities prevent the cells acting as 'sponges' of gd3+ ions. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2006, 1:23-29.
33. Morcos S.K. Extracellular gadolinium contrast agents: differences in stability. Eur J Radiol 2008, 66:175-179.
34. Bernini A., Venditti V., Spiga O., Ciutti A., Prischi F., Consonni R., et al. Nmr studies on the surface accessibility of the archaeal protein sso7d by using tempol and gd(iii)(dtpa-bma) as paramagnetic probes. Biophys Chem 2008, 137:71-75.
35. Chen Z.J., Yu D.X., Wang S.J., Zhang N., Ma C.H., Lu Z.J. Biocompatible nanocomplexes for molecular targeted mri contrast agent. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009, 4:618-626.
36. Hu K.W., Hsu K.C., Yeh C.S. Ph-dependent biodegradable silica nanotubes derived from gd(oh)(3) nanorods and their potential for oral drug delivery and mr imaging. Biomaterials 2010, 31:6843-6848.
37. Chapman P. Nanotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005, 15:249-251.
38. Medina C., Santos-Martinez M.J., Radomski A., Corrigan O.I., Radomski M.W. Nanoparticles: pharmacological and toxicological significance. Brit J Pharmacol 2007, 150:552-558.
39. Rinaudo M. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polym Int 2008, 57:397-430.
40. Yan G.P., Xu W., Yang L.A., Li L.A., Liu F., Guo Q.Z. Dextran gadolinium complexes as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging to sentinel lymph nodes. Pharm Res 2010, 27:1884-1892.
41. Kim I.Y., Seo S.J., Moon H.S., Yoo M.K., Park I.Y., Kim B.C., et al. Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol Adv 2008, 26:1-21.
42. Ge Y., Zhang Y., He S., Nie F., Teng G., Gu N. Fluorescence modified chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for high-efficient cellular imaging. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009, 4:287-295.
43. Darras V., Nelea M., Winnik F.M., Buschmann M.D. Chitosan modified with gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for magnetic resonance imaging of DNA/chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohyd Polym 2010, 80:1137-1146.
44. Poger D., Van Gunsteren W.F., Mark A.E. A new force field for simulating phosphatidylcholine bilayers. J Comput Chem 2010, 31:1117-1125.
45. Huang S.L. Liposomes in ultrasonic drug and gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008, 60:1167-1176.
46. Spanoghe M., Lanens D., Dommisse R., Van der Linden A., Alderweireldt F. Proton relaxation enhancement by means of serum albumin and poly-l-lysine labeled with dtpa-gd3+: relaxivities as a function of molecular weight and conjugation efficiency. Magn Reson Imaging 1992, 10:913-917.
47. Shiraishi K., Kawano K., Minowa T., Maitani Y., Yokoyama M. Preparation and in vivo imaging of peg-poly(l-lysine)-based polymeric micelle mri contrast agents. J Control Release 2009, 136:14-20.
48. Liu Y., Chen Z., Liu C., Yu D., Lu Z., Zhang N. Gadolinium-loaded polymeric nanoparticles modified with anti-vegf as multifunctional mri contrast agents for the diagnosis of liver cancer. Biomaterials 2011, 32:5167-5176.
49. Wijagkanalan W., Kawakami S., Hashida M. Designing dendrimers for drug delivery and imaging: pharmacokinetic considerations. Pharmaceut Res 2011, 28:1500-1519.
50. Nwe K., Bryant L.H., Brechbiel M.W. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer based mri contrast agents exhibiting enhanced relaxivities derived via metal preligation techniques. Bioconjug Chem 2010, 21:1014-1017.
51. Svenson S. Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009, 71:445-462.
52. Dreis S., Rothweiler F., Michaelis M., Cinatl J., Kreuter J., Langer K. Preparation, characterisation and maintenance of drug efficacy of doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin (hsa) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2007, 341:207-214.
53. Schmiedl U., Ogan M., Paajanen H., Marotti M., Crooks L.E., Brito A.C., et al. Albumin labeled with gd-dtpa as an intravascular, blood pool-enhancing agent for mr imaging: biodistribution and imaging studies. Radiology 1987, 162:205-210.
54. Schmiedl U., Moseley M.E., Ogan M.D., Chew W.M., Brasch R.C. Comparison of initial biodistribution patterns of gd-dtpa and albumin-(gd-dtpa) using rapid spin echo mr imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987, 11:306-313.
55. Aime S., Botta M., Terreno E. Gd(iii)-based contrast agents for mri. Adv Inorg Chem 2005, 57:173-237.
56. Nakamura E., Makino K., Okano T., Yamamoto T., Yokoyama M. A polymeric micelle mri contrast agent with changeable relaxivity. J Control Release 2006, 114:325-333.
57. Ratzinger G., Agrawal P., Korner W., Lonkai J., Sanders H.M., Terreno E., et al. Surface modification of plga nanospheres with gd-dtpa and gd-dota for high-relaxivity mri contrast agents. Biomaterials 2010, 31:8716-8723.
58. Chen Z., Yu D., Liu C., Yang X., Zhang N., Ma C., et al. Gadolinium-conjugated pla-peg nanoparticles as liver targeted molecular mri contrast agent. J Drug Target 2011, 19:657-665.
59. Jeong S.Y., Kim H.J., Kwak B.-K., Lee H.-Y., Cho S.H. Biocompatible polyhydroxyethylaspartamide-based micelles with gadolinium for mri contrast agents. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010, 5:1970-1976.
60. Hak S., Sanders H.M., Agrawal P., Langereis S., Grull H., Keizer H.M., et al. A high relaxivity gd(iii)dota-dspe-based liposomal contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009, 72:397-404.
61. Nwe K., Bernardo M., Regino C.A.S., Williams M., Brechbiel M.W. Comparison of mri properties between derivatized dtpa and dota gadolinium-dendrimer conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2010, 18:5925-5931.
62. Veiseh O., Gunn J.W., Zhang M.Q. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 62:284-304.
63. He C., Hu Y., Yin L., Tang C., Yin C. Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010, 31:3657-3666.
64. Fang J., Nakamura H., Maeda H. The epr effect: unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011, 136-151.
65. Li S.D., Huang L. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2008, 5:496-504.
66. Liu D., Mori A., Huang L. Role of liposome size and res blockade in controlling biodistribution and tumor uptake of gm1-containing liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1104:95-101.
67. Delgado C., Francis G.E., Fisher D. The uses and properties of peg-linked proteins. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1992, 9:249-304.
68. Mok H., Palmer D.J., Ng P., Barry M.A. Evaluation of polyethylene glycol modification of first-generation and helper-dependent adenoviral vectors to reduce innate immune responses. Mol Ther 2005, 11:66-79.
69. Blume G., Cevc G. Molecular mechanism of the lipid vesicle longevity in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1146:157-168.
70. Kumar R., Ohulchanskyy T.Y., Turowski S.G., Thompson M.E., Seshadri M., Prasad P.N. Combined magnetic resonance and optical imaging of head and neck tumor xenografts using gadolinium-labelled phosphorescent polymeric nanomicelles. Head Neck Oncol 2010, 2:35.
71. Caruso F., Johnston A.P.R., Such G.K., Ng S.L. Challenges facing colloidal delivery systems: from synthesis to the clinic. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011, 16:171-181.
72. Kozlowska D., Foran P., MacMahon P., Shelly M.J., Eustace S.O'Kennedy R. Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging: the value of immunoliposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009, 61:1402-1411.
73. Saito Y., Oba N., Nishinakagawa S., Mizuguchi Y., Kojima T., Nomura K., et al. Identification of beta 2-microgloblin as a candidate for early diagnosis of imaging-invisible hepatocellular carcinoma in patient with liver cirrhosis. Oncol Rep 2010, 23:1325-1330.
74. Ke J.H., Lin J.J., Carey J.R., Chen J.S., Chen C.Y., Wang L.F. A specific tumor-targeting magnetofluorescent nanoprobe for dual-modality molecular imaging. Biomaterials 2010, 31:1707-1715.
75. Wang K., Pruthodam S., Lee J.Y., Na M.H., Park H., Oh S.J., et al. In vivo imaging of tumor apoptosis using histone h1-targeting peptide. J Control Release 2010, 148:238-291.
76. Zhang D., Feng X.Y., Henning T.D., Wen L., Lu W.Y., Pan H., et al. Mr imaging of tumor angiogenesis using sterically stabilized gd-dtpa liposomes targeted to cd105. Eur J Radiol 2009, 70:180-189.
77. Esposito G., Geninatti Crich S., Aime S. Efficient cellular labeling by cd44 receptor-mediated uptake of cationic liposomes functionalized with hyaluronic acid and loaded with mri contrast agents. ChemMedChem 2008, 3:1858-1862.
78. Leamon C.P., Reddy J.A. Folate-targeted chemotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004, 56:1127-1141.
79. Chen W.T., Thirumalai D., Shih T.T., Chen R.C., Tu S.Y., Lin C.I., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced folate-receptor-targeted mr imaging using a gd-loaded peg-dendrimer-folate conjugate in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Mol Imaging Biol 2010, 12:145-154.
80. Hu Z., Luo F., Pan Y., Hou C., Ren L., Chen J., et al. Arg-gly-asp (rgd) peptide conjugated poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) micelle for targeted drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008, 85:797-807.
81. Corti A., Curnis F., Arap W., Pasqualini R. The neovasculature homing motif ngr: more than meets the eye. Blood 2008, 112:2628-2635.
82. Li W., Su B., Meng S., Ju L., Yan L., Ding Y., et al. Rgd-targeted paramagnetic liposomes for early detection of tumor: in vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Radiol 2011, 80:598-606.
83. Couvreur P., Bildstein L., Dubernet C. Prodrug-based intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011, 63:3-23.
84. Fay F., Scott C.J. Antibody-targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011, 3:381-394.
85. Amiji M., Milane L., Duan Z.F. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of lonidamine/paclitaxel loaded, egfr-targeted nanoparticles in an orthotopic animal model of multi-drug resistant breast cancer. Nanomedicine: NBM 2011, 7:435-444.
86. Hun X., Zhang Z.J. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-egfr) antibody conjugated fluorescent nanoparticles probe for breast cancer imaging. Spectrochim Acta A 2009, 74:410-414.
87. Yang L.L., Mao H., Wang Y.A., Cao Z.H., Peng X.H., Wang X.X., et al. Single chain epidermal growth factor receptor antibody conjugated nanoparticles for in vivo tumor targeting and imaging. Small 2009, 5:235-243.
88. Kreuter J., Ulbrich K., Hekmatara T., Herbert E. Transferrin- and transferrin-receptor-antibody-modified nanoparticles enable drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009, 71:251-256.
89. Ossipov D.A. Nanostructured hyaluronic acid-based materials for active delivery to cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010, 7:681-703.
90. Buffa R., Betak J., Kettou S., Hermannova M., Pospisilova L., Velebny V. A novel dtpa cross-linking of hyaluronic acid and metal complexation thereof. Carbohydr Res 2011, 346:1909-1915.
91. Kohane D.S. Microparticles and nanoparticles for drug delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 96:203-209.
92. Bhalgat C.M., Mudshinge S.R., Deore A.B., Patil S. Nanoparticles: emerging carriers for drug delivery. Saudi Pharm J 2011, 19:129-141.
93. Parveen S., Misra R., Sahoo S.K. Nanoparticles: a boon to drug delivery, therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging. Nanomedicine 2012, 8:147-166.
94. Gregoriadis G. The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1976, 295:704-710.
95. Torchilin V.P. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005, 4:145-160.
96. Mody V.V., Nounou M.I., Bikram M. Novel nanomedicine-based mri contrast agents for gynecological malignancies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009, 61:795-807.
97. Unger E.C., Winokur T., MacDougall P., Rosenblum J., Clair M., Gatenby R., et al. Hepatic metastases: liposomal gd-dtpa-enhanced mr imaging. Radiology 1989, 171:81-85.
98. Fritz T., Unger E., Wilson-Sanders S., Ahkong Q.F., Tilcock C. Detailed toxicity studies of liposomal gadolinium-dtpa. Invest Radiol 1991, 26:960-968.
99. Tilcock C., Unger E., Cullis P., MacDougall P. Liposomal gd-dtpa: preparation and characterization of relaxivity. Radiology 1989, 171:77-80.
100. Sibson N.R., Blamire A.M., Bernades-Silva M., Laurent S., Boutry S., Muller R.N., et al. Mri detection of early endothelial activation in brain inflammation. Magn Reson Med 2004, 51:248-252.
101. Fossheim S.L., Il'yasov K.A., Hennig J., Bjornerud A. Thermosensitive paramagnetic liposomes for temperature control during mr imaging-guided hyperthermia: in vitro feasibility studies. Acad Radiol 2000, 7:1107-1115.
102. McDannold N., Fossheim S.L., Rasmussen H., Martin H., Vykhodtseva N., Hynynen K. Heat-activated liposomal mr contrast agent: initial in vivo results in rabbit liver and kidney. Radiology 2004, 230:743-752.
103. Delli Castelli D., Dastru W., Terreno E., Cittadino E., Mainini F., Torres E., et al. In vivo mri multicontrast kinetic analysis of the uptake and intracellular trafficking of paramagnetically labeled liposomes. J Control Release 2010, 144:271-279.
104. Andre J.P., Toth E., Fischer H., Seelig A., Macke H.R., Merbach A.E. High relaxivity for monomeric gd(dota)-based mri contrast agents, thanks to micellar self-organization. Chem-Eur J 1999, 5:2977-2983.
105. Terreno E., Sanino A., Carrera C., Castelli D.D., Glovenzana G.B., Lombardi A., et al. Determination of water permeability of paramagnetic liposomes of interest in mri field. J Inorg Biochem 2008, 102:1112-1119.
106. Koenig S.H., Ahkong Q.F., Brown R.D., Lafleur M., Spiller M., Unger E., et al. Permeability of liposomal membranes to water: results from the magnetic field dependence of t1 of solvent protons in suspensions of vesicles with entrapped paramagnetic ions. Magn Reson Med 1992, 23:275-286.
107. Ghaghada K., Hawley C., Kawaji K., Annapragada A., Mukundan S. T1 relaxivity of core-encapsulated gadolinium liposomal contrast agents-effect of liposome size and internal gadolinium concentration. Acad Radiol 2008, 15:1259-1263.
108. Kamaly N., Miller A.D. Paramagnetic liposome nanoparticles for cellular and tumour imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2010, 11:1759-1776.
109. Kamaly N., Kalber T., Ahmad A., Oliver M.H., So P.W., Herlihy A.H., et al. Bimodal paramagnetic and fluorescent liposomes for cellular and tumor magnetic resonance imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2008, 19:118-129.
110. Weissig V.V., Babich J., Torchilin V.V. Long-circulating gadolinium-loaded liposomes: potential use for magnetic resonance imaging of the blood pool. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2000, 18:293-299.
111. Kielar F., Tei L., Terreno E., Botta M. Large relaxivity enhancement of paramagnetic lipid nanoparticles by restricting the local motions of the gd(iii) chelates. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:7836-7837.
112. Tournier H., Hyacinthe R., Schneider M. Gadolinium-containing mixed micelle formulations: a new class of blood pool mri/mra contrast agents. Acad Radiol 2002, 9:20-28.
113. Lattuada L., Lux G. Synthesis of gd-dtpa-cholesterol: a new lipophilic gadolinium complex as a potential mri contrast agent. Tetrahedron Lett 2003, 44:3893-3895.
114. Parac-Vogt T.N., Kimpe K., Laurent S., Pierart C., Elst L.V., Muller R.N., et al. Paramagnetic liposomes containing amphiphilic bisamide derivatives of gd-dtpa with aromatic side chain groups as possible contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Biophys J 2006, 35:136-144.
115. Kimpe K., Parac-Vogt T.N., Laurent S., Pierart C., Vander Elst L., Muller R.N., et al. Potential mri contrast agents based on micellar incorporation of amphiphilic bis(alkylamide) derivatives of [(gd-dtpa)(h2o)](2-). Eur J Inorg Chem 2003, 3021-3027.
116. Anelli P.L., Lattuada L., Gabellini M., Recanati P. Dota tris(phenylmethyl) ester: a new useful synthon for the synthesis of dota monoamides containing acid-labile bonds. Bioconjug Chem 2001, 12:1081-1084.
117. Laurent S., Vander Elst L., Thirifays C., Muller R.N. Relaxivities of paramagnetic liposomes: on the importance of the chain type and the length of the amphiphilic complex. Eur Biophys J 2008, 37:1007-1014.
118. Georgiev G.A., Sarker D.K., Al-Hanbali O., Georgiev G.D., Lalchev Z. Effects of poly (ethylene glycol) chains conformational transition on the properties of mixed dmpc/dmpe-peg thin liquid films and monolayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007, 59:184-193.
119. Erdogan S., Medarova Z.O., Roby A., Moore A., Torchilin V.P. Enhanced tumor mr imaging with gadolinium-loaded polychelating polymer-containing tumor-targeted liposomes. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 27:574-580.
120. Maruyama K. Intracellular targeting delivery of liposomal drugs to solid tumors based on epr effects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011, 63:161-169.
121. Kullberg M., Owens J.L., Mann K. Listeriolysin o enhances cytoplasmic delivery by her-2 targeting liposomes. J Drug Target 2010, 18:313-320.
122. Pan X., Wu G., Yang W., Barth R.F., Tjarks W., Lee R.J. Synthesis of cetuximab-immunoliposomes via a cholesterol-based membrane anchor for targeting of egfr. Bioconjug Chem 2007, 18:101-108.
123. Kamaly N., Kalber T., Thanou M., Bell J.D., Miller A.D. Folate receptor targeted bimodal liposomes for tumor magnetic resonance imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009, 20:648-655.
124. Lu Y., Ballauff M. "Smart" nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and applications. Polymer 2007, 48:1815-1823.
125. Liechty W.B., Peppas N.A. Expert opinion: responsive polymer nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012, 80:241-246.
126. Figueiredo S., Moreira J.N., Geraldes C.F., Aime S., Terreno E. Supramolecular protamine/gd-loaded liposomes adducts as relaxometric protease responsive probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011, 19:1131-1135.
127. Terreno E., Boffa C., Menchise V., Fedeli F., Carrera C., Castelli D.D., et al. Gadolinium-doped lipocest agents: a potential novel class of dual (1)h-mri probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011, 47:4667-4669.
128. Lokling K.E., Fossheim S.L., Skurtveit R., Bjornerud A., Klaveness J. Ph-sensitive paramagnetic liposomes as mri contrast agents: in vitro feasibility studies. Magn Reson Imaging 2001, 19:731-738.
129. Torres E., Mainini F., Napolitano R., Fedeli F., Cavalli R., Aime S., et al. Improved paramagnetic liposomes for mri visualization of ph triggered release. J Control Release 2011, 154:196-202.
130. Gerasimov O.V., Boomer J.A., Qualls M.M., Thompson D.H. Cytosolic drug delivery using ph- and light-sensitive liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999, 38:317-338.
131. Moghimi S.M. Recent developments in polymeric nanoparticle engineering and their applications in experimental and clinical oncology. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2006, 6:553-561.
132. Wischke C., Schwendeman S.P. Principles of encapsulating hydrophobic drugs in pla/plga microparticles. Int J Pharm 2008, 364:298-327.
133. Mainardes R.M., Gremiao M.P., Brunetti I.L., da Fonseca L.M., Khalil N.M. Zidovudine-loaded pla and pla-peg blend nanoparticles: influence of polymer type on phagocytic uptake by polymorphonuclear cells. J Pharm Sci 2009, 98:257-267.
134. Shikata F., Tokumitsu H., Ichikawa H., Fukumori Y. In vitro cellular accumulation of gadolinium incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles designed for neutron-capture therapy of cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2002, 53:57-63.
135. Fujimoto T., Ichikawa H., Akisue T., Fujita I., Kishimoto K., Hara H., et al. Accumulation of mri contrast agents in malignant fibrous histiocytoma for gadolinium neutron capture therapy. Appl Radiat Isot 2009, 67:S355-S358.
136. Kundu A., Peterlik H., Krssak M., Bytzek A.K., Pashkunova-Martic I., Arion V.B., et al. Strategies for the covalent conjugation of a bifunctional chelating agent to albumin: synthesis and characterization of potential mri contrast agents. J Inorg Biochem 2011, 105:250-255.
137. Tseng H.R., Chen K.J., Wolahan S.M., Wang H., Hsu C.H., Chang H.W., et al. A small mri contrast agent library of gadolinium(iii)-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles for improved relaxivity and sensitivity. Biomaterials 2011, 32:2160-2165.
138. Lu Z.R., Tan M.Q., Wu X.M., Jeong E.K., Chen Q.J. Peptide-targeted nanoglobular gd-dota monoamide conjugates for magnetic resonance cancer molecular imaging. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11:754-761.
139. Liu J., Lee H., Allen C. Formulation of drugs in block copolymer micelles: drug loading and release. Curr Pharm Des 2006, 12:4685-4701.
140. Kabalka G.W., Davis M.A., Holmberg E., Maruyama K., Huang L. Gadolinium-labeled liposomes containing amphiphilic gd-dtpa derivatives of varying chain length: targeted mri contrast enhancement agents for the liver. Magn Reson Imaging 1991, 9:373-377.
141. Schwendener R.A., Wuthrich R., Duewell S., Wehrli E., von Schulthess G.K. A pharmacokinetic and mri study of unilamellar gadolinium-, manganese-, and iron-dtpa-stearate liposomes as organ-specific contrast agents. Invest Radiol 1990, 25:922-932.
142. Grogna M., Cloots R., Luxen A., Jerome C., Passirani C., Lautram N. Polymer micelles decorated by gadolinium complexes as mri blood contrast agents: design, synthesis and properties. Polym Chem 2010, 1:1485-1490.
143. Miyata K., Christie R.J., Kataoka K. Polymeric micelles for nano-scale drug delivery. React Funct Polym 2011, 71:227-234.
144. Shiraishi K., Kawano K., Maitani Y., Yokoyama M. Polyion complex micelle mri contrast agents from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lysine) block copolymers having gd-dota; preparations and their control of t(1)-relaxivities and blood circulation characteristics. J Control Release 2010, 148:160-167.
145. Buhleier E., Wehner W., Vogtle F. "Cascade"- and "Nonskid-chain-like" syntheses of molecular cavity topologies. Synthesis 1978, 2:155-158.
146. Alper J. Rising chemical "Stars" could play many roles. Science 1991, 251:1562-1564.
147. Rupp R., Rosenthal S.L., Stanberry L.R. Vivagel (tm) (spl7013 gel): a candidate dendrimer microbicide for the prevention of hiv and hsv infection. Int J Nanomed 2007, 2:561-566.
148. Oliveira J.M., Salgado A.J., Sousa N., Mano J.F., Reis R.L. Dendrimers and derivatives as a potential therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine strategies-a review. Prog Polym Sci 2010, 35:1163-1194.
149. Nanjwade B.K., Bechra H.M., Derkar G.K., Manvi F.V., Nanjwade V.K. Dendrimers: emerging polymers for drug-delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009, 38:185-196.
150. Caminade A.M., Laurent R., Majoral J.P. Characterization of dendrimers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005, 57:2130-2146.
151. Wiener E.C., Brechbiel M.W., Brothers H., Magin R.L., Gansow O.A., Tomalia D.A., et al. Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 1994, 31:1-8.
152. Toth E.E., Helm L., Merbach A.E., Hedinger R., Hegetschweiler K., Janossy A. Structure and dynamics of a trinuclear gadolinium(iii) complex: the effect of intramolecular electron spin relaxation on its proton relaxivity(1). Inorg Chem 1998, 37:4104-4113.
153. Brechbiel M.W., Nwe K., Xu H., Regino C.A.S., Bernardo M., Ileva L., et al. A new approach in the preparation of dendrimer-based bifunctional diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid mr contrast agent derivatives. Bioconjugate Chem 2009, 20:1412-1418.
154. Swanson S.D., Kukowska-Latallo J.F., Patri A.K., Chen C.Y., Ge S., Cao Z.Y., et al. Targeted gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific magnetic resonance contrast enhancement. Int J Nanomedicine 2008, 3:201-210.
155. Zhu W., Okollie B., Bhujwalla Z.M., Artemov D. Pamam dendrimer-based contrast agents for mr imaging of her-2/neu receptors by a three-step pretargeting approach. Magn Reson Med 2008, 59:679-685.
156. Nwe K., Milenic D.E., Ray G.L., Kim Y.S., Brechbiel M.W. Preparation of cystamine core dendrimer and antibody-dendrimer conjugates for mri angiography. Mol Pharm 2012.
157. Langereis S., de Lussanet Q.G., van Genderen M.H., Meijer E.W., Beets-Tan R.G., Griffioen A.W., et al. Evaluation of gd(iii)dtpa-terminated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as contrast agents for mr imaging. NMR Biomed 2006, 19:133-141.
158. Huang R., Han L., Li J., Liu S., Shao K., Kuang Y., et al. Chlorotoxin-modified macromolecular contrast agent for mri tumor diagnosis. Biomaterials 2011, 32:5177-5186.
159. Gu Z.W., Luo K., Liu G., He B., Wu Y., Gong Q.Y., et al. Multifunctional gadolinium-based dendritic macromolecules as liver targeting imaging probes. Biomaterials 2011, 32:2575-2585.
160. Luo K., Liu G., She W., Wang Q., Wang G., He B., et al. Gadolinium-labeled peptide dendrimers with controlled structures as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Biomaterials 2011, 32:7951-7960.
161. Slowing I.I., Vivero-Escoto J.L., Wu C.W., Lin V.S. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as controlled release drug delivery and gene transfection carriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008, 60:1278-1288.
162. Li S.Z., Ma Y., Yue X.L., Cao Z., Dai Z.F. One-pot construction of doxorubicin conjugated magnetic silica nanoparticles. New J Chem 2009, 33:2414-2418.
163. Lin Y.S., Hung Y., Su J.K., Lee R., Chang C., Lin M.L., et al. Gadolinium(iii)-incorporated nanosized mesoporous silica as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Phys Chem B 2004, 108:15608-15611.
164. Taylor K.M.L., Kim J.S., Rieter W.J., An H., Lin W.L., Lin W.B. Mesoporous silica nanospheres as highly efficient mri contrast agents. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:2154-2155.