Multivariate classification of social anxiety disorder using whole brain functional connectivity

Brain Structure and Function

Volumn 220, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 101-115

  Liu, Feng ^a   Guo, Wenbin ^b   Fouche, Jean Paul ^c,d   Wang, Yifeng ^a   Wang, Wenqin ^a   Ding, Jurong ^a   Zeng, Ling ^a   Qiu, Changjian ^e   Gong, Qiyong ^e   Zhang, Wei ^e   Chen, Huafu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

^b GUANGXI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^e SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Consensus features; Functional connectivity; Multivariate pattern analysis; Resting state fMRI; Social anxiety disorder social phobia; Support vector machine

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECTIVE NETWORK; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CEREBELLUM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEFAULT MODE NETWORK; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HAMILTON ANXIETY SCALE; HAMILTON DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; HEAD MOVEMENT; HUMAN; LIEBOWITZ SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALE; MALE; RESTING STATE NETWORK; SENSORY MOTOR NETWORK; SOCIAL COGNITION; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE; VISUAL NETWORK; ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BLOOD SUPPLY; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CLASSIFICATION; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; PATHOLOGY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; ROC CURVE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; ROC CURVE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84889584090     PISSN: 18632653     EISSN: 18632661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0641-4     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Achard S, Salvador R, Whitcher B, Suckling J, Bullmore E (2006) A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J Neurosci 26:63–72
2. Akay MF (2009) Support vector machines combined with feature selection for breast cancer diagnosis. Expert Syst Appl 36:3240–3247
3. Anderson B, Goldin PR, Kurita K, Gross JJ (2008) Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives. Behav Res Ther 46:1119–1125
4. Anderson JS, Nielsen JA, Froehlich AL, DuBray MB, Druzgal TJ, Cariello AN, Cooperrider JR, Zielinski BA, Ravichandran C, Fletcher PT, Alexander AL, Bigler ED, Lange N, Lainhart JE (2011) Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging classification of autism. Brain 134:3742–3754
5. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 1994
6. Baldacara L, Borgio JG, Lacerda AL, Jackowski AP (2008) Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 30:281–289
7. Beer JS, John OP, Scabini D, Knight RT (2006) Orbitofrontal cortex and social behavior: integrating self-monitoring and emotion-cognition interactions. J Cogn Neurosci 18:871–879
8. Biswal B, Zerrin Yetkin F, Haughton VM, Hyde JS (1995) Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn Reson Med 34:537–541
9. Blackmon K, Barr WB, Carlson C, Devinsky O, Dubois J, Pogash D, Quinn BT, Kuzniecky R, Halgren E, Thesen T (2011) Structural evidence for involvement of a left amygdala-orbitofrontal network in subclinical anxiety. Psychiatry Res 194:296–303
10. Borg C, Bedoin N, Peyron R, Bogey S, Laurent B, Thomas-Antérion C (2012) Impaired emotional processing in a patient with a left posterior insula-SII lesion. Neurocase. doi:10.1080/13554794.2012.713491
11. Bruhl AB, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Kaffenberger T, Jancke L, Herwig U (2011) Neural correlates of altered general emotion processing in social anxiety disorder. Brain Res 1378:72–83
12. Bruhl AB, Herwig U, Delsignore A, Jancke L, Rufer M (2013) General emotion processing in social anxiety disorder: neural issues of cognitive control. Psychiatry Res 212:108–115
13. Bullmore E, Sporns O (2012) The economy of brain network organization. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:336–349
14. Burges CJC (1998) A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min Knowl Disc 2:121–167
15. Campbell DW, Sareen J, Paulus MP, Goldin PR, Stein MB, Reiss JP (2007) Time-varying amygdala response to emotional faces in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 62:455–463
16. Chang C-C, Lin C-J (2011) LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST) 2:27
17. Chen YW, Lin CJ (2006) Combining SVMs with various feature selection strategies. Feature Extr 207:315–324
18. Cover T, Hart P (1967) Nearest neighbor pattern classification. IEEE Trans Inform Theory 13:21–27
19. Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF (2006) Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:13848–13853
20. Dosenbach NUF, Nardos B, Cohen AL, Fair DA, Power JD, Church JA, Nelson SM, Wig GS, Vogel AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN (2010) Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI. Science 329:1358
21. Engel K, Bandelow B, Gruber O, Wedekind D (2009) Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm 116:703–716
22. Etkin A, Wager TD (2007) Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1476–1488
23. Fan Y, Resnick SM, Wu X, Davatzikos C (2008) Structural and functional biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: a high-dimensional pattern classification study. Neuroimage 41:277–285
24. Fink M, Akimova E, Spindelegger C, Hahn A, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S (2009) Social anxiety disorder: epidemiology, biology and treatment. Psychiatr Danub 21:533–542
25. Fouche JP, van Der Wee NJ, Roelofs K, Stein DJ (2013) Recent advances in the brain imaging of social anxiety disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 28:102–105
26. Fox MD, Greicius M (2010) Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Front Syst Neurosci 4:19
27. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME (2005) The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9673–9678
28. Fox MD, Zhang D, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME (2009) The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. J Neurophysiol 101:3270–3283
29. Friston KJ (2004) Functional integration in the brain. In: Human brain function, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego pp 971–997
30. Frith U, Frith CD (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:459–473
31. Gentili C, Gobbini MI, Ricciardi E, Vanello N, Pietrini P, Haxby JV, Guazzelli M (2008) Differential modulation of neural activity throughout the distributed neural system for face perception in patients with Social Phobia and healthy subjects. Brain Res Bull 77:286–292
32. Gentili C, Ricciardi E, Gobbini MI, Santarelli MF, Haxby JV, Pietrini P, Guazzelli M (2009) Beyond amygdala: default mode network activity differs between patients with social phobia and healthy controls. Brain Res Bull 79:409–413
33. Goldin PR, Gross JJ (2010) Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10:83–91
34. Goldin PR, Manber-Ball T, Werner K, Heimberg R, Gross JJ (2009a) Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal of negative self-beliefs in social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66:1091–1099
35. Goldin PR, Manber T, Hakimi S, Canli T, Gross JJ (2009b) Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:170–180
36. Golland P, Fischl B (2003) Permutation tests for classification: towards statistical significance in image-based studies. Inf Process Med Imaging 18:330–341
37. Greicius M (2008) Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 21:424
38. Gross-Isseroff R, Kushnir T, Hermesh H, Marom S, Weizman A, Manor D (2010) Alteration learning in social anxiety disorder: an fMRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 11:352–356
39. Guo WB, Liu F, Xue ZM, Yu Y, Ma CQ, Tan CL, Sun XL, Chen JD, Liu ZN, Xiao CQ, Chen HF, Zhao JP (2011) Abnormal neural activities in first-episode, treatment-naive, short-illness-duration, and treatment-response patients with major depressive disorder: a resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 135:326–331
40. Guo W, Liu F, Xue Z, Gao K, Liu Z, Xiao C, Chen H, Zhao J (2013) Abnormal resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in treatment-resistant depression and treatment sensitive depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 44:51–57
41. Guyon I, Weston J, Barnhill S, Vapnik V (2002) Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machines. Mach Learn 46:389–422
42. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, Sporns O (2008) Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 6:e159
43. Hahn A, Stein P, Windischberger C, Weissenbacher A, Spindelegger C, Moser E, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R (2011) Reduced resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in social anxiety disorder. Neuroimage 56:881–889
44. Haker A, Aderka IM, Marom S, Hermesh H, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2013) Impression formation and revision in social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord
45. Hattingh CJ, Ipser J, Tromp SA, Syal S, Lochner C, Brooks SJ, Stein DJ (2012) Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis. Frontiers Hum Neurosci 6:347
46. Hayasaka S, Laurienti PJ (2010) Comparison of characteristics between region-and voxel-based network analyses in resting-state fMRI data. Neuroimage 50:499–508
47. Huang CL, Chen MC, Wang CJ (2007) Credit scoring with a data mining approach based on support vector machines. Expert Syst Appl 33:847–856
48. Jefferys D (1997) Social phobia. The most common anxiety disorder. Aust Fam Physician 26(1061):1064
49. Jiang T (2013) Brainnetome: a new -ome to understand the brain and its disorders. Neuroimage 80:263–272
50. Kilts CD, Kelsey JE, Knight B, Ely TD, Bowman FD, Gross RE, Selvig A, Gordon A, Newport DJ, Nemeroff CB (2006) The neural correlates of social anxiety disorder and response to pharmacotherapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2243–2253
51. Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PS, Baker CI (2009) Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nat Neurosci 12:535–540
52. Liao W, Chen H, Feng Y, Mantini D, Gentili C, Pan Z, Ding J, Duan X, Qiu C, Lui S, Gong Q, Zhang W (2010a) Selective aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks in social anxiety disorder. Neuroimage 52:1549–1558
53. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, Mantini D, Ding J, Duan X, Luo C, Lu G, Chen H (2010b) Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS ONE 5:e8525
54. Lindquist KA, Wager TD, Kober H, Bliss-Moreau E, Barrett LF (2012) The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review. Behav Brain Sci 35:121–143
55. Liu Y, Yu C, Liang M, Li J, Tian L, Zhou Y, Qin W, Li K, Jiang T (2007) Whole brain functional connectivity in the early blind. Brain J Neurol 130:2085–2096
56. Liu Y, Liang M, Zhou Y, He Y, Hao Y, Song M, Yu C, Liu H, Liu Z, Jiang T (2008) Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain 131:945–961
57. Liu F, Guo W, Yu D, Gao Q, Gao K, Xue Z, Du H, Zhang J, Tan C, Liu Z, Zhao J, Chen H (2012a) Classification of different therapeutic responses of major depressive disorder with multivariate pattern analysis method based on structural MR scans. PLoS ONE 7:e40968
58. Liu F, Hu M, Wang S, Guo W, Zhao J, Li J, Xun G, Long Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zeng L, Gao Q, Wooderson SC, Chen J, Chen H (2012b) Abnormal regional spontaneous neural activity in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with late-life depression: a resting-state fMRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 39:326–331
59. Luo C, Qiu C, Guo Z, Fang J, Li Q, Lei X, Xia Y, Lai Y, Gong Q, Zhou D, Yao D (2011) Disrupted functional brain connectivity in partial epilepsy: a resting-state fMRI study. PLoS ONE 7:e28196
60. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Silva JA, Tekell JL, Martin CC, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156:675–682
61. Meier TB, Desphande AS, Vergun S, Nair VA, Song J, Biswal BB, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Prabhakaran V (2012) Support vector machine classification and characterization of age-related reorganization of functional brain networks. Neuroimage 60:601–613
62. Milad MR, Rauch SL (2007) The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:546–561
63. Mitchell TM (1997) Machine learning, vol 45. McGraw Hill, Burr Ridge
64. Mourao-Miranda J, Bokde AL, Born C, Hampel H, Stetter M (2005) Classifying brain states and determining the discriminating activation patterns: Support Vector Machine on functional MRI data. Neuroimage 28:980–995
65. Murphy K, Birn RM, Handwerker DA, Jones TB, Bandettini PA (2009) The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: are anti-correlated networks introduced? Neuroimage 44:893–905
66. Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Murayama K, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Kanba S (2011) fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task. Neurosci Res 69:67–72
67. Norman KA, Polyn SM, Detre GJ, Haxby JV (2006) Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn Sci 10:424–430
68. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF (2010) Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 68:235–243
69. Olson IR, Plotzker A, Ezzyat Y (2007) The enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing. Brain 130:1718–1731
70. Pereira F, Mitchell T, Botvinick M (2009) Machine learning classifiers and fMRI: a tutorial overview. Neuroimage 45:S199–S209
71. Polosan M, Baciu M, Cousin E, Perrone M, Pichat C, Bougerol T (2011) An fMRI study of the social competition in healthy subjects. Brain Cogn 77:401–411
72. Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2012) Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage 59:2142–2154
73. Qiu C, Liao W, Ding J, Feng Y, Zhu C, Nie X, Zhang W, Chen H, Gong Q (2011) Regional homogeneity changes in social anxiety disorder: a resting-state fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 194:47–53
74. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL (2001) A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:676–682
75. Saad ZS, Gotts SJ, Murphy K, Chen G, Jo HJ, Martin A, Cox RW (2012) Trouble at rest: how correlation patterns and group differences become distorted after global signal regression. Brain Connectivity 2:25–32
76. Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Loughead J, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Hakonarson H, Gur RC, Gur RE (2012) Impact of in-scanner head motion on multiple measures of functional connectivity: relevance for studies of neurodevelopment in youth. Neuroimage 60:623–632
77. Schmahmann JD (2010) The role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion: personal reflections since 1982 on the dysmetria of thought hypothesis, and its historical evolution from theory to therapy. Neuropsychol Rev 20:236–260
78. Schölkopf B, Smola AJ (2001) Learning with kernels: Support vector machines, regularization, optimization, and beyond. MIT press, Cambridge
79. Shi F, Liu Y, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Jiang J, Liu H, Liu Z (2007) Regional homogeneity and anatomical parcellation for fMRI image classification: application to schizophrenia and normal controls. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 10:136–143
80. Smith K (2012) Brain imaging: fMRI 2.0. Nature 484:24–26
81. Sorg C, Riedl V, Mühlau M, Calhoun VD, Eichele T, Läer L, Drzezga A, Förstl H, Kurz A, Zimmer C (2007) Selective changes of resting-state networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18760–18765
82. Sporns O (2011) The human connectome: a complex network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1224:109–125
83. Stein JF, Glickstein M (1992) Role of the cerebellum in visual guidance of movement. Physiol Rev 72:967–1017
84. Stein MB, Stein DJ (2008) Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet 371:1115–1125
85. Su L, Wang L, Chen F, Shen H, Li B, Hu D (2012) Sparse representation of brain aging: extracting covariance patterns from structural MRI. PLoS ONE 7:e36147
86. Syal S, Hattingh CJ, Fouche JP, Spottiswoode B, Carey PD, Lochner C, Stein DJ (2012) Grey matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Metab Brain Dis 27:299–309
87. Talati A, Pantazatos SP, Schneier FR, Weissman MM, Hirsch J (2013) Gray matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: primary, replication, and specificity studies. Biol Psychiatry 73:75–84
88. Tang Y, Jiang W, Liao J, Wang W, Luo A (2013) Identifying individuals with antisocial personality disorder using resting-state FMRI. PLoS ONE 8:e60652
89. Tian L, Wang J, Yan C, He Y (2011) Hemisphere- and gender-related differences in small-world brain networks: a resting-state functional MRI study. Neuroimage 54:191–202
90. Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fischer H, Pissiota A, Langstrom B, Fredrikson M (2001) Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study. Am J Psychiatry 158:1220–1226
91. Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fredrikson M (2002) Cerebral blood flow during anticipation of public speaking in social phobia: a PET study. Biol Psychiatry 52:1113–1119
92. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M (2002) Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15:273–289
93. Uddin LQ, Menon V, Young CB, Ryali S, Chen T, Khouzam A, Minshew NJ, Hardan AY (2011) Multivariate searchlight classification of structural magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with autism. Biol Psychiatry 70:833–841
94. Van Dijk KR, Sabuncu MR, Buckner RL (2012) The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage 59:431–438
95. Vapnik VN (1995) The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer, New York Inc
96. Wang J, Wang L, Zang Y, Yang H, Tang H, Gong Q, Chen Z, Zhu C, He Y (2009) Parcellation-dependent small-world brain functional networks: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 30:1511–1523
97. Wang L, Shen H, Tang F, Zang Y, Hu D (2012) Combined structural and resting-state functional MRI analysis of sexual dimorphism in the young adult human brain: an MVPA approach. Neuroimage 61:931–940
98. Warwick JM, Carey P, Jordaan GP, Dupont P, Stein DJ (2008) Resting brain perfusion in social anxiety disorder: a voxel-wise whole brain comparison with healthy control subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:1251–1256
99. Wee CY, Yap PT, Li W, Denny K, Browndyke JN, Potter GG, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Wang L, Shen D (2011) Enriched white matter connectivity networks for accurate identification of MCI patients. Neuroimage 54:1812–1822
100. Wee CY, Yap PT, Zhang D, Wang L, Shen D (2013) Group-constrained sparse fMRI connectivity modeling for mild cognitive impairment identification. Brain Struct Funct. doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0524-8
101. Yu C, Liu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang K, Tian L, Qin W, Jiang T, Li K (2008) Altered functional connectivity of primary visual cortex in early blindness. Hum Brain Mapp 29:533–543
102. Zahn R, Moll J, Krueger F, Huey ED, Garrido G, Grafman J (2007) Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:6430–6435
103. Zalesky A, Fornito A, Harding IH, Cocchi L, Yucel M, Pantelis C, Bullmore ET (2010) Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter? Neuroimage 50:970–983
104. Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yuan H, Shen D (2011a) Multimodal classification of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage 55:856–867
105. Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Q, Kuang W, Huang X, He Y, Gong Q (2011b) Disrupted brain connectivity networks in drug-naive, first-episode major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 70:334–342
106. Zhang Z, Liao W, Chen H, Mantini D, Ding JR, Xu Q, Wang Z, Yuan C, Chen G, Jiao Q, Lu G (2011c) Altered functional-structural coupling of large-scale brain networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain 134:2912–2928
107. Zhou B, Liu Y, Zhang Z, An N, Yao H, Wang P, Wang L, Zhang X, Jiang T (2013) Impaired functional connectivity of the thalamus in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a resting-state fMRI study. Curr Alzheimer Res 10:754–766
108. Zhu CZ, Zang YF, Cao QJ, Yan CG, He Y, Jiang TZ, Sui MQ, Wang YF (2008) Fisher discriminative analysis of resting-state brain function for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 40:110–120