Methods of Assessment of Counterregulation to Hypoglycaemia

Clinical Diabetes Research: Methods and Techniques

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 77-103

  Choudhary, Pratik ^a   Teh, Ming Ming ^a   Amiel, Stephanie A ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autonomic nervous system; Capillary glucose monitoring; Cognitive impairment and confusion; Dead space blood; Glucagon secretory responses; Glucose counterregulation; Neurohumoral responses; Physiological and neuroendocrine responses; Pre and post prandial glucose concentrations; Spontaneous and recurrent hypoglycaemia

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY;

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; DEAD SPACE; GLUCAGON SECRETORY RESPONSES; GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION; GLUCOSE MONITORING; HYPOGLYCAEMIA; NEUROHUMORAL RESPONSES; PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES;

PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS;

EID: 84889408437     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470513095.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Abramson EA, Arky RA, Woeber KA (1966) Effects of propranolol on the hormonal and metabolic responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia Lancet 2(7, 478), 1386-8.
2. ADA (2005) Defining and reporting hypoglycemia in diabetes: a report from the American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia Diabetes Care 28(5), 1245-9.
3. Amiel SA, Gale E (1993) Physiological responses to hypoglycemia: Counterregulation and cognitive function Diabetes Care 16, Suppl. 3, 48-55.
4. Amiel SA, Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV, DeFronzo RA, Sherwin RS (1987) Rate of glucose fall does not affect counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic humans Diabetes 36(4), 518-22.
5. Banting FG, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA (1923) Further clinical experiance with insulin (pancreatic extracts) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus British Medical Journal 1, 8-12.
6. Bina DM, Anderson RL, Johnson ML, Bergenstal RM, Kendall DM (2003) Clinical impact of prandial state exercise and site preparation on the equivalence of alternative-site blood glucose testing Diabetes Care 26(4), 981-5.
7. Bloom SR, Edwards AV, Hardy RN, Malinowska KW, Silver M (1975) Endocrine responses to insulin hypoglycaemia in the young calf The Journal of Physiology Online 244(3), 783-803.
8. Boland E, Monsod T, Delucia M, Brandt CA, Fernando S, Tamborlane WV (2001) Limitations of conventional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose: lessons learned from 3 days of continuous glucose sensing in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes Diabetes Care 24(11), 1858-62.
9. Bolinder J, Ungerstedt U, Arner P (1993) Long-term continuous glucose monitoring with microdialysis in ambulatory insulin-dependent diabetic patients Lancet 342(8879), 1080-5.
10. Bolli G, De FP, Perriello G, De CS, Ventura M, Campbell P et al. (1985) Role of hepatic autoregulation in defense against hypoglycemia in humans J Clin Invest 75(5), 1623-31.
11. Borg WP, Sherwin RS, During MJ, Borg MA, Shulman GI (1995) Local ventromedial hypothalamus glucopenia triggers counterregulatory hormone release Diabetes 44(2), 180-4.
12. Boyle PJ, Schwartz NS, Shah SD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE (1988) Plasma glucose concentrations at the onset of hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in nondiabetics N Engl J Med 318(23), 1487-92.
13. Caplin NJ, O'Leary P, Bulsara M, Davis EA, Jones TW (2003) Subcutaneous glucose sensor values closely parallel blood glucose during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia Diabet Med 20(3), 238-41.
14. Carter DC, Dozois RR, Kirkpatrick JR (1972) Insulin infusion test of gastric acid secretion BrMed J 2(807), 202-4.
15. Choudhary P, Davies C, Emery C, Freeman J, Heller SR (2006) Low interstitial glucose detected by CGMS correlates well with clinically significant hypoglycaemia Diabet Med 23(2), 12.
16. Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Julian D, Schlundt D, Polonsky W (1995) Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and associated symptoms Diabetes Care 18(4), 517-22.
17. Colin-Jones DG, Himsworth RL (1970) The location of the chemoreceptor controlling gastric acid secretion during hypoglycaemia J Physiol 206(2), 397-409.
18. Cryer PE (1992) Iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a cause of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in IDDM: A vicious cycle Diabetes 41(3), 255-60.
19. Cryer PE, Binder C, Bolli GB, Cherrington AD, Gale EA, Gerich JE et al. (1989) Hypoglycemia in IDDM Diabetes 38(9), 1193-9.
20. DAFNE group (2002) Training in flexible intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial BMJ 325(7, 367), 746.
21. DAFNE group (2003) Training in flexible intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with Type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomized controlled trial DiabetMed 20, Suppl. 3, 4-5.
22. Dagogo-Jack SE, Craft S, Cryer PE (1993) Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulindependent diabetes mellitus Recent antecedent hypoglycemia reduces autonomic responses to symptoms of and defense against subsequent hypoglycemia J Clin Invest 91(3), 819-28.
23. Davis RE, Morrissey M, Peters JR, Wittrup-Jensen K, Kennedy-Martin T, Currie CJ (2005) Impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life and productivity in type 1 and type 2 diabetes Curr Med Res Opin 21(9), 1477-83.
24. Davis SN, Shavers C, Costa F (2000) Gender-related differences in counterregulatory responses to antecedent hypoglycemia in normal humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(6), 2148-57.
25. Dawson R (1950) Studies on the glutamine and glutamic acid content of the rat brain during insulin hypoglycaemia J Biochem (Tokyo) 47(4), 386-91.
26. DCCT (1991) Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial The DCCT Research Group Am J Med 90(4), 450-9.
27. DCCT (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group N Engl J Med 329(14), 977-86.
28. DCCT (2000) Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group N Engl J Med 342(6), 381-9.
29. De Pergola E, Campiello G (1953) [Adrenal cortex function during experimental insulin hypoglycemia II: Blood level of cortical hormones] Minerva Med 44(57-58), 214-16.
30. De FP, Bolli G, Perriello G, De CS, Compagnucci P, Angeletti G et al. (1983) The adrenergic contribution to glucose counterregulation in type I diabetes mellitus Dependency on A-cell function and mediation through beta 2-adrenergic receptors Diabetes 32(10), 887-93.
31. Deary IJ, Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Frier BM (1993) Partitioning the symptoms of hypoglycaemia using multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis Diabetologia 36(8), 771-7.
32. Debrah K, Sherwin RS, Murphy J, Kerr D (1996) Effect of caffeine on recognition of and physiological responses to hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetes Lancet 347(8, 993), 19-24.
33. DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R (1979) Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance AmJ Physiol 237(3), E214-23.
34. Dellacqua G (1951) [Studies on experimental hypoglycemia I Insulin test] Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 27(3), 451-4.
35. DVLA At a Glance Guide to the Current Medical Standards of Fitness to Drive-A Guide for Medical Practitioners Govt of UK.
36. Ellison JM, Stegmann JM, Colner SL, Michael RH, Sharma MK, Ervin KR et al. (2002) Rapid changes in postprandial blood glucose produce concentration differences at finger forearm and thigh sampling sites Diabetes Care 25(6), 961-4.
37. Evans ML, McCrimmon RJ, Flanagan DE, Keshavarz T, Fan X, McNay EC et al. (2004) Hypothalamic ATP-sensitive K + channels play a key role in sensing hypoglycemia and triggering counterregulatory epinephrine and glucagon responses Diabetes 53(10), 2542-51.
38. Evans ML, Pernet A, Lomas J, Jones J, Amiel SA (2000) Delay in onset of awareness of acute hypoglycemia and of restoration of cognitive performance during recovery Diabetes Care 23(7), 893-7.
39. Fanelli CG, Pampanelli S, Porcellati F, Bolli GB (1998) Shift of glycaemic thresholds for cognitive function in hypoglycaemia unawareness in humans Diabetologia 41(6), 720-3.
40. Frier BM, Deary IJ (1995) Unreliability of reports of hypoglycaemia by diabetic patients Hypogly-caemia was validated BMJ 310(6, 991), 1407.
41. Garber AJ, Cryer PE, Santiago JV, Haymond MW, Pagliara AS, Kipnis DM (1976) The role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man JClinInvest 58(1), 7-15.
42. Garg S, Zisser H, Schwartz S, Bailey T, Kaplan R, Ellis S et al. (2006) Improvement in glycemic excursions with a transcutaneous real-time continuous glucose sensor: a randomized controlled trial Diabetes Care 29(1), 44-50.
43. George E, Harris N, Bedford C, MacDonald IA, Hardisty CA, Heller SR (1995) Prolonged but partial impairment of the hypoglycaemic physiological response following short-term hypoglycaemia in normal subjects Diabetologia 38(10), 1183-90.
44. George E, Marques JL, Harris ND, MacDonald IA, Hardisty CA, Heller SR (1997) Preservation of physiological responses to hypoglycemia 2 days after antecedent hypoglycemia in patients with IDDM Diabetes Care 20(8), 1293-8.
45. Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Frier BM (1994) Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia Diabetes Care 17(7), 697-703.
46. Grimaldi A, Bosquet F, Davidoff P, Digy JP, Sachon C, Landault C et al. (1990) Unawareness of hypoglycemia by insulin-dependent diabetics Horm Metab Res 22(2), 90-5.
47. Han SM, Namkoong C, Jang PG, Park IS, Hong SW, Katakami H et al. (2005) Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase mediates counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in rats Diabetologia 48(10), 2170-8.
48. Hanzlicek L, Knobloch V (1951) [Biochemical investigation on insulin hypoglycemia; blood potassium level following insulin shock] Cas Lek Cesk 90(8), 227-9.
49. Harrop GA (1927) Hypoglycaemia and the toxic effects of insulin Archives of Internal Medicine 40, 216-25.
50. Hayashi Y, Murata Y, Seo H, Miyamoto N, Kambe F, Ohmori S et al. (1992) Modification of water and electrolyte metabolism during head-down tilting by hypoglycemia in men J Appl Physiol 73(5), 1785-90.
51. Heine RJ (1993) Methods of investigation of insulin induced hypoglycaemia In: Frier BM, Fisher BM (Eds) Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes, Edward Arnold, London, pp. 165-75.
52. Heller SR (2002) Abnormalities of the electrocardiogram during hypoglycaemia: the cause of the dead in bed syndrome? Int J Clin Pract Suppl 129, 27-32.
53. Heller SR, Cryer PE (1991) Reduced neuroendocrine and symptomatic responses to subsequent hypo-glycemia after 1 episode of hypoglycemia in nondiabetic humans Diabetes 40(2), 223-6.
54. Hepburn DA, Deary IJ, Frier BM (1992) Classification of symptoms of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients using factor analysis: relationship to hypoglycaemia unawareness Diabet Med 9(1), 70-5.
55. Hepburn DA, Deary IJ, Frier BM, Patrick AW, Quinn JD, Fisher BM (1991) Symptoms of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans with and without IDDM Factor-analysis approach Diabetes Care 14(11), 949-57.
56. Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Frier BM (1993) Physiological symptomatic and hormonal responses to acute hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy Diabet Med 10(10), 940-9.
57. Hirsch IB, Heller SR, Cryer PE (1991) Increased symptoms of hypoglycaemia in the standing position in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Clin Sci (Lond) 80(6), 583-6.
58. Hoffman RP (2006) Antecedent hypoglycemia does not alter increased epinephrine-induced lipolysis in type 1 diabetes mellitus Metabolism 55(3), 371-80.
59. Holstein A, Plaschke A, Egberts EH (2002) Incidence and costs of severe hypoglycemia Diabetes Care 25(11), 2109-10.
60. Jackson WP, Van Mieghem W, Keller P (1973) Observations of the mechanism of action of the sulfonylureas under clinical conditions Metabolism 22(9), 1, 155-62.
61. Jacobson L, Ansari T, Potts J, McGuinness OP (2006) Glucocorticoid-deficient corticotropin-releasing hormone knockout mice maintain glucose requirements but not autonomic responses during repeated hypoglycemia Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.
62. Kaufman FR, Austin J, Neinstein A, Jeng L, Halvorson M, Devoe DJ et al. (2002) Nocturnal hypo-glycemia detected with the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes J Pediatr 141(5), 625-30.
63. Klip A, Hawkins M (2005) Desperately seeking sugar: glial cells as hypoglycemia sensors J Clin Invest 115(12), 3403-5.
64. Korzon-Burakowska A, Hopkins D, Matyka K, Lomas J, Pernet A, Macdonald I et al. (1998) Effects of glycemic control on protective responses against hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 21(2), 283-90.
65. Kraicer J, Logothetopoulos J (1963) Adrenal Cortical response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the rat 1 Adaptation to repeated daily injections of Protamine Zinc Insulin Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 44, 259-71.
66. Lawrence RD (1941) Insulin Hypoglycaemia Changes in nervous manifestations Lancet 238(6, 168), 602.
67. Lazarus SS, Volk BW (1952) The estimation of insulin sensitivity by the modified glucose insulin tolerance test J Lab Clin Med 39(3), 404-13.
68. Leckie AM, Graham MK, Grant JB, Ritchie PJ, Frier BM (2005) Frequency severity and morbidity of hypoglycemia occurring in the workplace in people with insulin-treated diabetes Diabetes Care 28(6), 1333-8.
69. Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhall J, Kelly P, Marsden A, Morrison W et al. (2003) Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of health service resource use Diabetes Care 26(4), 1176-80.
70. Levy CJ, Kinsley BT, Bajaj M, Simonson DC (1998) Effect of glycemic control on glucose counter-regulation during hypoglycemia in NIDDM Diabetes Care 21(8), 1330-8.
71. Liu D, Moberg E, Kollind M, Lins PE, Adamson U, MacDonald IA (1992) Arterial arterialized venous venous and capillary blood glucose measurements in normal man during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemia and hypoglycaemia Diabetologia 35(3), 287-90.
72. Maran A, Amiel S (1994) Research methodologies in hypoglycaemia: counterregulation phenomena and nerve/brain dysfunction In: Research methodologies in Human Diabetes-Part 1.
73. Maran A, Lomas J, Archibald H, MacDonald IA, Gale EA, Amiel SA (1993) Double blind clinical and laboratory study of hypoglycaemia with human and porcine insulin in diabetic patients reporting hypoglycaemia unawareness after transferring to human insulin BMJ 306(6, 871), 167-71.
74. Maran A, Lomas J, MacDonald IA, Amiel SA (1995) Lack of preservation of higher brain function during hypoglycaemia in patients with intensively-treated IDDM Diabetologia 38(12), 1412-18.
75. Maran A, Macdonald I, Amiel SA (1991) The euglycaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp-a reliable tool for the investigation of responses to hypoglycaemia? Diabetes 40, Suppl. 1, A543.
76. Marks V, Teale JD (1996) Investigation of hypoglycaemia Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 44(2), 133-6.
77. Marty N, Dallaporta M, Foretz M, Emery M, Tarussio D, Bady I et al. (2005) Regulation of glucagon secretion by glucose transporter type 2 (glut2) and astrocyte-dependent glucose sensors Journal of Clinical Investigation 115(12), 3545-53.
78. Matyka K, Evans M, Lomas J, Cranston I, Macdonald I, Amiel SA (1997) Altered hierarchy of protective responses against severe hypoglycemia in normal aging in healthy men Diabetes Care 20(2), 135-41.
79. Mauras N, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Tamborlane WV, Chase HP et al. (2004) Lack of accuracy of continuous glucose sensors in healthy nondiabetic children: results of the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) accuracy study J Pediatr 144(6), 770-5.
80. McAulay V, Deary IJ, Frier BM (2001) Symptoms of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes Diabet Med 18(9), 690-705.
81. McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ, Gold AE, Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Ewing FM et al. (2003) Symptoms reported during experimental hypoglycaemia: effect of method of induction of hypoglycaemia and of diabetes per se Diabet Med 20(6), 507-9.
82. McCrimmon RJ, Evans ML, Fan X, McNay EC, Chan O, Ding Y et al. (2005) Activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the ventromedial hypothalamus amplifies counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in normal and recurrently hypoglycemic rats Diabetes 54(11), 3169-74.
83. McGowan K, Thomas W, Moran A (2002) Spurious reporting of nocturnal hypoglycemia by CGMS in patients with tightly controlled type 1 diabetes Diabetes Care 25(9), 1499-503.
84. Meguro S, Funae O, Hosokawa K, Atsumi Y (2005) Hypoglycemia detection rate differs among blood glucose monitoring sites Diabetes Care 28(3), 708-9.
85. Mitrakou A, Ryan C, Veneman T, Mokan M, Jenssen T, Kiss I et al. (1991) Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone secretion symptoms and cerebral dysfunction Am J Physiol 260(1), Pt 1, E67-74.
86. Morgenthaler FD, Koski DM, Kraftsik R, Henry PG, Gruetter R (2006) Biochemical quantification of total brain glycogen concentration in rats under different glycemic states Neurochem Int.
87. Mueller PS, Heninger GR, McDonald RK (1969) Insulin tolerance test in depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 21(5), 587-94.
88. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ et al. (2005) Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes N Engl J Med 353(25), 2643-53.
89. Oz G, Henry PG, Seaquist ER, Gruetter R (2003) Direct noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans NeurochemInt 43(4-5), 323-9.
90. Paranjape SA, Briski KP (2005) Recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes site-specific patterns of habituation or amplification of CNS neuronal genomic activation Neuroscience 130(4), 957-70.
91. Peacey SR, George E, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Bedford C, Harris N, Hardisty CA et al. (1996) Similar physiological and symptomatic responses to sulphonylurea and insulin induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects Diabet Med 13(7), 634-41.
92. Peacey SR, Rostami-Hodjegan A, George E, Tucker GT, Heller SR (1997) The use of tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia to examine the intraislet role of insulin in mediating glucagon release in normal humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(5), 1458-61.
93. Pennebaker JW, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Wunsch MG, Evans WS, Pohl S (1981) Physical symptoms related to blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetics Psychosom Med 43(6), 489-500.
94. Porcellati F, Pampanelli S, Rossetti P, Cordoni C, Marzotti S, Scionti L et al. (2003) Counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the postprandial state in humans Diabetes 52(11), 2774-83.
95. Pramming S, Thorsteinsson B, Bendtson I, Binder C (1991) Symptomatic hypoglycaemia in 411 type 1 diabetic patients Diabet Med 8(3), 217-22.
96. Rebrin K, Steil GM, van Antwerp WP, Mastrototaro JJ (1999) Subcutaneous glucose predicts plasma glucose independent of insulin: implications for continuous monitoring Am J Physiol 277(3), Pt 1, E561-71.
97. Ryan EA, Shandro T, Green K, Paty BW, Senior PA, Bigam D et al. (2004) Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation Diabetes 53(4), 955-62.
98. Samann A, Muhlhauser I, Bender R, Kloos C, Muller UA (2005) Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study Diabetologia 48(10), 1965-70.
99. Sandoval DA, Aftab Guy DL, Richardson MA, Ertl AC, Davis SN (2006) Acute Same Day Effects of Antecedent Exercise on Counterregulatory Responses to Subsequent Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.
100. Schlichtkrull J, Munck O, Jersild M (1965) The M Value an index of blood sugar control in diabetics Acta Med Scand 177, 95-102.
101. Segel SA, Paramore DS, Cryer PE (2002) Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in advanced type 2 diabetes Diabetes 51(3), 724-33.
102. Service FJ, Molnar GD, Rosevear JW, Ackerman E, Gatewood LC, Taylor WF (1970) Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions a measure of diabetic instability Diabetes 19(9), 644-55.
103. Sovik O, Thordarson H (1999) Dead-in-bed syndrome in young diabetic patients Diabetes Care 22, Suppl. 2, B40-2.
104. Spyer G, Hattersley AT, MacDonald IA, Amiel S, MacLeod KM (2000) Hypoglycaemic counter-regulation at normal blood glucose concentrations in patients with well controlled type-2 diabetes Lancet 356(9, 246), 1970-4.
105. Strachan MW, Ewing FM, Frier BM, Harper A, Deary IJ (2004) Food cravings during acute hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes Physiol Behav 80(5), 675-82.
106. Suzuki T, Saito K (1951) On the adrenaline secretion of the suprarenal glands during the insulin hypoglycemia in dogs anesthetized with evipan-sodium Tohoku J Exp Med 54(4), 309-12.
107. Tamada JA, Bohannon NJ, Potts RO (1995) Measurement of glucose in diabetic subjects using noninvasive transdermal extraction Nat Med 1(11), 1198-1201.
108. The European Communities Council directive of 29 July 1991 on driving licenses.
109. UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group (2006) Stratifying Hypoglycemic Event Risk in Insulin-Treated Diabetes, Department for Transport, London.
110. Visser SL (1967) Significance of the tolbutamide (hypoglycaemia) test as a method of provoking EEG changes: comparison with the bemegride provocation test Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 70(6), 467-80.
111. Vogt M (1951) The role of hypoglycaemia and of adrenaline in the response of the adrenal cortex to insulin J Physiol 114(1-2), 222-33.
112. White NH, Skor DA, Cryer PE, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Santiago JV (1983) Identification of type I diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy N Engl J Med 308(9), 485-91.
113. Wilder RM (1927) Carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas: Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia JAMA 89, 348-55.
114. Woolf PD, Lee LA, Leebaw W, Thompson D, Lilavivathana U, Brodows R et al. (1977) Intracellular glucopenia causes prolactin release in man J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45(3), 377-83.