Equine gammaherpesviruses: Perfect parasites?

Veterinary Microbiology

Volumn 167, Issue 1-2, 2013, Pages 86-92

  Hartley, Carol A ^a   Dynon, Kemperly J ^a   Mekuria, Zelalem H ^a   El Hage, Charles M ^a   Holloway, Steven A ^a,b   Gilkerson, James R ^a  

^a The University of Melbourne   (Australia)

^b Advanced Vetcare   (Australia)

Author keywords

EHV 2; EHV 5; Equine gammaherpesvirus

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; VALACICLOVIR; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

ANTIGENICITY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EQUINE GAMMA HERPES VIRUS; EQUINE HERPES VIRUS; GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HORSE DISEASE; LATENT VIRUS INFECTION; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REINFECTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS CLASSIFICATION; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS DIAGNOSIS; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS ISOLATION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS SHEDDING;

EQUID HERPESVIRUS 2; EQUID HERPESVIRUS 5; EQUIDAE;

EHV-2; EHV-5; EQUINE GAMMAHERPESVIRUS;

ANIMALS; GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 84889085381     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.031     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Agius C.T., Crabb B.S., Telford E.A., Davison A.J., Studdert M.J. Comparative studies of the structural proteins and glycoproteins of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5. J. Gen. Virol. 1994, 75(Pt 10):2707-2717.
2. Agius C.T., Nagesha H.S., Studdert M.J. Equine herpesvirus 5: comparisons with EHV2 (equine cytomegalovirus), cloning, and mapping of a new equine herpesvirus with a novel genome structure. Virology 1992, 191:176-186.
3. Anderson R.M., May R.M. Coevolution of hosts and parasites. Parasitology 1982, 85(Pt 2):411-426.
4. Arnason U., Adegoke J.A., Gullberg A., Harley E.H., Janke A., Kullberg M. Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences. Gene 2008, 421:37-51.
5. Ataseven V.S., Bilge-Dagalp S., Oguzoglu T.C., Karapinar Z., Guzel M., Tan M.T. Detection and sequence analysis of equine gammaherpesviruses from horses with respiratory tract disease in Turkey. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2010, 57:271-276.
6. Back H., Kendall A., Grandon R., Ullman K., Treiberg-Berndtsson L., Stahl K., Pringle J. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in association with asinine herpesvirus type 5 and equine herpesvirus type 5: a case report. Acta Vet. Scand. 2012, 54:57.
7. Barrandeguy M., Vissani A., Olguin C., Becerra L., Mino S., Pereda A., Oriol J., Thiry E. Experimental reactivation of equine herpesvirus-3 following corticosteroid treatment. Equine Vet. J. 2008, 40:593-595.
8. Bell S.A., Balasuriya U.B., Gardner I.A., Barry P.A., Wilson W.D., Ferraro G.L., MacLachlan N.J. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 116:249-257.
9. Bell S.A., Balasuriya U.B., Nordhausen R.W., MacLachlan N.J. Isolation of equine herpesvirus-5 from blood mononuclear cells of a gelding. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2006, 18:472-475.
10. Bell S.A., Pusterla N., Balasuriya U.B., Mapes S.M., Nyberg N.L., MacLachlan N.J. Isolation of a gammaherpesvirus similar to asinine herpesvirus-2 (AHV-2) from a mule and a survey of mules and donkeys for AHV-2 infection by real-time PCR. Vet. Microbiol. 2008, 130:176-183.
11. Bertin J., Armstrong R.C., Ottilie S., Martin D.A., Wang Y., Banks S., Wang G.H., Senkevich T.G., Alnemri E.S., Moss B., Lenardo M.J., Tomaselli K.J., Cohen J.I. Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas- and TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:1172-1176.
12. Blakeslee J.R., Olsen R.G., McAllister E.S., Fassbender J., Dennis R. Evidence of respiratory tract infection induced by equine herpesvirus, type 2, in the horse. Can. J. Microbiol. 1975, 21:1940-1946.
13. Borchers K., Ebert M., Fetsch A., Hammond T., Sterner-Kock A. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) DNA in ocular swabs and its cell tropism in equine conjunctiva. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 118:260-266.
14. Borchers K., Frolich K., Ludwig H. Detection of equine herpesvirus types 2 and 5 (EHV-2 and EHV-5) in Przewalski's wild horses. Arch. Virol. 1999, 144:771-780.
15. Borchers K., Wolfinger U., Goltz M., Broll H., Ludwig H. Distribution and relevance of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) infections. Arch. Virol. 1997, 142:917-928.
16. Borchers K., Wolfinger U., Ludwig H., Thein P., Baxi S., Field H.J., Slater J.D. Virological and molecular biological investigations into equine herpes virus type 2 (EHV-2) experimental infections. Virus Res. 1998, 55:101-106.
17. Brault S.A., Bird B.H., Balasuriya U.B., MacLachlan N.J. Genetic heterogeneity and variation in viral load during equid herpesvirus-2 infection of foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2011, 147:253-261.
18. Brault S.A., Blanchard M.T., Gardner I.A., Stott J.L., Pusterla N., Mapes S.M., Vernau W., Dejong K.D., Maclachlan N.J. The immune response of foals to natural infection with equid herpesvirus-2 and its association with febrile illness. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2010, 137:136-141.
19. Brault S.A., Maclachlan N.J. Equid gammaherpesviruses: persistent bystanders or true pathogens?. Vet. J. 2011, 187:14-15.
20. Browning G.F., Ficorilli N., Studdert M.J. Asinine herpesvirus genomes: comparison with those of the equine herpesviruses. Arch. Virol. 1988, 101:183-190.
21. Browning G.F., Studdert M.J. Epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus). J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987, 25:13-16.
22. Browning G.F., Studdert M.J. Genomic heterogeneity of equine betaherpesviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1987, 68(Pt 5):1441-1447.
23. Browning G.F., Studdert M.J. Physical mapping of the genomic heterogeneity of isolates of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus). Arch. Virol. 1989, 104:87-94.
24. Camarda G., Spinetti G., Bernardini G., Mair C., Davis-Poynter N., Capogrossi M.C., Napolitano M. The equine herpesvirus 2 E1 open reading frame encodes a functional chemokine receptor. J. Virol. 1999, 73:9843-9848.
25. Collinson P., O'Rielly J.L., Ficorilli N., Studdert M.J. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 (equine gammaherpesvirus 2) from foals with keratoconjunctivitis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1994, 205:329-331.
26. Craig M.I., Barrandeguy M.E., Fernandez F.M. Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) infection in thoroughbred horses in Argentina. BMC Vet. Res. 2005, 1:9.
27. Davison A.J., Eberle R., Ehlers B., Hayward G.S., McGeoch D.J., Minson A.C., Pellett P.E., Roizman B., Studdert M.J., Thiry E. The order herpesvirales. Arch. Virol. 2009, 154:171-177.
28. Drummer H.E., Reubel G.H., Studdert M.J. Equine gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2) is latent in B lymphocytes. Arch. Virol. 1996, 141:495-504.
29. Dunowska M., Holloway S.A., Wilks C.R., Meers J. Genomic variability of equine herpesvirus-5. Arch. Virol. 2000, 145:1359-1371.
30. Dunowska M., Howe L., Hanlon D., Stevenson M. Kinetics of Equid herpesvirus type 2 infections in a group of Thoroughbred foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2011, 152:176-180.
31. Dunowska M., Meers J., Wilks C.R. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 5 in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 1999, 47:44-46.
32. Dunowska M., Wilks C.R., Studdert M.J., Meers J. Equine respiratory viruses in foals in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2002, 50:140-147.
33. Dunowska M., Wilks C.R., Studdert M.J., Meers J. Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2002, 50:132-139.
34. Dutta S.K., Campbell D.L. Pathogenicity of equine herpesvirus: in vivo persistence in equine tissue macrophages of herpesviuus type 2 detected in monolayer macrophage cell culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978, 39:1422-1427.
35. Dynon K., Black W.D., Ficorilli N., Hartley C.A., Studdert M.J. Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. Aust. Vet. J. 2007, 85:46-50.
36. Dynon K., Varrasso A., Ficorilli N., Holloway S., Reubel G., Li F., Hartley C., Studdert M., Drummer H. Identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis A virus by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 2001, 79:695-702.
37. E X., Hwang S., Oh S., Lee J.S., Jeong J.H., Gwack Y., Kowalik T.F., Sun R., Jung J.U., Liang C. Viral Bcl-2-mediated evasion of autophagy aids chronic infection of gammaherpesvirus 68. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5:e1000609.
38. Edington N., Welch H.M., Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. Equine Vet. J. 1994, 26:140-142.
39. Ehlers B., Borchers K., Grund C., Frolich K., Ludwig H., Buhk H.J. Detection of new DNA polymerase genes of known and potentially novel herpesviruses by PCR with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. Virus Genes 1999, 18:211-220.
40. Elde N.C., Child S.J., Eickbush M.T., Kitzman J.O., Rogers K.S., Shendure J., Geballe A.P., Malik H.S. Poxviruses deploy genomic accordions to adapt rapidly against host antiviral defenses. Cell 2012, 150:831-841.
41. Fortier G., van Erck E., Fortier C., Richard E., Pottier D., Pronost S., Miszczak F., Thiry E., Lekeux P. Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 139:34-41.
42. Fortier G., van Erck E., Pronost S., Lekeux P., Thiry E. Equine gammaherpesviruses: pathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnosis. Vet. J. 2010, 186:148-156.
43. Franchini M., Akens M., Bracher V., von Fellenberg R. Characterisation of gamma herpesviruses in the horse by PCR. Virology 1997, 238:8-13.
44. Fredericks D.N., Relman D.A. Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 9:18-33.
45. Fu Z.F., Robinson A.J., Horner G.W., Dickinson L.G., Grimmett J.B., Marshall R.B. Respiratory disease in foals and the epizootiology of equine herpesvirus type 2 infection. N. Z. Vet. J. 1986, 34:152-155.
46. Galosi C.M., de la Paz V.C., Fernandez L.C., Martinez J.P., Craig M.I., Barrandeguy M., Etcheverrrigaray M.E. Isolation of equine herpesvirus-2 from the lung of an aborted fetus. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2005, 17:500-502.
47. Hardwick J.M., Bellows D.S. Viral versus cellular BCL-2 proteins. Cell Death Differ. 2003, 10(Suppl. 1):S68-S76.
48. Hart K.A., Barton M.H., Williams K.J., Flaminio M.J.B.F., Howerth E.W. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus-5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding. Equine Vet. Educ. 2008, 20:470-476.
49. Herder V., Barsnick R., Walliser U., Teifke J.P., Konig P., Czerwinski G., Hansmann F., Baumgartner W., Hewicker-Trautwein M. Equid herpesvirus 5-associated dermatitis in a horse-resembling herpes-associated erythema multiforme. Vet. Microbiol. 2012, 155:420-424.
50. Holloway S.A., Lindquester G.J., Studdert M.J., Drummer H.E. Identification, sequence analysis and characterisation of equine herpesvirus 5 glycoprotein B. Arch. Virol. 1999, 144:287-307.
51. Holloway S.A., Lindquester G.J., Studdert M.J., Drummer H.E. Analysis of equine herpesvirus 2 strain variation using monoclonal antibodies to glyucoprotein B. Arch. Virol. 2000, 145:1699-1713.
52. Kemeny L., Pearson J.E. Isolation of herpesvirus from equine leukocytes: comparison with equine rhinopneumonitis virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. Revue Canadienne de Medecine Comparee 1970, 34:59-65.
53. Kershaw O., von Oppen T., Glitz F., Deegen E., Ludwig H., Borchers K. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in horses with keratoconjunctivitis. Virus Res. 2001, 80:93-99.
54. Kleiboeker S.B., Schommer S.K., Johnson P.J., Ehlers B., Turnquist S.E., Boucher M., Kreeger J.M. Association of two newly recognized herpesviruses with interstitial pneumonia in donkeys (Equus asinus). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2002, 14:273-280.
55. Kleiboeker S.B., Turnquist S.E., Johnson P.J., Kreeger J.M. Detection and nucleotide sequencing of a DNA-packaging protein gene of equine gammaherpesviruses. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2004, 16:67-74.
56. Lipkin W.I. Microbe hunting in the 21st century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:6-7.
57. Marenzoni M.L., Coppola G., Maranesi M., Passamonti F., Cappelli K., Capomaccio S., Verini Supplizi A., Thiry E., Coletti M. Age-dependent prevalence of equid herpesvirus 5 infection. Vet. Res. Commun. 2010, 34:703-708.
58. Marenzoni M.L., Passamonti F., Lepri E., Cercone M., Capomaccio S., Cappelli K., Felicetti M., Coppola G., Coletti M., Thiry E. Quantification of Equid herpesvirus 5 DNA in clinical and necropsy specimens collected from a horse with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2011, 23:802-806.
59. McGeoch D.J., Gatherer D., Dolan A. On phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:307-316.
60. Mumford J.A., Rossdale P.D. Virus and its relationship to the "poor performance" syndrome. Equine Vet. J. 1980, 12:3-9.
61. Murray M.J., Eichorn E.S., Dubovi E.J., Ley W.B., Cavey D.M. Equine herpesvirus type 2: prevalence and seroepidemiology in foals. Equine Vet. J. 1996, 28:432-436.
62. Nakagiri S., Murakami A., Takada S., Akiyama T., Yonehara S. Viral FLIP enhances Wnt signaling downstream of stabilized beta-catenin, leading to control of cell growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005, 25:9249-9258.
63. Nascimento R., Dias J.D., Parkhouse R.M. The conserved UL24 family of human alpha, beta and gamma herpesviruses induces cell cycle arrest and inactivation of the cyclinB/cdc2 complex. Arch. Virol. 2009, 154:1143-1149.
64. Niedermaier G., Poth T., Gehlen H. Clinical aspects of multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in two warmblood horses. Vet. Rec. 2010, 166:426-430.
65. Nordengrahn A., Merza M., Ros C., Lindholmc A., Palfl V., Hannant D., Belak S. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus types 2 and 5 in horse populations by using type-specific PCR assays. Vet. Res. 2002, 33:251-259.
66. Nordengrahn A., Rusvai M., Merza M., Ekstrom J., Morein B., Belak S. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) as a predisposing factor for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: prevention of the bifactorial disease with EHV-2 immunostimulating complexes. Vet. Microbiol. 1996, 51:55-68.
67. Palfi V., Belak S., Molnar T. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 from foals, showing respiratory symptoms. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B 1978, 25:165-167.
68. Plummer G., Goodheart C.R., Studdert M.J. Equine herpesviruses: antigenic relationships and deoxyribonucleic acid densities. Infect. Immun. 1973, 8:621-627.
69. Purewal A.S., Smallwood A.V., Kaushal A., Adegboye D., Edington N. Identification and control of the cis-acting elements of the immediate early gene of equid herpesvirus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 1992, 73(Pt 3):513-519.
70. Racaniello V. Koch's postulates in the 21st century. Virology Blog 2010, http://www.virology.ws/2010/01/22/kochs-postulates-in-the-21st-century/, V. Racaniello (Ed.).
71. Racaniello V.R. One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis. Virology 2006, 344:9-16.
72. Reubel G.H., Crabb B.S., Studdert M.J. Diagnosis of equine gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 infections by polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Virol. 1995, 140:1049-1060.
73. Rizvi S.M., Slater J.D., Wolfinger U., Borchers K., Field H.J., Slade A.J. Detection and distribution of equine herpesvirus 2 DNA in the central and peripheral nervous systems of ponies. J. Gen. Virol. 1997, 78(Pt 5):1115-1118.
74. Rosenkilde M.M., Kledal T.N., Schwartz T.W. High constitutive activity of a virus-encoded seven transmembrane receptor in the absence of the conserved DRY motif (Asp-Arg-Tyr) in transmembrane helix 3. Mol. Pharmacol. 2005, 68:11-19.
75. Schlocker N., Gerber-Bretscher R., von Fellenberg R. Equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56:749-754.
76. Schwarz B., Schwendenwein I., van den Hoven R. Successful outcome in a case of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) treated with valacyclovir. Equine Vet. Educ. 2012, 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00425.x.
77. Sharp E.L., Farrell H.E., Borchers K., Holmes E.C., Davis-Poynter N.J. Sequence analysis of the equid herpesvirus 2 chemokine receptor homologues E1, ORF74 and E6 demonstrates high sequence divergence between field isolates. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88:2450-2462.
78. Sherman J., Thorsen J., Barnum D.A., Mitchell W.R., Ingram D.G. Infectious causes of equine respiratory disease on Ontario standardbred racetracks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1977, 5:285-289.
79. Silins S.L., Sherritt M.A., Silleri J.M., Cross S.M., Elliott S.L., Bharadwaj M., Le T.T., Morrison L.E., Khanna R., Moss D.J., Suhrbier A., Misko I.S. Asymptomatic primary Epstein-Barr virus infection occurs in the absence of blood T-cell repertoire perturbations despite high levels of systemic viral load. Blood 2001, 98:3739-3744.
80. Sledge D.G., Miller D.L., Styer E.L., Hydrick H.A., Baldwin C.A. Equine herpesvirus 2-associated granulomatous dermatitis in a horse. Vet. Pathol. 2006, 43:548-552.
81. Soare T., Leeming G., Morgan R., Papoula-Pereira R., Kipar A., Stewart J., Hetzel U. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in horses in the UK. Vet. Rec. 2011, 169:313.
82. Studdert M.J. Comparative aspects of equine herpesviruses. Cornell Vet. 1974, 64:94-122.
83. Telford E.A., Studdert M.J., Agius C.T., Watson M.S., Aird H.C., Davison A.J. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 are gamma-herpesviruses. Virology 1993, 195:492-499.
84. Telford E.A., Watson M.S., Aird H.C., Perry J., Davison A.J. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus 2. J. Mol. Biol. 1995, 249:520-528.
85. Thein P., Bohm D. Etiology and clinical aspects of a viral keratoconjunctivitis in foals. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B 1976, 23:507-519.
86. Thome M., Martinon F., Hofmann K., Rubio V., Steiner V., Schneider P., Mattmann C., Tschopp J. Equine herpesvirus-2 E10 gene product, but not its cellular homologue, activates NF-kappaB transcription factor and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:9962-9968.
87. Thorsteinsdottir L., Torfason E.G., Torsteinsdottir S., Svansson V. Isolation and partial sequencing of Equid herpesvirus 5 from a horse in Iceland. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2010, 22:420-423.
88. Torfason E.G., Thorsteinsdottir L., Torsteinsdottir S., Svansson V. Study of equid herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Iceland with a type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Res. Vet. Sci. 2008, 85:605-611.
89. Turner A.J., Studdert M.J. Equine herpesviruses. 3. Isolation and epizootiology of slowly cytopathic viruses and the serological incidence of equine rhinopneumonitis. Aust. Vet. J. 1970, 46:581-586.
90. Varga J., Fodor L., Rusvai M., Soos I., Makrai L. Prevention of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia of foals using two different inactivated vaccines. Vet. Microbiol. 1997, 56:205-212.
91. Vengust M., Baird J.D., van Dreumel T., Ackerley C., Bienzle D. Equid herpesvirus 2-associated oral and esophageal ulceration in a foal. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2008, 20:811-815.
92. Wang J.T., Doong S.L., Teng S.C., Lee C.P., Tsai C.H., Chen M.R. Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 kinase suppresses the interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathway. J. Virol. 2009, 83:1856-1869.
93. Wang L., Raidal S.L., Pizzirani A., Wilcox G.E. Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR. Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 121:18-28.
94. Welch H.M., Bridges C.G., Lyon A.M., Griffiths L., Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. J. Gen. Virol. 1992, 73(Pt 2):261-268.
95. Wilks C.R., Studdert M.J. Equine herpesviruses. 5. Epizootiology of slowly cytopathic viruses in foals. Aust. Vet. J. 1974, 50:438-442.
96. Williams K.J., Maes R., Del Piero F., Lim A., Wise A., Bolin D.C., Caswell J., Jackson C., Robinson N.E., Derksen F., Scott M.A., Uhal B.D., Li X., Youssef S.A., Bolin S.R. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Vet. Pathol. 2007, 44:849-862.
97. Wong D.M., Belgrave R.L., Williams K.J., Del Piero F., Alcott C.J., Bolin S.R., Marr C.M., Nolen-Walston R., Myers R.K., Wilkins P.A. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008, 232:898-905.
98. Xu X., Janke A., Arnason U. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the greater Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the phylogenetic relationship among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+Cetacea). Mol. Biol. Evol. 1996, 13:1167-1173.
99. Youle M., Rohwer F., Stacy A., Whiteley M., Steel B.C., Delalez N.J., Nord A.L., Berry R.M., Armitage J.P., Kamoun S., Hogenhout S., Diggle S.P., Gurney J., Pollitt E.J., Boetius A., Cary S.C. The microbial olympics. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012, 10:583-588.