The variability is in the sex chromosomes

Evolution

Volumn 67, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 3662-3668

  Reinhold, Klaus ^a   Engqvist, Leif ^a  

^a BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Body size; Dosage compensation; Genetic sex determination; Phenotypic variability; Sexual dimorphism; Sexual selection

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; CHROMOSOME; PHENOTYPE; SEX DETERMINATION; SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; SEXUAL SELECTION;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIRD; BODY SIZE; CYTOLOGY; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GERM CELL; HISTOLOGY; INSECT; MALE; MAMMAL; PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; SEX CHROMOSOME; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SEXUAL SELECTION;

BODY SIZE; DOSAGE COMPENSATION; GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION; PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; SEXUAL SELECTION;

ANIMALS; BIRDS; BODY SIZE; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIATION; GERM CELLS; INSECTS; MALE; MAMMALS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT, HERITABLE; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEX CHROMOSOMES; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84888834802     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: 15585646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/evo.12224     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Andersson, M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
2. Bell, G. 1982. The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
3. Blanckenhorn, W. U. 2002. The consistency of quantitative genetic estimates in field and laboratory in the yellow dung fly. Genetica 114:171-182.
4. Brockmann, J. (ed.). 2005. The science of gender and science: Pinker vs. Spelke-a debate. Edge Foundation Inc. Available at http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html. Accessed December 18, 2012.
5. Brommer, J. E., M. Kirkpatrick, A. Qvarnström, and L. Gustafsson . 2007. The intersexual genetic correlation for lifetime fitness in the wild and its implications for sexual selection. PLoS One 2:e744.
6. Brown, L. B., E. A. Streeten, A. R. Shuldiner, L. A. Almas, P. A. Peyser, and B. D. Mitchell . 2004. Assessment of sex-specific genetic and environmental effects on bone mineral density. Genet. Epidemiol. 27:153-161.
7. Chapuis, H., M. Tixier-Boichard, Y. Delabrosse, and V. Ducrocq . 1996. Multivariate restricted maximum likelihood estimation of genetic parameters for production traits in three selected turkey strains. Genet. Sel. Evol. 28:197-215.
8. Charlesworth, B. 1996. The evolution of chromosomal sex determination and dosage compensation. Curr. Biol. 6:149-162.
9. Cowley, D. E., and W. R. Atchley . 1988. Quantitative genetics of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Heritabilities and genetic correlations between sexes for head and thorax traits. Genetics 119:421-433.
10. Cowley, D. E., W. R. Atchley, and J. J. Rutledge . 1986. Quantitative genetics of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Sexual dimorphism in genetic parameters for wing traits. Genetics 114:549-566.
11. Craig, I. W., C. M. A. Haworth, and R. Plomin . 2009. Commentary on "A role for the X chromosome in sex differences in variability in general intelligence?" (Johnson et al., 2009). Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 4:615-621.
12. Darwin, C. 1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Murray, Lond.
13. Eisen, E. J., and J. E. Legates . 1966. Genotype-sex interaction and genetic correlation between sexes for body weight in Mus musculus. Genetics 54:611.
14. Ezaz, T., R. Stiglec, F. Veyrunes, and J. A. Marshall Graves . 2006. Relationships between vertebrate ZW and XY sex chromosome systems. Curr. Biol. 16:R736-R743.
15. Fairbairn, D. J., W. U. Blanckenhorn, and T. Székely, eds. 2007. Sex, size and gender roles. Evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K.
16. Foerster, K., T. Coulson, B. C. Sheldon, J. M. Pemberton, T. H. Clutton-Brock, and L. E. B. Kruuk . 2007. Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer. Nature 447:1107-1109.
17. Gibson, J. R., A. K. Chippindale, and W. R. Rice . 2002. The X chromosome is a hot spot for sexually antagonistic fitness variation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269:499-505.
18. Graves, J. A. M. 1996. Mammals that break the rules: genetics of marsupials and monotremes. Ann. Rev. Genet. 30:233-260.
19. Halpern, D. F. 2000. Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
20. Havill, L. M., M. C. Mahaney, and J. Rogers . 2004. Genotype-by-sex and environment-by-sex interactions influence variation in serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas). Bone 35:198-203.
21. Hedges, L. V., and A. Nowell . 1995. Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals. Science 269:41-45.
22. Hedrick, A. V., and E. J. Temeles . 1989. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in animals: hypotheses and tests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:136-138.
23. Huynh, K. D., and J. T. Lee . 2005. X-chromosome inactivation: a hypothesis linking ontogeny and phylogeny. Nature Rev. Genet. 6:410-418.
24. Irwing, P., and R. Lynn . 2005. Sex differences in means and variability on the progressive matrices in university students: a meta-analysis. Brit. J. Psychol. 96:505-524.
25. James, J. W. 1973. Covariances between relatives due to sex-linked genes. Biometrics 29:584-588.
26. Jensen, H., B.-E. Saether, T. H. Ringsby, J. Tufto, S. C. Griffith, and H. Ellegren . 2003. Sexual variation in heritability and genetic correlations of morphological traits in house sparrow (Passer domesticus). J. Evol. Biol. 16:1296-1307.
27. Johnson, W., A. Carothers, and I. J. Deary . 2009. A role for the X chromosome in sex differences in variability in general intelligence? Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 4:598-611.
28. Lehre, A.-C., K. P. Lehre, P. Laake, and N. C. Danbolt . 2009. Greater intrasex phenotype variability in males than in females is a fundamental aspect of the gender differences in humans. Dev. Psychobiol. 51:198-206.
29. Lehrke, R. 1997. Sex linkage of intelligence: the X factor. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT.
30. Long, T. A. F., and W. R. Rice . 2007. Adult locomotory activity mediates intralocus sexual conflict in a laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 274:3105-3112.
31. Lynch, M., and B. Walsh . 1998. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sinnauer, SunderlMA.
32. Mank, J. E. 2009a. Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: lessons from the genome. Am. Nat. 173:141-150.
33. Mank, J. E. 2009b. The W, X, Y and Z of sex-chromosome dosage compensation. Trends Genet. 25:226-233.
34. Mank, J. E., and H. Ellegren . 2009. All dosage compensation is local: gene-by-gene regulation of sex-biased expression on the chicken Z chromosome. Heredity 102:312-320.
35. Mank, J. E., D. E. L. Promislow, and J. C. Avise . 2006. Evolution of alternative sex-determining mechanisms in teleost fishes. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87:83-93.
36. Mignon-Grasteau, S., L. Lescure, and C. Beaumont . 2000. Genetic parameters of body weight and prolificacy in pigeons. Genet. Sel. Evol. 32:429-440.
37. Mills, M. 2011. How can there still be a sex difference, even when there is no sex difference? Psychol. Today. Available at http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-how-and-why-sex-differences. Accessed December 18, 2012.
38. Møller, A. P. 1993. Sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica. III. Female tail ornaments. Evolution 47:417-431.
39. Morris, J. A., C. L. Jordan, and S. M. Breedlove . 2004. Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system. Nat. Neurosci. 7:1034-1039.
40. Mukai, T. 1969. Genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. VIII. Natural selection on degree of dominance of viability polygenes. Genetics 63:467-478.
41. Pan, L., C. Ober, and M. Abney . 2007. Heritability estimation of sex-specific effects on human quantitative traits. Genet. Epidemiol. 31:338-347.
42. Parker, T. H., and D. Garant . 2004. Quantitative genetics of sexually dimorphic traits and capture of genetic variance by a sexually-selected condition-dependent ornament in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). J. Evol. Biol. 17:1277-1285.
43. Pinheiro, J., D. Bates, S. DebRoy, and D. Sarkar . 2006. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effect models (R package version 3.1-78).
44. Poissant, J., A. J. Wilson, M. Festa-Bianchet, J. T. Hogg, and D. W. Coltman . 2008. Quantitative genetics and sex-specific selection on sexually dimorphic traits in bighorn sheep. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 275:623-628.
45. Poissant, J., A. J. Wilson, and D. W. Coltman . 2010. Sex-specific genetic variance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a systematic review of cross-sex genetic correlations. Evolution 64:97-107.
46. Pomiankowski, A., and A. P. Møller . 1995. A resolution of the lek paradox. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 260:21-29.
47. Presgraves, D. C. 2002. Patterns of postzygotic isolation in Lepidoptera. Evolution 56:1168-1183.
48. Preziosi, R. F., and D. A. Roff . 1998. Evidence of genetic isolation between sexually monomorphic and sexually dimorphic traits in the water strider Aquarius remigis. Heredity 81:92-99.
49. Price, D. K., and N. T. Burley . 1993. Constraints on the evolution of attractive traits: genetic (co)variance of zebra finch bill color. Heredity 71:405-412.
50. Price, T. D. 1984. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in Darwin's finches. Am. Nat. 123:500-518.
51. Prince, E. G., D. Kirkland J. P. Demuth . 2010. Hyperexpression of the X chromosome in both sexes results in extensive female bias of X-linked genes in the flour beetle. Genome Biol. Evol. 2:336-346.
52. R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
53. Reinhold, K. 1998. Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 44:1-7.
54. Rolff, J., S. A. O. Armitage, and D. W. Coltman . 2005. Genetic constraints and sexual dimorphism in immune defense. Evolution 59:1844-1850.
55. Saifi, G. M., and H. S. Chandra . 1999. An apparent excess of sex- and reproduction-related genes on the human X chromosome. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266:203-209.
56. Shell, E. R. 2005. Sex: For better or worse, sex chromosomes are linked to human intelligence. Discovery Magazine. Available at http://discovermagazine.com/2005/oct/sex. Accessed December 18, 2012.
57. Shnol, E. E., and A. S. Kondrashov . 1993. The effect of selection on the phenotypic variance. Genetics 134:995-996.
58. Simmons, M. J., and J. F. Crow . 1977. Mutations affecting fitness in Drosophila populations. Ann. Rev. Genet. 11:49-78.
59. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf . 1995. Biometry. W. H. Freeman, New York.
60. Summers, L. H. 2005. Remarks at NBER conference on diversifying the science & engineering workforce. Harvard University. Available at http://www.harvard.edu/president/speeches/summers_2005/nber.php. Accessed December 18, 2012.
61. Walters, J. R., and T. J. Hardcastle . 2011. Getting a full dose? Reconsidering sex chromosome dosage compensation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Genome Biol. Evol. 3:491-504.
62. Zechner, U., M. Wilda, H. Kehrer-Sawatzki, W. Vogel, R. Fundele, and H. Hameister . 2001. A high density of X-linked genes for general cognitive ability: a run-away process shaping human evolution? Trends Genet. 17:697-701.