Motor imagery ability in stroke patients: The relationship between implicit and explicit motor imagery measures

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue NOV, 2013, Pages

  de Vries, Sjoerd ^a,b   Tepper, Marga ^a   Feenstra, Wya ^a,c   Oosterveld, Hanneke ^a   Boonstra, Anne M ^c   Otten, Bert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b SAXION UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^c 'Revalidatie Friesland' Centre for Rehabilitation   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Hand laterality; Implicit; Motor imagery; Phenomenology; Questionnaire; Rehabilitation; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; EXPLICIT MOTOR IMAGERY; FEMALE; HANDEDNESS; HUMAN; IMAGERY; IMPLICIT MOTOR IMAGERY; KINESTHESIA; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RESPONSE TIME; VISUAL MEMORY;

EID: 84888100420     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00790     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Borst, G., and Kosslyn, S. M. (2010). Individual differences in spatial mental imagery. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Colchester) 63, 2031-2050. doi: 10.1080/17470211003802459
2. Braun, S., Kleynen, M., van Heel, T., Kruithof, N., Wade, D., and Beurskens, A. (2013). The effects of mental practice in neurological rehabilitation; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:390. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00390
3. Braun, S. M., Beurskens, A. J., Borm, P. J., Schack, T., and Wade, D. T. (2006). The effects of mental practice in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 87, 842-852. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.02.034
4. Butler, A. J., Cazeaux, J., Fidler, A., Jansen, J., Lefkove, N., Gregg, M., et al. (2012). The movement imagery questionnaire-revised, second edition (MIQ-RS) is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating motor imagery in stroke populations. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2012:497289. doi: 10.1155/2012/497289.
5. Callow, N., and Hardy, L. (2004). The relationship between the use of kinaesthetic imagery and different visual imagery perspectives. J. Sports. Sci. 22, 167-177. doi: 10.1080/02640410310001641449
6. Collet, C., Guillot, A., Lebon, F., Macintyre, T., and Moran, A. (2011). Measuring motor imagery using psychometric, behavioral, and psychophysiological tools. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 39, 85-92. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31820ac5e0
7. Confalonieri, L., Pagnoni, G., Barsalou, L. W., Rajendra, J., Eickhoff, S. B., and Butler, A. J. (2012). Brain activation in primary motor and somatosensory cortices during motor imagery correlates with motor imagery ability in stroke patients. ISRN Neurol. 2012:613595. doi: 10.5402/2012/613595
8. Crawford, J., and Howell, D. C. (1998). Comparing an individual's test score against norms derived from small samples. Clin. Neuropsychol. 12, 482-486. doi: 10.1076/clin.12.4.482.7241
9. Daprati, E., Nico, D., Duval, S., and Lacquaniti, F. (2010). Different motor imagery modes following brain damage. Cortex 46, 1016-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.002
10. Decety, J., and Jeannerod, M. (1995). Mentally simulated movements in virtual reality: does Fitt's law hold in motor imagery. Behav. Brain Res. 72, 127-134. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(96)00141-6
11. Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., and Prablanc, C. (1989). The timing of mentally represented actions. Behav. Brain Res. 34, 35-42. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4328(89)80088-9
12. de Lange, F. P., Hagoort, P., and Toni, I. (2005). Neural topography and content of movement representations. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 97-112. doi: 10.1162/0898929052880039
13. de Lange, F. P., Roelofs, K., and Toni, I. (2008). Motor imagery: a window into the mechanisms and alterations of the motor system. Cortex 44, 494-506. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.09.002
14. de Vries, S., and Mulder, T. (2007). Motor imagery and stroke rehabilitation: a critical discussion. J. Rehabil. Med. 39, 5-13. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0020
15. Dew, I. T. Z., and Cabeza, R. (2011). The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: behavioral and neural evidence. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1224, 174-190. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05946.x
16. Folstein, M., Folstein, S., and McHugh, P. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189-198. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
17. Fuglmeyer, A., Jaasko, L., Leyman, I., Olsson, S., and Steglind, S. (1975). Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Patient.1. Method for Evaluation of Physical Performance. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 7, 13-31.
18. Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: Macmillan. doi: 10.1037/14178-000
19. Gialanella, B., and Mattioli, F. (1992). Anosognosia and extrapersonal neglect as predictors of functional recovery following right hemisphere stroke. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2, 169-178. doi: 10.1080/09602019208401406
20. Gladstone, D. J., Danells, C. J., and Black, S. E. (2002). The fugl-meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 16, 232-240. doi: 10.1177/154596802401105171
21. Gregg, M., Hall, C., and Butler, A. (2010). The MIQ-RS: a suitable option for examining movement imagery ability. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 7, 249-257. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem170
22. Gregson, J. M., Leathley, M. J., Moore, A. P., Smith, T. L., Sharma, A. K., and Watkins, C. L. (2000). Reliability of measurements of muscle tone and muscle power in stroke patients. Age Ageing 29, 223-228. doi: 10.1093/ageing/29.3.223
23. Grèzes, J., and Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: a meta-analysis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12, 1-19. doi: 10.1002/1097-0193(200101)12:1<1::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-V
24. Guillot, A., and Collet, C. (2005). Contribution from neurophysiological and psychological methods to the study of motor imagery. Brain. Res. Brain Res. Rev. 50, 387-397. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.09.004
25. Halligan, P. W., Fink, G. R., Marshall, J. C., and Vallar, G. (2003). Spatial cognition: evidence from visual neglect. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 125-133. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00032-9
26. Hardy, L. (1997). The coleman roberts griffith address: three myths about applied consultancy work. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 9, 277-294. doi: 10.1080/10413209708406487
27. Hardy, L., and Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 21, 95-112.
28. Holmes, P., and Calmels, C. (2008). A neuroscientific review of imagery and observation use in sport. J. Mot. Behav. 40, 433-445. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.40.5.433-445
29. Jackson, P. L., Lafleur, M. F., Malouin, F., Richards, C., and Doyon, J. (2001). Potential role of mental practice using motor imagery in neurologic rehabilitation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 1133-1141. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2001.24286
30. Jeannerod, M. (1994). The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav. Brain Sci. 17, 187. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00034026
31. Jeannerod, M. (2001). Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage 14, S103-S109. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0832
32. Jeannerod, M., and Frak, V. (1999). Mental imaging of motor activity in humans. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 735-739. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00038-0
33. Jiménez, L., and Méndez, C. (1999). Which attention is needed for implicit sequence learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 25, 236-259. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.25.1.236
34. Jiménez, L., and Méndez, C. (2001). Implicit sequence learning with competing explicit cues. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A. 54, 345-369. doi: 10.1080/02724980042000200
35. Klatzky, R. L. (1994). On the relation between motor imagery and visual imagery. Behav. Brain Sci. 17, 212-213. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00034178
36. Kosslyn, S. M. (1980). Image and Mind. London: Harvard University Press.
37. Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 635-642. doi: 10.1038/35090055
38. Malouin, F., Belleville, S., Richards, C. L., Desrosiers, J., and Doyon, J. (2004). Working memory and mental practice outcomes after stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85, 177-183. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00771-8
39. Malouin, F., Jackson, P. L., and Richards, C. L. (2013). Towards the integration of mental practice in rehabilitation programs. A critical review. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:576. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00576
40. Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Durand, A., and Doyon, J. (2009). Clinical assessment of motor imagery after stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 22, 330-340. doi: 10.1177/1545968307313499
41. Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Jackson, P. L., Lafleur, M. F., Durand, A., and Doyon, J. (2007). The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) for assessing motor imagery in persons with physical disabilities: a reliability and construct validity study. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 31, 20-29. doi: 10.1097/01.NPT.0000260567.24122.64
42. Masters, R. S. W. (1992). Knowledge, knerves and know-how: the role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. Br. J. Psychol. 83, 343-358. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02446.x
43. Maxwell, J. P., Masters, R. S. W., and Eves, F. F. (2003). The role of working memory in motor learning and performance. Conscious. Cogn. 12, 376-402. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8100(03)00005-9
44. McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H. (2007). Relationship between visual and motor imagery. Percept. Mot. Skills 104, 823-843. doi: 10.2466/pms.104.3.823-843
45. Milner, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (1995). The Visual Brain in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Moran, A., Guillot, A., Macintyre, T., and Collet, C. (2012). Re-imagining motor imagery: building bridges between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology. Br. J. Psychol. 103, 224-247. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02068.x
47. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97-113. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
48. Orrell, A. J., Eves, F. F., and Masters, R. S. W. (2006). Motor learning of a dynamic balancing task after stroke: implicit implications for stroke rehabilitation. Phys. Ther. 86, 369-380.
49. Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S., and Johnston, M. V. (2001). A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke. Clin. Rehabil. 15, 233-240. doi: 10.1191/026921501672063235
50. Paolucci, S., Antonucci, G., Guariglia, C., Magnotti, L., Pizzamiglio, L., and Zoccolotti, P. (1996). Facilitatory effect of neglect rehabilitation on the recovery of left hemiplegic stroke patients: a cross-over study. J. Neurol. 243, 308-314. doi: 10.1007/BF00868403
51. Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 116, 172-191. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.116.2.172
52. Parsons, L. M., Fox, P. T., Downs, J. H., Glass, T., Hirsch, T. B., Martin, C. C., et al. (1995). Use of implicit motor imagery for visual shape discrimination as revealed by PET. Nature375, 54-58. doi: 10.1038/375054a0
53. Pohjasvaara, T., Vataja, R., Leppävuori, A., Kaste, M., and Erkinjuntti, T. (2002). Cognitive functions and depression as predictors of poor outcome 15 months after stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 14, 228-233. doi: 10.1159/000065667
54. Pohl, P. S., McDowd, J. M., Filion, D. L., Richards, L. G., and Stiers, W. (2001). Implicit learning of a perceptual-motor skill after stroke. Phys. Ther. 81, 1780-1789.
55. Punt, T. D., and Riddoch, M. J. (2006). Motor neglect: implications for movement and rehabilitation following stroke. Disabil. Rehabil. 28, 857-864. doi: 10.1080/09638280500535025
56. Richardson, A. (1994). Individual Differences in Imaging: Their Measurement, Origins and Consequences. New York, NY: Baywood Publishing Company.
57. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., and Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 30, 200-221.
58. Roth, M., Decety, J., Raybaudi, M., Massarelli, R., Delon-Martin, C., Segebarth, C., et al. (1996). Possible involvement of primary motor cortex in mentally simulated movement: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroreport 7, 1280-1284. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199605170-00012
59. Schwoebel, J., and Coslett, H. B. (2005). Evidence for multiple, distinct representations of the human body. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 543-553. doi: 10.1162/0898929053467587
60. Sharma, N., Pomeroy, V. M., and Baron, J.-C. (2006). Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke. Stroke 37, 1941-1952. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000226902.43357.fc
61. Simmons, L., Sharma, N., Baron, J.-C., and Pomeroy, V. M. (2008). Motor imagery to enhance recovery after subcortical stroke: who might benefit, daily dose, and potential effects. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 22, 458-467. doi: 10.1177/1545968308315597
62. van Reenen, E., Visser-Meilly, J., Post, M., and Prevo, A. (2001). Measuring motor impairment of the affected arm and hand after stroke: validity, reliability and sensitivity to change of the Utrecht Arm/Hand Test (UAT). Revalidata 23, 9-10.
63. Vingerhoets, G., de Lange, F. P., Vandemaele, P., Deblaere, K., and Achten, E. (2002). Motor imagery in mental rotation: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 17, 1623-1633. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1290
64. Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., and Edwards, M. G. (2011). The functional equivalence between movement imagery, observation, and execution influences imagery ability. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 82, 555-564. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599788
65. Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., and Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the movement imagery questionnaire. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 34, 621-646.
66. Willingham, D. B. (1998). A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning. Psychol. Rev. 105, 558-584. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.105.3.558
67. Zeman, A. Z. J., Della Sala, S., Torrens, L. A., Gountouna, V.-E., McGonigle, D. J., and Logie, R. H. (2010). Loss of imagery phenomenology with intact visuo-spatial task performance: a case of "blind imagination". Neuropsychologia 48, 145-155. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.024