Periodontitis. Oral Complication of Diabetes.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 849-867

  Preshaw, Philip M ^a   Bissett, Susan M ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Diabetes complications; Gingivitis; Glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c; Inflammation; Periodontal diseases; Periodontitis

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; ALBUMIN; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; COLLAGENASE 3; CYCLOSPORIN; DIURETIC AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUORIDE; GELATINASE B; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; NEUTROPHIL COLLAGENASE; NYSTATIN; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; PHENYTOIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; TITANIUM; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENTAL CARIES; DENTAL SURGERY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; GINGIVITIS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MOUTH HYGIENE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIIMPLANTITIS; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SALIVATION; SELF MONITORING; SIDE EFFECT; SMOKING; THRUSH; TOOTH IMPLANT; XEROSTOMIA;

DIABETES; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; GINGIVITIS; GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN; HBA1C; INFLAMMATION; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PERIODONTITIS;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MOUTH DISEASES; PERIODONTITIS;

EID: 84888079832     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: 15584410     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.012     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. O'Dowd L.K., Durham J., McCracken G.I., et al. Patients' experiences of the impact of periodontal disease. JClin Periodontol 2010, 37:334-339.
2. Fox C.H. New considerations in the prevalence of periodontal disease. Curr Opin Dent 1992, 2:5-11.
3. White D., Pitts N., Steele J.G., et al. Diseases and related disorders - a report from the Adult Dental Health Survey 2009 2011, NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care, London.
4. Pihlstrom B.L., Michalowicz B.S., Johnson N.W. Periodontal diseases. Lancet 2005, 366:1809-1820.
5. Grossi S.G., Genco R.J., Machtei E.E., et al. Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. II. Risk indicators for alveolar bone loss. JPeriodontol 1995, 66:23-29.
6. Kinane D.F., Chestnutt I.G. Smoking and periodontal disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000, 11:356-365.
7. Warnakulasuriya S., Dietrich T., Bornstein M.M., et al. Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. Int Dent J 2010, 60:7-30.
8. Preshaw P.M., Heasman L., Stacey F., et al. The effect of quitting smoking on chronic periodontitis. JClin Periodontol 2005, 32:869-879.
9. Mealey B.L., Ocampo G.L. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007, 44:127-153.
10. Tsai C., Hayes C., Taylor G.W. Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe periodontal disease in the US adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002, 30:182-192.
11. Nelson R.G., Shlossman M., Budding L.M., et al. Periodontal disease and NIDDM in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1990, 13:836-840.
12. Taylor G.W., Burt B.A., Becker M.P., et al. Glycemic control and alveolar bone loss progression in type 2 diabetes. Ann Periodontol 1998, 3:30-39.
13. Emrich L.J., Shlossman M., Genco R.J. Periodontal disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. JPeriodontol 1991, 62:123-131.
14. Cianciola L.J., Park P.H., Bruck E., et al. Prevalence of periodontal disease in insulin-dependent mellitus (juvenile diabetes). JAm Dent Assoc 1982, 104:653-660.
15. Lalla E., Cheng B., Lal S., et al. Periodontal changes in children and adolescents with diabetes: a case-control study. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:295-299.
16. Lalla E., Cheng B., Lal S., et al. Diabetes mellitus promotes periodontal destruction in children. JClin Periodontol 2007, 34:294-298.
17. Bissett S.M., Stone K.M., Rapley T., et al. An exploratory qualitative interview study about collaboration between medicine and dentistry in relation to diabetes management. BMJ Open 2013, 3. pii:e002192.
18. Loe H. Periodontal disease. The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993, 16:329-334.
19. Taylor G.W., Burt B.A., Becker M.P., et al. Severe periodontitis and risk for poor glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JPeriodontol 1996, 67:1085-1093.
20. Shultis W.A., Weil E.J., Looker H.C., et al. Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:306-311.
21. Saremi A., Nelson R.G., Tulloch-Reid M., et al. Periodontal disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:27-32.
22. Ide R., Hoshuyama T., Wilson D., et al. Periodontal disease and incident diabetes: a seven-year study. JDent Res 2011, 90:41-46.
23. Demmer R.T., Desvarieux M., Holtfreter B., et al. Periodontal status and A1C change: longitudinal results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Diabetes Care 2010, 33:1037-1043.
24. Janket S.J., Wightman A., Baird A.E., et al. Does periodontal treatment improve glycemic control in diabetic patients? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. JDent Res 2005, 84:1154-1159.
25. Darre L., Vergnes J.N., Gourdy P., et al. Efficacy of periodontal treatment on glycaemic control in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis of interventional studies. Diabetes Metab 2008, 34:497-506.
26. Teeuw W.J., Gerdes V.E., Loos B.G. Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:421-427.
27. Simpson T.C., Needleman I., Wild S.H., et al. Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, (5). CD004714. 10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub2.
28. Spangler L., Reid R.J., Inge R., et al. Cross-sectional study of periodontal care and glycosylated hemoglobin in an insured population. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:1753-1758.
29. Hotamisligil G.S. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and the role of the adipocyte. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000, 24(Suppl 4):S23-S27.
30. Rotter V., Nagaev I., Smith U. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is, like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resistant subjects. JBiol Chem 2003, 278:45777-45784.
31. Loos B.G. Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. JPeriodontol 2005, 76:2106-2115.
32. Taylor J.J., Preshaw P.M., Lalla E. Areview of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. JClin Periodontol 2013, 40(Suppl 14):S113-S134.
33. Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil H.A., et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000, 321:405-412.
34. Preshaw P.M., Taylor J.J. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis?. JClin Periodontol 2011, 38(Suppl 11):60-84.
35. Kinane D.F., Preshaw P.M., Loos B.G. Host-response: understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of host-microbial interactions-consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. JClin Periodontol 2011, 38(Suppl 11):44-48.
36. Dandona P., Aljada A., Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004, 25:4-7.
37. Schmidt M.I., Duncan B.B., Sharrett A.R., et al. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet 1999, 353:1649-1652.
38. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005, 54:1615-1625.
39. Duarte P.M., de Oliveira M.C., Tambeli C.H., et al. Overexpression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 may play an important role in periodontal breakdown in type 2 diabetic patients. JPeriodontal Res 2007, 42:377-381.
40. Kardesler L., Buduneli N., Biyikoglu B., et al. Gingival crevicular fluid PGE2, IL-1beta, t-PA, PAI-2 levels in type 2 diabetes and relationship with periodontal disease. Clin Biochem 2008, 41:863-868.
41. Andriankaja O.M., Barros S.P., Moss K., et al. Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) among non-smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes. JPeriodontol 2009, 80:307-316.
42. Ross J.H., Hardy D.C., Schuyler C.A., et al. Expression of periodontal interleukin-6 protein is increased across patients with neither periodontal disease nor diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases. JPeriodontal Res 2010, 45:688-694.
43. Kardesler L., Buduneli N., Cetinkalp S., et al. Gingival crevicular fluid IL-6, tPA, PAI-2, albumin levels following initial periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Inflamm Res 2011, 60:143-151.
44. Lalla E., Lamster I.B., Feit M., et al. Blockade of RAGE suppresses periodontitis-associated bone loss in diabetic mice. JClin Invest 2000, 105:1117-1124.
45. Naguib G., Al-Mashat H., Desta T., et al. Diabetes prolongs the inflammatory response to a bacterial stimulus through cytokine dysregulation. JInvest Dermatol 2004, 123:87-92.
46. Graves D.T., Naguib G., Lu H., et al. Inflammation is more persistent in type 1 diabetic mice. JDent Res 2005, 84:324-328.
47. Watanabe K., Petro B.J., Shlimon A.E., et al. Effect of periodontitis on insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. JPeriodontol 2008, 79:1208-1216.
48. Duarte P.M., Neto J.B., Casati M.Z., et al. Diabetes modulates gene expression in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2007, 13:594-599.
49. Navarro-Sanchez A.B., Faria-Almeida R., Bascones-Martinez A. Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical and immunological response and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate periodontitis. JClin Periodontol 2007, 34:835-843.
50. Santos V.R., Ribeiro F.V., Lima J.A., et al. Cytokine levels in sites of chronic periodontitis of poorly controlled and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects. JClin Periodontol 2010, 37:1049-1058.
51. Santos V.R., Ribeiro F.V., Lima J.A., et al. Partial- and full-mouth scaling and root planing in type 2 diabetic subjects: a 12-mo follow-up of clinical parameters and levels of cytokines and osteoclastogenesis-related factors. JPeriodontal Res 2012, 47:45-54.
52. Engebretson S.P., Hey-Hadavi J., Ehrhardt F.J., et al. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-1b and glycemic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. JPeriodontol 2004, 75:1203-1208.
53. Salvi G.E., Yalda B., Collins J.G., et al. Inflammatory mediator response as a potential risk marker for periodontal diseases in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. JPeriodontol 1997, 68:127-135.
54. Salvi G.E., Franco L.M., Braun T.M., et al. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers during experimental gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a proof-of-concept study. JClin Periodontol 2010, 37:9-16.
55. Mahamed D.A., Marleau A., Alnaeeli M., et al. G(-) anaerobes-reactive CD4+ T-cells trigger RANKL-mediated enhanced alveolar bone loss in diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes 2005, 54:1477-1486.
56. Lappin D.F., Eapen B., Robertson D., et al. Markers of bone destruction and formation and periodontitis in type 1 diabetes mellitus. JClin Periodontol 2009, 36:634-641.
57. Santos V.R., Lima J.A., Goncalves T.E., et al. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in sites of chronic periodontitis of subjects with poorly and well-controlled type 2 diabetes. JPeriodontol 2010, 81:1455-1465.
58. Vieira Ribeiro F., de Mendonca A.C., Santos V.R., et al. Cytokines and bone-related factors in systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. JPeriodontol 2011, 82:1187-1196.
59. Silva J.A., Ferrucci D.L., Peroni L.A., et al. Sequential IL-23 and IL-17 and increased Mmp8 and Mmp14 expression characterize the progression of an experimental model of periodontal disease in type 1 diabetes. JCell Physiol 2012, 227:2441-2450.
60. Silva J.A., Lopes Ferrucci D., Peroni L.A., et al. Periodontal disease-associated compensatory expression of osteoprotegerin is lost in type 1 diabetes mellitus and correlates with alveolar bone destruction by regulating osteoclastogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2012, 196:137-150.
61. Schmidt A.M., Weidman E., Lalla E., et al. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) induce oxidant stress in the gingiva: a potential mechanism underlying accelerated periodontal disease associated with diabetes. JPeriodontal Res 1996, 31:508-515.
62. Takeda M., Ojima M., Yoshioka H., et al. Relationship of serum advanced glycation end products with deterioration of periodontitis in type 2 diabetes patients. JPeriodontol 2006, 77:15-20.
63. Yan S.F., Ramasamy R., Schmidt A.M. Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its ligands-cast into leading roles in diabetes and the inflammatory response. JMol Med 2009, 87:235-247.
64. Wong R.K., Pettit A.I., Quinn P.A., et al. Advanced glycation end products stimulate an enhanced neutrophil respiratory burst mediated through the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and generation of arachidonic acid. Circulation 2003, 108:1858-1864.
65. Lalla E., Lamster I.B., Feit M., et al. Amurine model of accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes. JPeriodontal Res 1998, 33:387-399.
66. Claudino M., Gennaro G., Cestari T.M., et al. Spontaneous periodontitis development in diabetic rats involves an unrestricted expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue destructive factors in the absence of major changes in commensal oral microbiota. Exp Diabetes Res 2012, 2012:356841.
67. Katz J., Bhattacharyya I., Farkhondeh-Kish F., et al. Expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end products in gingival tissues of type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontal disease: a study utilizing immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. JClin Periodontol 2005, 32:40-44.
68. Abbass M.M., Korany N.S., Salama A.H., et al. The relationship between receptor for advanced glycation end products expression and the severity of periodontal disease in the gingiva of diabetic and non diabetic periodontitis patients. Arch Oral Biol 2012, 57:1342-1354.
69. Yu S., Li H., Ma Y., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 of gingival fibroblasts influenced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their association with receptor for AGEs and nuclear factor-kB in gingival connective tissue. JPeriodontol 2012, 83:119-126.
70. Giacco F., Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010, 107:1058-1070.
71. Salvi G.E., Collins J.G., Yalda B., et al. Monocytic TNF-a secretion patterns in IDDM patients with periodontal diseases. JClin Periodontol 1997, 24:8-16.
72. Engebretson S.P., Vossughi F., Hey-Hadavi J., et al. The influence of diabetes on gingival crevicular fluid beta-glucuronidase and interleukin-8. JClin Periodontol 2006, 33:784-790.
73. Gyurko R., Siqueira C.C., Caldon N., et al. Chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and leukocyte dysfunction in Akita mice. JImmunol 2006, 177:7250-7256.
74. Sima C., Rhourida K., Van Dyke T.E., et al. Type 1 diabetes predisposes to enhanced gingival leukocyte margination and macromolecule extravasation invivo. JPeriodontal Res 2010, 45:748-756.
75. Karima M., Kantarci A., Ohira T., et al. Enhanced superoxide release and elevated protein kinase C activity in neutrophils from diabetic patients: association with periodontitis. JLeukoc Biol 2005, 78:862-870.
76. Graves D.T., Kayal R.A. Diabetic complications and dysregulated innate immunity. Front Biosci 2008, 13:1227-1239.
77. Galli C., Passeri G., Macaluso G.M. FoxOs, Wnts and oxidative stress-induced bone loss: new players in the periodontitis arena?. JPeriodontal Res 2011, 46:397-406.
78. Bullon P., Morillo J.M., Ramirez-Tortosa M.C., et al. Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: is oxidative stress a common link?. JDent Res 2009, 88:503-518.
79. Jaedicke K.M., Roythorne A., Padget K., et al. Leptin up-regulates TLR2 in human monocytes. JLeukoc Biol 2013, 93:561-571.
80. Rojo-Botello N.R., Garcia-Hernandez A.L., Moreno-Fierros L. Expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 is increased in gingival tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. JPeriodontal Res 2012, 47:62-73.
81. Sastrowijoto S.H., Hillemans P., van Steenbergen T.J., et al. Periodontal condition and microbiology of healthy and diseased periodontal pockets in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. JClin Periodontol 1989, 16:316-322.
82. Tervonen T., Oliver R.C., Wolff L.F., et al. Prevalence of periodontal pathogens with varying metabolic control of diabetes mellitus. JClin Periodontol 1994, 21:375-379.
83. Pinducciu G., Micheletti L., Piras V., et al. Periodontal disease, oral microbial flora and salivary antibacterial factors in diabetes mellitus type 1 patients. Eur J Epidemiol 1996, 12:631-636.
84. Sbordone L., Ramaglia L., Barone A., et al. Periodontal status and subgingival microbiota of insulin-dependent juvenile diabetics: a 3-year longitudinal study. JPeriodontol 1998, 69:120-128.
85. Yuan K., Chang C.J., Hsu P.C., et al. Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-diabetes mellitus by polymerase chain reaction. JPeriodontal Res 2001, 36:18-24.
86. Lalla E., Kaplan S., Chang S.M., et al. Periodontal infection profiles in type 1 diabetes. JClin Periodontol 2006, 33:855-862.
87. da Cruz G.A., de Toledo S., Sallum E.A., et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluations of non-surgical periodontal treatment in subjects with diabetes mellitus. JPeriodontol 2008, 79:1150-1157.
88. Ebersole J.L., Holt S.C., Hansard R., et al. Microbiologic and immunologic characteristics of periodontal disease in Hispanic Americans with type 2 diabetes. JPeriodontol 2008, 79:637-646.
89. Marsh P.D. Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease. Adv Dent Res 1994, 8:263-271.
90. US Department of Health and Human Services Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General 2000, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville (MD).
91. Oral health: prevention is key. Lancet 2009, 373:1.
92. Deakin T.A., Cade J.E., Williams R., et al. Structured patient education: the diabetes X-PERT programme makes a difference. Diabet Med 2006, 23:944-954.
93. Davies M.J., Heller S., Khunti K., et al. The DESMOND educational intervention. Chronic Illn 2008, 4:38-40.
94. Gillett M., Dallosso H.M., Dixon S., et al. Delivering the Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2010, 341:c4093.
95. Jonsson B., Ohrn K., Oscarson N., et al. The effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on oral hygiene behaviour in patients with periodontal disease: a blinded randomized-controlled clinical trial (one-year follow-up). JClin Periodontol 2009, 36:1025-1034.
96. Jonsson B., Ohrn K., Oscarson N., et al. An individually tailored treatment programme for improved oral hygiene: introduction of a new course of action in health education for patients with periodontitis. Int J Dent Hyg 2009, 7:166-175.
97. Preshaw P.M., Alba A.L., Herrera D., et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia 2012, 55:21-31.
98. Felix D.H., Luker J., Scully C. Oral medicine: 4. Dry mouth and disorders of salivation. Dent Update 2012, 39:738-743.
99. Felix D.H., Luker J., Scully C. Oral medicine: 7. Red and pigmented lesions. Dent Update 2013, 40:231-238.
100. Naert I., Koutsikakis G., Duyck J., et al. Biologic outcome of single-implant restorations as tooth replacements: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2000, 2:209-218.
101. Simonis P., Dufour T., Tenenbaum H. Long-term implant survival and success: a 10-16-year follow-up of non-submerged dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010, 21:772-777.
102. Ferreira S.D., Silva G.L., Cortelli J.R., et al. Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in Brazilian subjects. JClin Periodontol 2006, 33:929-935.
103. Koldsland O.C., Scheie A.A., Aass A.M. Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to severity of the disease with different degrees of bone loss. JPeriodontol 2010, 81:231-238.
104. Tomasi C., Derks J. Clinical research of peri-implant diseases - quality of reporting, case definitions and methods to study incidence, prevalence and risk factors of peri-implant diseases. JClin Periodontol 2012, 39(Suppl 12):207-223.
105. Lindhe J., Meyle J., Group D of European Workshop on Periodontology Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology. JClin Periodontol 2008, 35:282-285.
106. Marx R.E., Sawatari Y., Fortin M., et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. JOral Maxillofac Surg 2005, 63:1567-1575.
107. Otomo-Corgel J. Osteoporosis and osteopenia: implications for periodontal and implant therapy. Periodontol 2000 2012, 59:111-139.