Reduction of breast cancer relapses with perioperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: New findings and a review

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 20, Issue 33, 2013, Pages 4163-4176

  Retsky, Michael ^a,b   Demicheli, Romano ^c   Hrushesky, William J M ^d   Forget, Patrice ^e   De Kock, Marc ^e   Gukas, Isaac ^f   Rogers, Rick A ^a   Baum, Michael ^b   Sukhatme, Vikas ^g   Vaidya, Jayant S ^b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^d Oncology Analytics Inc   (United States)

^e CLINIQUES UNIVERSITAIRES SAINT LUC   (Belgium)

^f JAMES PAGET UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^g HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Analgesic; Angiogenesis; Bleeding; Breast cancer; Dormancy; Early relapse; Inflammation; Late relapse; Metastases; NSAID; Perioperative; Surgery

Indexed keywords

CLONIDINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; FLUOROURACIL; KETAMINE; KETOROLAC; METHOTREXATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; SUFENTANIL;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANGIOGENESIS; BLEEDING; BREAST CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STEM CELL; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MASTECTOMY; MICROMETASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; KETOROLAC; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; RECURRENCE;

EID: 84887865233     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990250     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Popper, K.R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery, (revised), Hutchinson & Co., London, 1968.
2. Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Second Edition, Enlarged, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970(1962).
3. Ariel I. A historical review of breast cancer treatment. In: Breast Cancer: Controversies in Management Leslie W, Houston J, Ed.; Futura Publishing Co, Armonk, NY; 1994.
4. Virchow, R. Die Krankhaften Geschwulste, Hirshwald Publishers, Berlin. Vol 1, 1863-1873.
5. Lewis, D.; Rienhoff, W.F.J. A study of results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast. Ann. Surg., 1932, 95, 336-400.
6. Brinkley, D.; Haybittle, J.L. The curability of breast cancer. Lancet, 1975, 2, 9-14.
7. Fisher, B. Laboratory and clinical research in breast cancer: a personal adventure: the David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture. Cancer Res., 1980, 40, 3863-3874.
8. Veronesi, U.; Cascinelli, N.; Mariani, L.; Greco, M.; Saccozzi, R.; Luini, A.; Aguilar, M.; Marubini, E. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 347, 1227-1232.
9. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic or immune therapy: 133 randomized trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet, 1992, 339, 1-15, 71-85.
10. Peto, R.; Boreham, J.; Clarke, M.; Davies, C.; Beral, V. UK and USA breast cancer deaths down 25% in year 2000 at ages 20-69 years. Lancet, 2000, 355(9217), 1822.
11. Galmarini, D.; Galmarini, C.M.; Galmarini, F.C. Cancer chemotherapy: a critical analysis of its 60 years of history. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2012, 84(2),181-199.
12. Winquist, R.J.; Boucher, D.M. Factors influencing development of new therapeutics for oncology. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2010, 10(4), 353-355.
13. Baum, M.; Chaplain, M.; Anderson, A.; Douek, M.; Vaidya, J.S. Does breast cancer exist in a state of chaos? Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 886-891.
14. Demicheli, R.; Retsky, M.W.; Hrushesky, W.J.M.; Baum, M. Tumor dormancy and surgery-driven dormancy interruption in breast cancer: learning from failures. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., 2007, 4, 699-710.
15. Demicheli, R.; Retsky, M.W.; Hrushesky, W.J.; Baum, M.; Gukas, I.D. The effects of surgery on tumor growth: a century of investigations. Ann. Oncol., 2008, 19(11), 1821-1828.
16. Retsky, M.W.; Demicheli, R.; Hrushesky, W.J.; Baum, M.; Gukas, I.D. Dormancy and surgery-driven escape from dormancy help explain some clinical features of breast cancer. APMIS, 2008, 116(7-8), 730-741.
17. Retsky, M.; Demicheli, R.; Hrushesky, W.; Baum, M.; Gukas, I. Surgery Triggers Outgrowth of Latent Distant Disease in Breast Cancer: An Inconvenient Truth? Cancers, 2010, 2, 305-337. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/2/2/305/
18. Taleb, N.N. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (First ed.). Penguin Ltd. London. pp. 400, 2007.
19. Holmgren, L.; O'Reilly, M.S.; Folkman, J. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat. Med., 1995, 1, 149-153.
20. Goss, P.E.; Chambers, A.F. Does tumour dormancy offer a therapeutic target? Nat. Rev. Cancer., 2010, 10(12), 871-877.
21. Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A . Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2007, 7, 834-846.
22. Hormbrey, E.; Han, C.; Roberts, A.; McGrouther, D.A.; Harris, A.L. The relationship of human wound vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after breast cancer surgery to circulating VEGF and angiogenesis. Clin. Cancer Res., 2003, 9, 4332-4339.
23. Chiarella, P.; Bruzzo, J.; Meiss, R.P.; Ruggiero, R.A. Concomitant tumor resistance. Cancer Lett., 2012, 324(2), 133-141.
24. Chang, H.Y.; Nuyten, D.S.; Sneddon, J.B.; Hastie, T.; Tibshirani, R.; Sørlie, T.; Dai, H.; He, Y.D.; van't Veer, L.J.; Bartelink, H.; van de Rijn, M.; Brown, P.O.; van de Vijver, M.J. Robustness, scalability, and integration of a wound-response gene expression signature in predicting breast cancer survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102(10), 3738-3743.
25. Retsky, M.W.; Demicheli, R.; Swartzendruber, D.E.; Bame, P.D.; Wardwell, R.H.; Bonadonna, G.; Speer, J.; Valagussa, P.; Computer simulation of a breast cancer metastasis model. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 1997, 45 (2), 193-202.
26. Lorenz, E.N. Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 1963, 20 (2), 130-141.
27. Baum, M.; Budzar, A.U.; Cuzick, J,; Forbes, J.; Houghton, J.H.; Klijn, J.G.; Sahmoud, T.; ATAC Trialists' Group. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet, 2002, 359(9324), 2131-2139. Erratum in: Lancet, 2002, 360(9344),1520.
28. Pellegrini, I.; Rapti, M.; Extra, J.M.; Petri-Cal, A.; Apostolidis, T.; Ferrero, J.M.; Bachelot, T.; Viens, P.; Julian-Reynier, C.; Bertucci, F. Tailored chemotherapy based on tumour gene expression analysis: breast cancer patients' misinterpretations and positive attitudes. Eur. J. Cancer Care, 2012, 21(2), 242-250.
29. Elias, A,D. Triple-negative breast cancer: a short review. Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 2010, 33(6), 637-645.
30. Hanin, L.; Zaider, M. Effects of Surgery and Chemotherapy on Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer: Evidence from the Natural History of the Disease Reconstructed through Mathematical Modeling. Cancers, 2011, 3(3), 3632-3660. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/3/3/3632.
31. Weckermann, D.; Polzer, B.; Ragg, T.; Blana, A.; Schlimok, G.; Arnholdt, H.; Bertz, S.; Harzmann, R.; Klein, C.A. Perioperative activation of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2009, 27(10), 1549-1556.
32. Demicheli, R.; Fornili, M.; Ambrogi, F.; Higgins, K.; Boyd, J.A.; Biganzoli, E.; Kelsey, C.R. Recurrence dynamics for non-smallcell lung cancer: effect of surgery on the development of metastases. J. Thorac. Oncol., 2012, 7(4), 723-730.
33. Deylgat, B.; Van Rooy, F.; Franky, V.; Devriendt, D.; George, C. Postsurgery Activation of Dormant Liver Micrometastasis: a Case Report and Review of Literature. J. Gastrointest. Canc., 2011, 42, 1-4.
34. Smithers, D.W. Clinical assessment of growth-rate in human tumours. Clin. Radiol., 1968, 19(2), 113-119.
35. Tsunemi, T.; Nagoya, S.; Kaya, M.; Kawaguchi, S.; Wada, T.; Yamashita, T.; Ishii, S. Postoperative progression of pulmonary metastasis in osteosarcoma. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 2003, 407, 159-166.
36. Tseng, W.W.; Doyle, J,A,; Maguiness, S.; Horvai, A. E.; Kashani-Sabet, M.; Leong, S.L.P. Giant Cutaneous melanomas: evidence for primary tumour induced dormancy in metastatic sites? BMJ Case Rep., 2009, doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2009. 2073. http://casereports.bmj. com/ content/2009/bcr.07.2009.2073.abstract?eaf.
37. Fisher, B. Clinical trials for the evaluation of cancer therapy. Cancer, 1984, 54(11 Suppl):2609-2617.
38. Bonadonna, G.; Valagussa, P.; Moliterni, A.; Zambetti, M.; Brambilla, C. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in node-positive breast cancer: the results of 20 years of follow-up. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 332(14), 901-906.
39. Demicheli, R.; Miceli, R.; Moliterni, A.; Zambetti, M.; Hrushesky, W.J.; Retsky, M.W.; Valagussa, P.; Bonadonna, G. Breast cancer recurrence dynamics following adjuvant CMF is consistent with tumor dormancy and mastectomy-driven acceleration of the metastatic process. Ann. Oncol., 2005, 16(9), 1449-1457.
40. Forget, P.; Vandenhende, J.; Berliere, M.; Machiels, J.P.; Nussbaum, B.; Legrand, C.; De Kock, M. Do intraoperative analgesics influence breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy? A retrospective analysis. Anesth. Analg., 2010, 110(6),1630-1635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435950.
41. Rutgers, E,J. Guidelines to assure quality in breast cancer surgery. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., 2005, 31(6), 568-576.
42. Birido, N.; Geraghty, J.G. Quality control in breast cancer surgery. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., 2005, 31(6), 577-586.
43. Goldhirsch, A; Glick, J.H.; Gelber, R.D.; Coates, A.S.; Thürlimann, B.; Senn, H.J.; Panel members. Meeting highlights: international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer. 2005, Ann. Oncol., 16(10), 1569-1583.
44. Goldhirsch, A.; Wood, W.C.; Gelber, R.D.; Coates, A.S.; Thürlimann, B.; Senn, H.J. 10th St. Gallen conference. Ann. Oncol., 2007, 18(7), 1133-1144.
45. Lee, M.; Jasi, R. Postmastectomy radiation therapy: indications and controversies. Surg. Clin. North Am., 2007, 87(2), 511-526.
46. Smith, B.D.; Smith, G.L.; Haffty, B.G. Postmastectomy radiation and mortality in women with T1-2 node-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005, 23(7),1409-1419.
47. Gottschalk, A.; Sharma, S.; Ford, J.; Durieux, M.E.; Tiouririne, M. Review article: the role of the perioperative period in recurrence after cancer surgery. Anesth. Analg., 2010, 110(6), 1636-1643.
48. Coussens, L.M.; Werb, Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 2002, 420(6917), 860-867.
49. Keibel, A.; Singh, V.; Sharma, M.C. Inflammation, microenvironment, and the immune system in cancer progression. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2009, 15(17), 1949-1955.
50. Demaria, S.; Pikarsky, E.; Karin, M.; Coussens, L.M.; Chen, Y.C.; El-Omar, E.M.; Trinchieri, G,; Dubinett, S.M.; Mao, J.T.; Szabo, E.; Krieg, A.; Weiner, G.J.; Fox, B.A.; Coukos, G.; Wang, E.; Abraham, R.T.; Carbone, M.; Lotze, M.T. Cancer and inflammation: promise for biologic therapy. J. Immunother., 2010, 33(4), 335-351.
51. Balkwill, F; Mantovani, A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet, 2001, 357(9255), 539-545.
52. Walter, N.D.; Rice, P.L.; Redente, E.F.; Kauvar, E.F.; Lemond, L.; Aly, T.; Wanebo, K.; Chan, E.D. Wound healing after trauma may predispose to lung cancer metastasis: review of potential mechanisms. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2011, 44(5), 591-596.
53. Jones, F.S.; Rous, P. On The Cause of the Localization of Secondary Tumors at Points of Injury. J. Exp. Med., 1914, 20(4), 404-412.
54. El Saghir, N.S.; Elhajj, I.I,; Geara, F.B.; Hourani, M.H. Traumaassociated growth of suspected dormant micrometastasis. BMC Cancer, 2005, 5, 94.
55. Retsky, M. Comment-What would explain the sudden growth of lung cancer after minor trauma reported by El Saghir et al? BMC Cancer, 2005, 5, 94.
56. Martins-Green, M.; Boudreau, N.; Bissell, M.J. Inflammation is responsible for the development of wound-induced tumors in chickens infected with Rous sarcoma virus. Cancer Res., 1994, 54(16), 4334-4341.
57. Pascual, M.; Alonso, S.; Parés, D.; Courtier, R.; Gil, M.J.; Grande, L.; Pera, M. Randomized clinical trial comparing inflammatory and angiogenic response after open versus laparoscopic curative resection for colonic cancer. Br. J. Surg., 2011, 98(1), 50-59.
58. Chow, L.W.; Yuen, K.Y,; Woo, P.C.; Wei, W.I. Clarithromycin attenuates mastectomy-induced acute inflammatory response. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2000, 7(6), 925-931.
59. Perez-Rivas, L.G.; Jerez, J.M.; Fernandez-De Sousa, C.E.; de Luque, V.; Quero, C.; Pajares, B.; Franco, L.; Sanchez-Muñoz, A.; Ribelles, N.; Alba, E. Serum protein levels following surgery in breast cancer patients: a protein microarray approach. Int. J. Oncol., 2012, 41(6), 2200-2206.
60. Meuwese, C.L.; Snaedal, S.; Halbesma, N.; Stenvinkel, P.; Dekker, F.W.; Qureshi, A.R.; Barany, P.; Heimburger, O.; Lindholm, B.; Krediet, R.T.; Boeschoten, E.W.; Carrero, J.J. Trimestral variations of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-β are similarly associated with survival in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2011, 26(4), 1313-1318.
61. McAllister, S.S.; Weinberg, R.A. Tumor-host interactions: a farreaching relationship. J. Clin. Oncol., 2010, 28(26), 4022-4028.
62. Allavena, P.; Mantovani, A. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: tumour-associated macrophages: undisputed stars of the inflammatory tumour microenvironment. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2012, 167(2), 195-205.
63. Mantovani, A.; Marchesi, F.; Porta, C.; Sica, A.; Allavena, P. Inflammation and cancer: breast cancer as a prototype. Breast, 2007, 16 (Suppl 2), S27-S33.
64. Carmeliet, P.; Jain, R.K. Angiogenesis in cancer and other tissues. Nature, 2000, 407, 249-257.
65. Favaro, E; Amadori, A; Indraccolo, S. Cellular interaction in the vascular niche: implications in the regulation of tumour dormancy. APMIS, 2008, 116, 648-659.
66. Butler, J.M.; Kobayashi, H; Rafii, S. Instructive role of the vascular niche in promoting tumour growth and tissue repair by angiocrine factors. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2010, 10(2), 138-146.
67. Bao, B.; Ahmad, A.; Kong, D.;, Ali, S.; Azmi, A.S.; Li, Y.; Banerjee, S.; Padhye, S.; Sarkar, F.H. Hypoxia induced aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells is linked with deregulated expression of VEGF, IL-6 and miRNAs that are attenuated by CDF. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8), e43726.
68. Tveito, S.; Andersen, K.; Kåresen, R.; Fodstad, Ø. Analysis of EpCAM positive cells isolated from sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients identifies subpopulations of cells with distinct transcription profiles. Breast Cancer Res., 2011, 13(4), R75.
69. Kavanagh, D.P.; Kalia, N. Hematopoietic stem cell homing to injured tissues. Stem Cell Rev., 2011, 7(3), 672-682.
70. Domanska, U.M.; Kruizinga, R.C.; Nagengast, W.B.; Timmer-Bosscha, H.; Huls, G.; de Vries, E.G.E.; Walenkamp, A.M.E. A review on CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in oncology: No place to hide. Eur. J. Cancer, 2013, 49(1), 219-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ejca.2012.05.005
71. Morré, D.J.; Morre, D.M. tNOX, an alternative target to COX-2 to explain the anticancer activities of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Mol. Cell Biochem., 2006, 283(1-2), 159-167.
72. Klement, G.L.; Yip, T.T.; Cassiola, F.; Kikuchi, L.; Cervi, D.; Podust, V.; Italiano, J.E.; Wheatley, E.; Abou-Slaybi, A.; Bender, E.; Almog, N.; Kieran, M.W.; Folkman, J. Platelets actively sequester angiogenesis regulators. Blood, 2009, 113(12), 2835-2842.
73. Pakneshan, P.; Birsner, A.E.; Adini, I.; Becker, C.M.; D'Amato, R.J. Differential suppression of vascular permeability and corneal angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2008, 49 (9), 3909-3913.
74. Lönnroth, C.; Andersson, M.; Nordgren, S.; Lundholm, K. Downregulation of Prominin 1/CD133 expression in colorectal cancer by NSAIDs following short-term preoperative treatment. Int. J. Oncol., 2012, 41(1), 15-23.
75. Krebs, M.G.; Hou, J.M.; Ward, T.H.; Blackhall, F.H.; Dive, C. Circulating tumour cells: their utility in cancer management and predicting outcomes. Ther. Adv. Med.Oncol., 2010, 2(6), 351-365.
76. Zhe, X.; Cher, M.L.; Bonfil, R.D. Circulating tumor cells: finding the needle in the haystack. Am. J. Can. Res., 2011, 1(6), 740-751.
77. Meng, S.; Tripathy, D.; Frenkel, E.P.; Shete, S.; Naftalis, E.Z.; Huth, J.F.; Beitsch, P.D.; Leitch, M.; Hoover, S.; Euhus, D.; Haley, B.; Morrison, L.; Fleming, T.P.; Herlyn, D.; Terstappen, L.W.; Fehm, T.; Tucker, T.F.; Lane, N.; Wang, J.; Uhr, J.W. Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10(24), 8152-8162.
78. Camara, O.; Kavallaris, A.; Nöschel, H.; Rengsberger, M.; Jörke, C.; Pachmann, K. Seeding of epithelial cells into circulation during surgery for breast cancer: the fate of malignant and benign mobilized cells. World J. Surg. Oncol., 2006, 4, 67.
79. Daskalakis, M.; Mavroudis, D.; Sanidas, E.; Apostolaki, S.; Askoxylakis, I.; de Bree, E.; Georgoulias, V.; Melissas, J. Assessment of the effect of surgery on the kinetics of circulating tumour cells in patients with operable breast cancer based on cytokeratin-19 mRNA detection. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., 2011, 37(5), 404-410.
80. GrØgaard, H.K.; Solheim, S.; Landsverk, K.S.; Seljeflot, I.; Hoffmann, P.; Arnesen, H.; Ilebekk, A. Circulating CD34+ progenitor cells and growth factors in patients treated with PCI for acute myocardial infarction or stable angina pectoris. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 2011, 71, 322-329.
81. Takemoto, Y.; Li, T.S.; Kubo, M.; Ohshima, M.; Ueda, K.; Harada, E.; Enoki, T.; Okamoto, M.; Mizukami, Y.; Murata, T.; Hamano, K. Operative injury accelerates tumor growth by inducing mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived stem cells. Surgery, 2011, 149(6), 792-800.
82. Dvorak, H.F. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986, 315(26), 1650-1659.
83. Rothwell, P.M.; Wilson, M.; Price, J.; Belch, J.F.; Meade, T.W.; Mehta, Z. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 2012, 379(9826), 1591-1601.
84. Stucker, M,; Baier, V.; Reuther, T.; Hoffmann, K.; Kellam, K.; Altmeyer, P. Capillary blood velocity in human skin capillaries located perpendicularly to the skin surface: measured by a new laser doppler anemometer. Microvasc. Res., 1996, 52, 188-192.
85. Mehlen, P.; Puisieux, A. Metastasis: a question of life or death. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2006, 6(6), 449-458. Review. PubMed PMID: 16723991.
86. Burke, J.P.; Pestotnik, S.L.; Classen, D.C.; Lloyd, J.F. Evaluation of the financial impact of ketorolac tromethamine therapy in hospitalized patients. Clin. Ther., 1996, 18(1), 197-211.
87. Gach, K.; Wyrbska, A.; Fichna, J.; Janecka, A. The role of morphine in regulation of cancer cell growth. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 2011, 384(3), 221-230.
88. Manjunath, S.; Prabhu, J.S.; Kaluve, R.; Correa, M.; Sridhar, T.S. Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer in India: Do We Really Have Higher Burden of this Subtype? Indian J. Surg. Oncol., 2011, 2(2), 122-125.
89. Keam, B.; Im, S.A.; Kim, H.J.; Oh, D.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Chie, E.K.; Han, W.; Kim, D.W.; Moon, W.K.; Kim, T.Y.; Park, I.A.; Noh, D.Y.; Heo, D.S.; Ha, S.W.; Bang, Y.J. Prognostic impact of clinicopathologic parameters in stage II/III breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel and doxorubicin chemotherapy: paradoxical features of the triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 2007, 7, 203.
90. Patil, V.W.; Singhai, R.; Patil, V.; Gurav, P.D. Triple-negative (ER, PgR, HER-2/neu) breast cancer in Indian women. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy, 2011, 3, 9-19.
91. Wallace, T.A.; Martin, D.N.; Ambs, S. Interactions among genes, tumor biology and the environment in cancer health disparities: examining the evidence on a national and global scale. Carcinogenesis, 2011, 32(8), 1107-1121.
92. White, P.F.; Raeder, J.; Kehlet, H.; Ketorolac: its role as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. Anesth. Analg., 2012, 114(2), 250-254.
93. De Oliveira, G.S. Jr.; Agarwal, D.; Benzon, H.T. Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth. Analg., 2012, 114(2), 424-433.
94. Cawthorn, T.R.; Phelan, R.; Davidson, J.S.; Turner, K.E. Retrospective analysis of perioperative ketorolac and postoperative bleeding in reduction mammoplasty. Can. J. Anaesth., 2012, 59(5), 466-472.
95. Bosek, V.; Cox, C.E. Comparison of analgesic effect of locally and systemically administered ketorolac in mastectomy patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 1996, 3(1), 62-66.
96. Laisalmi, M.; Eriksson, H.; Koivusalo, A.M.; Pere, P.; Rosenberg, P.; Lindgren, L. Ketorolac is not nephrotoxic in connection with sevoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing breast surgery. Anesth. Analg., 2001, 92(4), 1058-1063.
97. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Acute Pain Management. Anesthesiology, 2012, 116(2), 248-273.