Model analyses of atmospheric mercury: Present air quality and effects of transpacific transport on the United States

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 21, 2013, Pages 10807-10825

  Lei, H ^a   Liang, X Z ^b   Wuebbles, D J ^a   Tao, Z ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b Bldg 142   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EMISSION; MERCURY (ELEMENT); OXIDATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SPATIAL VARIATION; WET DEPOSITION;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84887439095     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10807-2013     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., Witt, M. L. I., Mather, T. A., Parello, F., Pyle, D. M., and Martin, R. S.: Real-time simultaneous detection of volcanic Hg and SO2 at La Fossa Crater, Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Sicily), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21307, doi:10.1029/2007GL030762, 2007.
2. AMAP/UNEP: Technical Background Report to the Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme/UNEP Chemicals Branch. 159, 2008.Online at: www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/Atmospheric-Emissions/Technical- background-report.pdf
3. AMAP/UNEP: Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013.
4. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland. 2013.
5. Amyot, M., Southworth, G. L., Lindberg, S. E., Hintelmann, H., Lalonde, J. D., Ogrinc, N. P., Poulain, A. J., and Sandilands, K. A.: Formation and evasion of dissolved gaseous mercury in large enclosures amended with 200HgCl2, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4279-4289, 2004.
6. Balabanov, N., Shepler, B., and Peterson, K.: Accurate global potential energy surface and reaction dynamics for the ground state of HgBr2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 8765-8773, 2005.
7. Bergan, T., Gallardo, L., and Rodhe, H.: Mercury in the global troposphere: a three-dimensional model study, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1575-1585, 1999.
8. Bertschi, I. T. and Jaffe, D. A.: Long-range transport of ozone, carbon monoxide, and aerosols to the NE Pacific troposphere during the summer of 2003, Observations of smoke plumes from Asian boreal fires, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D05303, doi:10.1029/2004JD005135, 2005.
9. Bullock, O. and Brehme, K.: Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2135-2146, 2002.
10. Bullock, O., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.-Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T. C., Park, R. J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N. E., Sistla, G., and Vijayaraghavan, K.: The North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): study description and model-to-model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17310, doi:10.1029/2008JD009803, 2008.
11. Bullock, O., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.-Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T. C., Park, R. J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N. E., Sistla, G., and Vijayaraghavan, K.: An analysis of simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08301, doi:10.1029/2008JD011224, 2009.
12. Brasseur, G., Kiehl, J., Müller, J.-F., Schneider, T., Granier, C., Tie, X., and Hauglustaine, D.: Past and future changes in global tropospheric ozone: impact on radiative forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3807-3810, 1998.
13. Brunke, E.-G., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Labuschagne, C., and Slemr, F.: Emissions of mercury in southern Africa derived from long-term observations at Cape Point, South Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7465-7474, doi:10.5194/acp-12-7465-2012, 2012.
14. Calhoun, J. and Prestbo, E.: Kinetic study of the gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by molecular chlorine, Report available from Frontier Geosciences, Inc., 414 Pontius Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, 2001.
15. Calvert, J. and Lindberg, S.: Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3355-3367, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005. 01.055, 2005.
16. Carpi, A. and Lindberg, S.: Application of a Teflon (TM) dynamic flux chamber for quantifying soil mercury flux: tests and results over background soil, Atmos. Environ., 32, 873-882, 1998.
17. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: Pub. L. 101-549, 104 Stat. 2399, H.R. 3030-101st Congress, available at: http://www. govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/ hr3030 (last access: 9 February 2012), 1990.
18. Clever, H., Johnson, S., and Derrick, A.: The solubility of mercury and some sparingly soluble mercury salts in water and aqueous electrolyte solutions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631-680, 1985.
19. Collins,W., Bitz, C., Blackmon, M., Bonan, G., Bretherton, C., Carton, J., Chang, P., Doney, S., Hack, J., Henderson, T., Kiehl, J., Large,W., McKenna, D., Santer, B., and Smith, R.: The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3), J. Climate, 19, 2122-2143, doi:10.1175/JCLI3761.1, 2006.
20. Cohen, M., Artz, R., Draxler, R., Miller, P., Poissant, L., Niemi, D., Ratte, D., Deslauriers, M., Duval, R., Laurin, R., Slotnick, J., Nettesheim, T., and McDonald, J. Modeling the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Mercury to the Great Lakes, Environ. Res., 95, 247-265, 2004.
21. Donohoue, D., Bauer, D., Cossairt, B., and Hynes, A.: Temperature and pressure dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of Hg with Br and the reaction of Br with Br: a pulsed laser photolysispulsed laser induced fluorescence study, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 6623-6632, 2006.
22. Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., Temme, C., Einax, J., Lowe, A., Richter, A., Burrows, J., and Schroeder, W.: Antarctic springtime depletion of atmospheric mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1238-1244, 2002.
23. EMEP MSC-W Technical Report: Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Dioxins/Furans to the Baltic Sea in 2003, European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, http://emep.int/publ/helcom/2012/index.html (last access: 14 January 2013), 2005.
24. Emmons, L. K.,Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43-67, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.
25. Environment Canada: Proposed Risk Management Instruments for Mercury-Containing Products, Environment Canada, 2007.
26. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme: CCC-Report 9/2001, http://www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/reports/cccr9-2001.pdf (last access: 9 February 2012), 2001.
27. Ferrara, R., Mazzolai, B., Lanzillotta, E., Nucaro, E., and Pirrone, N.: Volcanoes as emission sources of atmospheric mercury in the Mediterranean basin, Sci. Total Environ., 259, 115-121, 2000.
28. Friedli, H., Radke, L., Prescott, R., Li, P., Woo, J.-H., and Carmichael, G.: Mercury in the atmosphere around Japan, Korea and China as observed during the 2001 ACE Asia field campaign: measurements, distributions, sources, and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S25, doi:10.1029/2003JD004244, 2004.
29. Gardfeldt, K., Sommar, J., Stromberg, D., and Feng, X.: Oxidation of atomic mercury by hydroxyl radicals and photoinduced decomposition of methylmercury in the aqueous phase, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3039-3047, 2001.
30. Gardfeldt, K. and Jonsson, M.: Is bimolecular reduction of Hg(II) complexes possible in aqueous systems of environmental importance, J. Phys. Chem., A 107, 4478-4482, 2003.
31. Gbor, P., Wen, D., Meng, F., Yang, F., Zhang, B., and Sloan, J.: Improved model for mercury emission, transport and deposition, Atmos. Environ., 40, 973-983, 2006.
32. Giorgi, F. and Chameides, W.: The rainout parameterization in a photochemical model, J. Geophys Res., 90, 7872-7880, 1985.
33. Goodsite, M., Plane, J., and Skov, H.: A theoretical study of the oxidation of Hg0 to HgBr2 in the troposphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1772-1776, doi:10.1021/es034680s, 2004.
34. Granier, C., Guenther, A., Lamarque, J., Mieville, A., Muller, J., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Petron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, tech report, available at: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php (last access: 1 March 2010), 2005.
35. Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Lindberg, S. E., Hintelmann, H., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Investigation of mercury exchange between forest canopy vegetation and the atmosphere using a new dynamic chamber, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4680-4688, 2006.
36. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
37. Gustin, M., Biester, H., and Kim, C.: Investigation of the lightenhanced emission of mercury from naturally enriched substrates, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3241-3254, 2002.
38. Hall, B.: The gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone, Water Air Soil Pollut., 80, 301-315, 1995.
39. Han, Y., Holsen, T., Lai, S., Hopke, P., Yi, S., Liu, W., Pagano, J., Falanga, L., Milligan, M., and Andolina, C.: Atmospheric gaseous mercury concentrations in New York State: relationships with meteorological data and other pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6431-6446, 2004.
40. Heald, C., Henze, D., Horowitz, L., Feddema, J., Lamarque, J.-F., Guenther, A., Hess, P., Vitt, F., Seinfeld, J., Goldstein, A., and Fung, I.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05211, doi:10.1029/2007JD009092, 2008.
41. Hedgecock, I. M., Pirrone, N., Trunfio, G. A., and Sprovieri, F.: Integrated mercury cycling, transport, and air-water exchange (MECAWEx) model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007117, 2006.
42. Hintelmann, H., Harris, R., Heyes, A., Hurley, J. P., Kelly, C. A., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Lindberg, S., Rudd, J.W. M., Scott, K. J., and St. Louis, V. L.: Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a Boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5034-5040, 2002.
43. Holmes, C., Jacob, D., and Yang, X.: Global lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20808, doi:10.1029/2006GL027176, 2006.
44. Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Talbot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037-12057, doi:10.5194/acp-10-12037- 2010, 2010.
45. Horowitz, L., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D., Emmons, L., Rasch, P., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M., and Tyndall, G.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4784, doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003.
46. Hudman, R. C.: Ozone production in transpacific Asian pollution plumes and implications for ozone air quality in California, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S10, doi:10.1029/2004JD004974, 2004.
47. Hynes, A., Donohoue, D., Goodsite, M., Hedgecock, I., Pirrone, N., and Mason, R.: Our current understanding of major chemical and physical processes affecting mercury dynamics in the atmosphere and at air-water/terrestrial interfaces, in: Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere, edited by: Pirrone, N. and Mason, R. P., chap. 14, Springer, 322-344, 2009.
48. Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., and Murti, P. P.: Effect of rising Asian emissions on surface ozone in the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2175-2178, doi:10.1029/1999GL900450, 1999.
49. Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Price, H. U.,Weiss-Penzias, P., Palmer, P. I., Evans, M. J., Jacob, D. J., and Bey, I.: Sources and budgets for CO and O3 in the northeastern Pacific during the spring of 2001: Results from the PHOBEA-II Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8802, doi:10.1029/2002JD003121, 2003.
50. Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S.-K., Hnilo, J., Fiorino, M., and Potter, G.: The NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1631-1643, 2002.
51. Kellerhals, M., Beauchamp, S., Belzer, W., Blanchard, P., Froude, F., Harvey, B., McDonald, K., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Puckett, K., Schroeder, B., Steffen, A., and Tordon, R.: Temporal and spatial variability of total gaseous mercury in Canada: results from the Canadian Atmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 37, 1003-1011, 2003.
52. Kim, S., Han, Y., Holsen, T., and Yi, S.: Characteristic of atmospheric speciated mercury concentrations (TGM, Hg(II), and Hg(p)) in Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3267-3274, 2009.
53. Kock, H., Bieber, E., Ebinghaus, S., and Thees, B.: Comparison of long-term trends and seasonal variation of atmospheric mercury concentrations at two European coastal monitoring stations Mace Head, Ireland and Zingst, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7549-7556, 2005.
54. Lalonde, J. D., Kraepiel, A. M. L., and Morel, F. M. M.: Photooxidation of Hg (0) in artificial and natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1367-1372, 2001.
55. Lamarque, J.-F., Hess, P., Emmons, L., Buja, L., Washington, W., and Granier, C.: Tropospheric ozone evolution between 1890 and 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005537, 2005.
56. Lamarque, J.-F., Kinnison, D., Hess, P., and Vitt, F.: Simulated lower stratospheric trends between 1970 and 2005: identifying the role of climate and composition changes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 113, D12301, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD009277, 2008.
57. Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Heald, C. L., Holland, E. A., Lauritzen, P. H., Neu, J., Orlando, J. J., Rasch, P. J., and Tyndall, G. K.: CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369-411, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012, 2012.
58. Lamborg, C., Rolfhus, K., Fitzgerald, W., and Kim, G.: The atmospheric cycling and air-sea exchange of mercury species in the South and equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 957-977, 1999.
59. Lamborg, C., Fitzgerald, W., Damman, W., Benoit, J., Balcom, P., and Engstrom, D.: Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in both hemispheres: global and regional mercury cycling implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1104, doi:10.1029/2001GB001847, 2002a.
60. Lamborg, C. H., Fitzgerald, W. F., O'Donnell, J., and Torgersen, T.: A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric gradients, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 1105-1118, 2002b.
61. Laurier, F., Mason, R., Whalin, L., and Kato, S.: Reactive gaseous mercury formation in the North Pacific Ocean's marine boundary layer: a potential role of halogen chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4529, doi:10.1029/2003JD003625, 2003.
62. Leaner, J. J., Dabrowski, J. M., Mason, R. P., Resane, T., Richardson, M., Ginster, M., Gericke, G., Petersen, C. R., Masekoameng, E., Ashton, P. J., and Murray, K.: Mercury emissions from point sources in South Africa, in: Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere, edited by: Pirrone, N. and Mason, R., Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, 113-130, 2009.
63. Lei, H.,Wuebbles, D. J., and Liang, X.-Z.: Projected risk of high ozone episodes in 2050, Atmos. Environ., 59, 567-577. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05. 051, 2012.
64. Lei, H.,Wuebbles, D. J., Liang, X.-Z., and Olsen, S.: Domestic versus international contributions on 2050 ozone air quality: how much is convertible by regional control?, Atmos. Environ., 68, 315-325, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012. 12.002, 2013.
65. Liang, X.-Z., Li, L., Kunkel, K., Ting, M., and Wang, J.: Regional climate model simulation of US precipitation during 1982-2002, Part 1: Annual cycle, J. Climate, 17, 3510-3528, 2004.
66. Lin, C.-J. and Pehkonen, S.: Aqueous free radical chemistry of mercury in the presence of iron oxides and ambient aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 31, 4125-4137, 1997.
67. Lin, C.-J. and Pehkonen, S.: Oxidation of elemental mercury by aqueous chlorine (HOCl/OCl), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28093-28201, 1998.
68. Lin, C.-J. and Pehkonen, S.: The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: a review, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2067-2079, 1999.
69. Lin, C.-J., Pongprueksa, P., Lindberg, S., Pehkonen, S., Byun, D., and Jang, C.: Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models, Part I: Model science evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2911-2928, 2006.
70. Lin, C.-J., Pongprueksa, P., Bullock, O. R., Lindberg, S., Pehkonen, S., Jang, C., Braverman, T., and Ho, C. T.: Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models, Part II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6544-6560, 2007.
71. Lin, X. and Tao, Y.: A numerical modelling study on regional mercury budget for eastern North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 535-548, doi:10.5194/acp-3-535-2003, 2003.
72. Lindberg, S. E. and Vermette, S. J.: Workshop on sampling mercury in precipitation for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1219-1220, 1995.
73. Lindberg, S., Kim, K., Meyers, T., and Owens, J.: Micrometeorological gradient approach for quantifying air-surface exchange of mercury vapor: tests over contaminated soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 126-135, 1995.
74. Lindqvist, O.: Mercury in the Swedish environment: recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods, Water Air Soil Pollut., 55, xi-261, doi:10.1007/BF00542429, 1991.
75. Liss, P. and Slater, P.: Flux of gases across the airsea interface, Nature, 247, 181-184, 1974.
76. Liu, B., Keeler, G., Dvonch, J., Barres, J., Lynam, M., Marsik, F., and Morgan, J.: Temporal variability of mercury speciation in urban air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1911-1923, 2007.
77. Liu, H., Jacob, D., Bey, I., and Yantosca, R.: Constraints from Pb-210 and Be-7 on wet deposition and transport in a global threedimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12109-12128, 2001.
78. Lyman, S. N. and Jaffe, D. A.: Formation and fate of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Nature Geosci., 5, 114-117, doi:10.1038/NGEO1353, 2011.
79. Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Steenhuisen, F., andWilson, S.: Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4048-4063, 2006.
80. Mao, J., Jacob, D. J., Evans, M. J., Olson, J. R., Ren, X., Brune, W. H., Clair, J. M. St., Crounse, J. D., Spencer, K. M., Beaver, M. R., Wennberg, P. O., Cubison, M. J., Jimenez, J. L., Fried, A., Weibring, P., Walega, J. G., Hall, S. R., Weinheimer, A. J., Cohen, R. C., Chen, G., Crawford, J. H., McNaughton, C., Clarke, A. D., Jaeglé, L., Fisher, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., Le Sager, P., and Carouge, C.: Chemistry of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) in the Arctic troposphere in spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5823-5838, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5823-2010, 2010.
81. Masekoameng, K. E., Leaner, J., and Dabrowski, J.: Trends in anthropogenic mercury emissions estimated for South Africa during 2000-2006, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3007-3014, 2010.
82. Mason, R. P.: Mercury emissions from natural processes and their importance in the global mercury cycle, Springer, New York, USA, chap. 7, 173-191, 2009.
83. Mason, R. and Sheu, G.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1093, doi:10.1029/2001GB001440, 2002.
84. Munthe, J.: Aqueous oxidation of elemental Hg by O3, Atmos. Environ., 26, 1461-1468, 1992.
85. Murazaki, K. and Hess, P.: How does climate change contribute to surface ozone change over the United States?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05301, doi:10.1029/2005JD005873, 2006.
86. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP): Annual data summaries, available at: http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx (last access: 1 March 2010), 2008.
87. Nelson, P. F.: Atmospheric emissions of mercury from Australian point sources, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1717-1724, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.029, 2007.
88. Nriagu, J. and Becker, C.: Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 3-12, 2003.
89. Olivier, J., Berdowski, J., Peters, J., Bakker, J., Visschedijk, A., and Bloos, J.: Applications of EDGAR, Including a description of EDGAR V3.0: reference database with trend data for 1970-1995, report no. 773301 001/NRP report 410200 051, ISBN: 90-5851-077-8, RIVM, Bilthoven, 2001.
90. Olivier, J., Peters, J., Granier, C., Petron, G., Muller, J-F., and Wallens, S.: Present and future surface emissions of atmospheric compounds, POET report no 2, EU project EVK2-1999-00011, 2003.
91. Pacyna, E., Pacyna, J., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S.: Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4048-4063, 2005.
92. Pal, B. and Ariya, P.: Studies of ozone initiated re actions of gaseous mercury: kinetics, product studies and atmospheric implications, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 572-579, doi:10.1039/b311150d, 2004.
93. Parrella, J. P., Jacob, D. J., Liang, Q., Zhang, Y., Mickley, L. J., Miller, B., Evans, M. J., Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., Theys, N., and Van Roozendael, M.: Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present and pre-industrial ozone and mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6723-6740, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6723- 2012, 2012.
94. Parrish, D. D., Kondo, Y., Cooper, O. R., Brock, C. A., Jaffe, D. A., Trainer, M., Ogawa, T., Hübler, G., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) and Pacific Exploration of Asian Continental Emission (PEACE) experiments: An overview of the 2002 winter and spring intensives, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2004JD004980, 2004.
95. Pehkonen, S. and Lin, C.: Aqueous photochemistry of mercury withorganic acids, J. Air Waste Ma., 48, 144-150, 1998.
96. Pfister, G., Emmons, L., Hess, P., and Lamarque, J.-F.: Contribution of isoprene to chemical budgets: a model tracer study with the NCAR CTM MOZART-4, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 113, D05308, doi:10.1029/2007JD008948, 2008.
97. Pirrone, N. and Keating, T.: Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution 2010. Part B: Mercury, 97-144, Air Pollution Studies No. 16, United Nations, 2010.
98. Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R. B., Friedli, H. R., Leaner, J., Mason, R., Mukherjee, A. B., Stracher, G. B., Streets, D. G., and Telmer, K.: Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5951-5964, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5951- 2010, 2010.
99. Pleijel, K. and Munthe, J.: Modeling the atmospheric Mercury cycle-Chemistry in fog droplets, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1441-1457, 1995.
100. Poissant, L. and Casimir, A.: Water-air and soil-air exchange rate of total gaseous mercury measured at background sites, Atmos. Environ., 32, 883-893, 1998.
101. Pyle, D. and Mather, T.: The importance of volcanic emissions for the global atmospheric mercury cycle, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5115-5124, 2003.
102. Ren X., Brooks, S., Luke, W. T., Kelley, P., Cohen, M., Artz, R., Hynes, A., Landing, W., and Martos, B.: Airborne vertical profiling of mercury speciation in Tennessee, USA, in preparation, 2013.
103. Rutter, A. P. and Schauer, J. J.: The effect of temperature on the gasparticle partitioning of reactive mercury in atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8647-8657, 2007.
104. Rutter, A. P., Shakya, K. M., Lehr, R., Schauer, J. J., and Griffin, R. J.: Oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury in the presence of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 59, 86-92, 2012.
105. Saiz-Lopez, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Ordóñez, C., Orlando, J. J., Conley, A. J., Plane, J. M. C., Mahajan, A. S., Sousa Santos, G., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Sander, S. P., Schauffler, S., Thompson, A. M., and Brasseur, G.: Estimating the climate significance of halogen-driven ozone loss in the tropical marine troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3939-3949, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012, 2012.
106. Sakata, M. and Marumoto, K.: Formation of atmospheric particulate mercury in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Atmos. Environ., 36, 239-246, 2002.
107. Schroeder,W. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury-An overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809-822, 1998.
108. Seigneur, S., Karamchandani, P., Lohman, K., and Vijayaraghavan, K.: Multiscale modeling of the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27795-27809, 2001.
109. Seigneur, S., Vijayaraghavan, K., Lohman, K., Karamchandani, P., and Scott, C.: Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 555-569, 2004.
110. Selin, N., Jacob, D., Park, R., Yantosca, R., Strode, S., Jaeglé, L., and Jaffe, D.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 1-14, doi:10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
111. Selin, N., Jacob, D., Yantosca, R., Strode, S., Jaeglé, L., and Sunderland, E.: Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 1-13, doi:10.1029/2007GB003040, 2008.
112. Shia, R.-L., Seigneur, C., Pai, P., Ko, M., and Sze, N.: Global simulation of atmospheric mercury concentrations and deposition fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23747-23760, 1999.
113. Singh, H. B., Brune, W. H., Crawford, J. H., Flocke, F., and Jacob, D. J.: Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2301-2318, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2301-2009, 2009.
114. Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., and Ebinghaus, R.: Total gaseous mercury concentrations at the Cape Point GAW station and their seasonality, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11807, doi:10.1029/2008GL033741, 2008.
115. Smith-Downey, N., Sunderland, E., and Jacob, D.: Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: insights from a new global model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03008, doi:10.1029/2009JG001124, 2010.
116. Soerensen, A., Skov, H., Jacob, D., Soerensen, B., and Johnson, M.: Global concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury and reactive gaseous mercury in the marine boundary layer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7425-7430, 2010.
117. Sommar, J., Garfeldt, K., Stromberg, D., and Feng, X.: A kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction between the hydroxyl radical and atomic mercury, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3049-3054, 2001.
118. Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Hedgecock, I. M., Landis, M. S., and Stevens, R. K.: Intensive atmospheric mercury measurements at Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica during November and December 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4722-4729, 2002.
119. Streets, D., Hao, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, J., Chan, M., Tian, H., and Feng, X.: Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7789-7806, 2005.
120. Streets, D., Zhang, Q., and Wu, Y.: Projections of global mercury emissions in 2050, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2983-2988, doi:10.1021/es802474j, 2009.
121. Subir, M., Ariya, P. A., and Dastoor, A. P.: A Review of the Sources of Uncertainties in Atmospheric Mercury Modeling II. Mercury surface and heterogeneous chemistry-A missing link, Atmos. Environ., 46, 1-10, 2011.
122. Swartzendruber, P. C., Chand, D., Jaffe, D. A., Smith, J., Reidmiller, D., Gratz, L., Keeler, J., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., and Talbot, R.: Vertical distribution of mercury, CO, ozone, and aerosol scattering coefficient in the Pacific Northwest during the spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009579, 2008.
123. Talbot, R., Mao, H., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Avery, M., Browell, E., Sachse, G., Vay, S., Blake, D., Huey, G., and Fuelberg, H.: Factors influencing the large-scale distribution of Hgin the Mexico City area and over the North Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2103-2114, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2103-2008, 2008.
124. Temme, C., Einax, J., Ebinghaus, R., and Schroeder, W.: Measurements of atmospheric mercury species at a coastal site in the Antarctic and over the South Atlantic Ocean during polar summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 22-31, 2003.
125. Temme, C., Blanchard, P., Steffen, A., Banic, C., Beauchamp, S., Poissant, L., Tordon, R., and Wiens, B.,: Trend, seasonal and multivariate analysis study of total gaseous mercury data from the Canadian atmospheric mercury measurement network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 41, 5423-5441, 2007.
126. Tie, X., Brasseur, G., Emmons, L., Horowitz, L., and Kinnison, D.: Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: a global model study, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 22931-22964, 2001.
127. Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Edwards, D., Ginoux, P., Mahowald, N., Zhang, R., Lou, C., and Brasseur, G.: Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005359, 2005.
128. Talbot, R., Mao, H., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Avery, M., Browell, E., Sachse, G., Vay, S., Blake, D., Huey, G., and Fuelberg, H.: Factors influencing the large-scale distribution of Hg-in the Mexico City area and over the North Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2103-2114, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2103-2008, 2008.
129. USEPA: Mercury Study Report to Congress, Fate and Transport of Mercury in the Environment, vol. III, EPA-452/R-97-005, US Environmental Protection Agency, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1997.
130. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423-3441, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006.
131. Van Loon, L., Mader, E., and Scott, S.: Reduction of the aqueous mercuric ion by sulfite: UV spectrum of HgSO3 and its intramolecular redox reaction. J. Phys. Chem., 104, 1621-1626, 2000.
132. Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382, 1992.
133. Wang, Y., Jacob, D., and Logan, J.: Global simulation of tropospheric O3?NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry: 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10713-10726, 1998.
134. Wang, Z. and Pehkonen, S. O.: Oxidation of elemental mercury by aqueous bromine: atmospheric implications, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3675-3688, 2004.
135. Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., and Zhang, Y.: Mercury concentrations in size-fractionated airborne particles at urban and suburban sites in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2194-2201, 2006.
136. Wamsley, J. and Wesley, M.: Modification of coded parameterizations of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1181-1188, 1996.
137. Wängberg, I., Schmolke, S., Schager, P., Munthe, J., Ebinghaus, R., and Iverfeldt, A.: Estimates of air-sea exchange of mercury in the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5477-5484, 2001.
138. Weiss-Penzias, P., Jaffe, D., McClintick, A., Prestbo, E., and Landis, M.: Gaseous elemental mercury in the marine boundary layer: evidence for rapid removal in anthropogenic pollution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3755-3763, 2003.
139. Wesley, M.: Parameterizations of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293-1304, 1989.
140. Wesley, M. and Hicks, B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261-2282, 2000.
141. Wilkening, K. E., Barrie, L. A., and Engle, M.: Trans-Pacific air pollution, Science, 290, 65-67, doi:10.1126/science.290.5489.65, 2000.
142. Witt, M., Mather, T., Pyle, D., Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., and Tsanev, V. I.: Mercury and halogen emissions from Masaya and Telica volcanoes, Nicaragua, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, B06203, doi:10.1029/2007JB005401, 2008.
143. Witt, M., Mather, T., Baker, A., De Hoog, J., and Pyle, D.: Atmospheric trace metals over the south-west Indian Ocean: total gaseous mercury, aerosol trace metal concentrations and lead isotope ratios, Mar. Chem., 121, 2-16, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2010.02.005, 2010.
144. Wuebbles, D., Lei, H., and Lin, J.-T.: Intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia and its consequences, Environ. Pollut., 150, 65-84, 2007.
145. Xiao, X., Yang, X., Miller, D., Helble, J., and Carley, R.: A regional scale modeling study of atmospheric transport and transformation of mercury, II. Simulation results for the northeast United States, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4945-4955, 1994.
146. Yang, Y., Chen, H., and Wang, D.: Spatial and temporal distribution of gaseous elemental mercury in Chongqing, China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 156, 479-489, 2009.
147. Yienger, J. J., Galanter, M., Holloway, T. A., Phadinx, M. J., Guttikunda, S. K., Carmichael, G. R., Moxim,W. J., and Levy ll, H.: The episodic nature of air pollution transport from Asia to North America, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 931-945, 2000.
148. Zhang, H., Lindberg, S., Marsik, F., and Keeler, G.: Mercury air/surface exchange kinetics of background soils of the Tahquamenon River watershed in the Michigan Upper Peninsula, Water Air Soil Pollut., 126, 151-169, 2001.