Formation and fate of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

Nature Geoscience

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 114-117

  Lyman, Seth N ^a   Jaffe, Daniel A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON BOTHELL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR MASS; AIRCRAFT; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; MERCURY (ELEMENT); POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; STRATOSPHERE; TOXICITY; TOXICITY TEST; TRACER; TROPOSPHERE; VERTICAL PROFILE;

EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 84856713084     PISSN: 17520894     EISSN: 17520908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1353     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Selin, N. E. Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: A review. Annu. Rev. Environ. Res. 34, 43-63 (2009).
2. Fitzgerald, W. F., Engstrom, D. R., Mason, R. P. & Nater, E. A. The case for atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1-7 (1998). (Pubitemid 28035894)
3. Talbot, R., Mao, H., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J. & Avery, M. Total depletion of Hg in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L23804 (2007).
4. Slemr, F. et al. Gaseous mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 1957-1969 (2009).
5. Murphy, D., Thomson, D. & Mahoney, M. In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 km. Science 282, 1664-1669 (1998). (Pubitemid 28549274)
6. Murphy, D., Hudson, P., Thomson, D., Sheridan, P. & Wilson, J. Observations of mercury-containing aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 3163-3167 (2006).
7. Swartzendruber, P. C. et al. Observations of reactive gaseous mercury in the free troposphere at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D24301 (2006).
8. Swartzendruber, P. C., Jaffe, D. A. & Finley, B. Development and first results of an aircraft-based, high time resolution technique for gaseous elemental and reactive (oxidized) gaseous mercury. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7484-7489 (2009).
9. Fain, X., Obrist, D., Hallar, A. G., McCubbin, I. & Rahn, T. High levels of reactive gaseous mercury observed at a high elevation research laboratory in the Rocky Mountains. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 8049-8060 (2009).
10. Rutter, A. P. & Schauer, J. J. The effect of temperature on the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury in atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 41, 8647-8657 (2007). (Pubitemid 350151964)
11. Mao, H. et al. Arctic mercury depletion and its quantitative link with halogens. J. Atmos. Chem. 65, 1-26 (2010).
12. Swartzendruber, P. C. et al. Vertical distribution of mercury, CO, ozone, and aerosol scattering coefficient in the Pacific Northwest during the spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D10305 (2008).
13. Holmes, C. D. et al. Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 12037-12057 (2010).
14. Murphy, D. & Thomson, D. Halogen ions and NO in the mass spectra of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3217-3220 (2000).
15. Dorf, M. et al. Bromine in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere as derived from balloon-borne BrO observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 7265-7271 (2008).
16. Skov, H. et al. Fate of elemental mercury in the Arctic during atmospheric mercury depletion episodes and the load of atmospheric mercury to the Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 2373-2382 (2004). (Pubitemid 38481042)
17. Rasch, P. J. et al. An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 366, 4007-4037 (2008).
18. Menzies, R. T. & Tratt, D. M. Evidence of seasonally dependent stratosphere-troposphere exchange and purging of lower stratospheric aerosol from a multiyear lidar data set. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 3139-3148 (1995).
19. Zhao, J., Turco, R. P. & Toon, O. B. A model simulation of Pinatubo volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7315-7328 (1995).
20. Notholt, J. et al. Enhanced upper tropical tropospheric COS: Impact on the stratospheric aerosol layer. Science 300, 307-310 (2003). (Pubitemid 36433717)
21. Wilson, J. C. et al. Steady-state aerosol distributions in the extra-tropical, lower stratosphere and the processes that maintain them. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 6617-6626 (2008).
22. Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F. & Suntharalingam, P. Global distributions of carbonyl sulfide in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L14810 (2008).
23. Selin, N. E. & Jacob, D. J. Seasonal and spatial patterns of mercury wet deposition in the United States: Constraints on the contribution from North American anthropogenic sources. Atmos. Environ. 42, 5193-5204 (2008).
24. Weiss-Penzias, P., Gustin, M. S. & Lyman, S. N. Observations of speciated atmospheric mercury at three sites in Nevada: Evidence for a free tropospheric source of reactive gaseous mercury. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D14302 (2009).
25. Dibb, J. E. et al. Estimation of stratospheric input to the Arctic troposphere: 7Be and 10Be in aerosols at Alert, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 12855-12864 (1994).
26. Zanis, P. et al. An estimate of the impact of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) on the lower free tropospheric ozone over the Alps using 10Be and 7Be measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8520-8529 (2003).
27. Seo, K. & Bowman, K. P. Lagrangian estimate of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4555-4563 (2002).
28. Ridley, B. A., Grahek, F. E. & Walega, J. G. A small high-sensitivity, medium-response ozone detector suitable for measurements from light aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 9, 142-148 (1992).
29. Gassó, S. & Hegg, D. A. Comparison of columnar aerosol optical properties measured by the MODIS airborne simulator with in situ measurements: A case study. Remote Sens. Environ. 66, 138-152 (1998). (Pubitemid 29360724)