Acyloin and Benzoin Condensations

Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages 919-945

  Pohl, Martina ^a   Dresen, Carola ^b   Beigi, Maryam ^b   Müller, Michael ^b  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acyloin condensation; Benzoin condensation; Biocatalysis; Stetter type Reactions; Thiamine diphosphate; Umpolung reactions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887109457     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527639861.ch22     Document Type: Chapter

References (166)

1. Wöhler, F. and Liebig, J. (1832) Ann. Pharm., 3, 249-287.
2. Fischer, E. (1882) Justus Liebig's Ann. Chem., 211, 214-232.
3. Enders, D., Niemeier, O., and Henseler, A. (2007) Chem. Rev., 107, 5606-5655.
4. Neuberg, C. and Ohle, H. (1922) Biochem. Z., 128, 610-618.
5. Kluger, R. and Tittmann, K. (2008) Chem. Rev., 108, 1797-1833.
6. Neuberg, C. and Hirsch, J., Biochem. Z (1921) 115, 282-310.
7. Hildebrandt, G. and Klavehn, W. (1934) Manufacture of Laevo-1-phenyl-2- methylaminopropanol, US 1956950.
8. Dyda, F., Furey, W., Swaminathan, S., Sax, M., Farrenkopf, B., and Jordan, F. (1993) Biochemistry, 32, 6165-6170.
9. Tittmann, K., Golbik, R., Uhlemann, K., Khailova, L., Patel, M.S., Jordan, F., Chipman, D.M., Duggleby, R.G., Hübner, G., and Schneider, G. (2004) How Thiamine Works in Enzymes: Time-Resolved NMR Snapshots of ThDP-Dependent Enzymes in Action in Thiamine: CatalyticMechanism in Normal and Disease States (eds F. Jordan and M.S. Patel), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 57-76.
10. Kern, F.D., Kern, G., Neef, H., Tittmann, K., Killenberg-Jabs, M., Wikner, C., Schneider, G., and Hübner, G. (1997) Science, 275, 67-70.
11. Breslow, R. (1957) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 1762-1763.
12. Pei, X.Y., Erixon, K.M., Luisi, B.F., and Leeper, F.J. (2010) Biochemistry, 49, 1727-1736.
13. Brandt, G.S., Kneen, M.M., Chakraborty, S., Baykal, A.T., Nemeria, N., Yep, A., Ruby, D.I., Petsko, G.A., Kenyon, G.L., McLeish, M.J., Jordan, F., and Ringe, D. (2009) Biochemistry, 48, 3247-3257.
14. Bruning, M., Berheide, M., Meyer, D., Golbik, R., Bartunik, H., Liese, A., and Tittmann, K. (2009) Biochemistry, 48, 3258-3268.
15. Frank, R.A.W., Leeper, F.J., and Luisi, B.F. (2007) Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 64, 892-905.
16. Kaplun, A., Binshtein, E., Vyazmensky, M., Steinmetz, A., Barak, Z., Chipman, D.M., Tittmann, K., and Shaanan, B. (2008) Nat. Chem. Biol., 4, 113-118.
17. Shaanan, B. and Chipman, D.M. (2009) FEBS J., 276, 2447-2453.
18. Hasson, M.S., Muscate, A., McLeish, M.J., Polovnikova, L.S., Gerlt, J.A., Kenyon, G.L., Petsko, G.A., and Ringe, D. (1998) Biochemistry, 37, 9918-9930.
19. Polovnikova, E.S., McLeish, M.J., Sergienko, E.A., Burgner, J.T., Anderson, N.L., Bera, A.K., Jordan, F., Kenyon, G.L., andHasson, M.S. (2003) Biochemistry, 42, 1820-1830.
20. Versees, W., Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., and Steyaert, J. (2007) FEBS J., 274, 2363-2375.
21. Versees, W., Spaepen, S., Wood, M.D., Leeper, F.J., Vanderleyden, J., and Steyaert, J. (2007) J. Biol. Chem., 282, 35269-35278.
22. Mosbacher, T.G., Müller, M., and Schulz, G.E. (2005) FEBS J., 272, 6067-6076.
23. Kneen, M.M., Pogozheva, I.D., Kenyon, G.L., and McLeish, M.J. (2005) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Proteins Proteomics, 1753, 263-271.
24. Kneen, M.M., Stan, R., Yep, A., Tyler, R.P., Saehuan, C., and McLeish, M.J. (2011) FEBS J., 278, 1842-1853. For KdcA, see Reference [52].
25. Sorley Maclean, 'Realism in Gaelic Poetry', Ris a' bhruthaich: criticism and prose writings (Stornoway: Acair, 1985), p. 19.
26. Hugh MacDiarmid, 'On a Raised Beach', Complete Poems, Vol. I, pp. 422-33; p. 429.
27. Ernst Haeckel, quoted by Jonathan Bate in Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 36
28. Peter J. Bowler, The Norton History of the Environmental Sciences (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1992), p. 377.
29. Neil Evernden, 'Beyond Ecology: Self, Place, and the Pathetic Fallacy', in Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (eds), The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996), pp. 92-104; p. 93.
30. Michael Serres, quoted by Jonathan Bate in The Song of the Earth (London: Picador, 2000), p. 87.
31. Lewis Mumford, cited in Ramachandra Guha, 'Lewis Mumford, the Forgotten American Environmentalist', in David Macauley (ed.), Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology (New York: Guilford Press, 1996), p. 211.
32. Patrick Geddes, 'Notes for an Introductory Course of Geography given at University College Dundee' (Spring 1898), Geddes Papers, National Library of Scotland, MS 10619.
33. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in Thomas Baldwin (ed.), Basic Writings (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 253.
34. Andy Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), and Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 1-7.
35. Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 4-5.
36. Hutton said 'I consider the earth to be a superorganism, and its proper study is by physiology'. Quoted in James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. xvii.
37. Jean Baudrillard, America, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 1986), p. 4.
38. Jonathan Bate, 'Out of the twilight', New Statesman, 16 July 2001, v.130 i.4546, p. 25
39. Karl Kroeber, Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 1-2.
40. Cheryl Glotfelty, 'Introduction', in Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (eds), The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996), p. xix.
41. Bate, The Song of the Earth, p. ix; p. 23.
42. MacLachlan, 'Nature in Scottish Literature'.
43. Kenneth White, cited in Tony McManus, 'Kenneth White: a Transcendental Scot', in Gavin Bowd, Charles Forsdick and Norman Bissell, Grounding a World: Essays on the Work of Kenneth White (Glasgow: Alba, 2005), p. 17. The International Institute of Geopoetics was founded in 1989 at Trébeurden in France.
44. Seamus Heaney, 'The Sense of Place', in Preoccupations: Selected Prose, 1968-1978 (London: Faber, 1980). Critical studies which consider the relationship between writers and localities include Robert Crawford Identifying Poets: Self and Territory in Twentieth-Century Poetry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993).
45. Robert Crawford, Devolving English Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000) and Scott Lyall, Hugh MacDiarmid's Poetry and Politics of Place: Imagining a Scottish Republic (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006).
46. Douglas Gifford, Neil M. Gunn and Lewis Grassic Gibbon (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1983).
47. Ian Campbell, Kailyard (Edinburgh: Ramsay Head Press, 1981).
48. Robert A. Lambert, Species History in Scotland: Introductions and Extinctions Since the Ice Age (Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press, 1998); T. C. Smout, Nature Contested: Environmental History in Scotland and Northern Ireland since 1600 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000).
49. T. C. Smout, Nature Contested: Environmental History in Scotland and Northern Ireland since 1600 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
50. Hugh MacDiarmid, 'In Memoriam James Joyce', in Complete Poems, vol. I, p. 802.
51. Kathleen Jamie, 'Diary', London Review of Books, vol. 24, no. 11 (6th June 2002), p. 39
52. Ingold, The Perception of the Environment, p. 22.
53. John Burnside and Maurice Riordan, 'Introduction', in J. Burnside and M. Riordan (eds), Wild Reckoning: an anthology provoked by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2004), p. 14.
54. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 239.
55. Alexander Bain, The Senses and the Intellect (London: John W. Parker and Son, 1855), p. vi.
56. Rick Rylance, Victorian Psychology and British Culture, 1850-1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 154; 170.
57. Bain, p. 107; Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, trans. Maris Jolas (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), p. 91; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, cited in Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 170.
58. Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, trans. Maris Jolas (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), p. 91; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, cited in Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 170.
59. Robert Louis Stevenson, Across the plains, with other memories and essays, 12th edn (London: Chatto & Windus, 1905), p. 73.
60. Veitch also published three collections of poetry with a Borders interest: Hillside Rhymes (1872), 'The Tweed' and other poems (1875) and 'Merlin' and other poems (1889).
61. John Veitch, The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, vol. I (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1887), p. 5.
62. Veitch, The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, vol. I, pp. 14-15.
63. William Wordsworth, 'Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey' (1798), Nicholas Roe (ed.), Selected Poetry (London: Penguin Books, 1992), pp. 76-80; p. 77.
64. Quoted in James McKusick, Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology (London: MacMillan Press, 2000), p. 116.
65. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 'Nature', The Complete Works, vol. I (New York: The Riverside Press, 1903), p. 29; Veitch, Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, p. 10.
66. Veitch, Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, p. 10.
67. Veitch, Feeling for Nature, pp. 3-5.
68. John Veitch, The History and Poetry of the Scottish Border (Glasgow: James Maclehose, 1878), p. 3.
69. G. G. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', The Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal. IV (1896), pp. 73-91.
70. Veitch, Feeling for Nature, p. 3.
71. Emerson, Nature, p. 9.
72. Veitch, Feeling for Nature, p. 3.
73. Peter H. Hansen, 'Albert Smith, the Alpine Club, and the Invention of Mountaineering in Mid-Victorian Britain,' Journal of British Studies, 34 (1995) pp. 300-24; p. 308.
74. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', p. 82.
75. G. G. Ramsay, 'The President's Address', The Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, Vol. I (1891), pp. 1-11.
76. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', p. 81.
77. Ramsay, 'President's Address', p. 3.
78. John Ball (ed.), Peaks, Passes and Glaciers: A Series of Excursions by Members of the Alpine Club (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts, 1859), p. v.
79. Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (London: Fontana Press, 1996), p. 504.
80. For a discussion of 'recreational colonialism' in the context of the debates over land use in the Scottish Highlands, see Iain Fraser Grigor, Highland Resistance: The Radical Tradition in the Scottish North (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2000), and Grigor, 'Whose Hills?', Scottish Left Review no. 25 (November-December 2004), pp. 20-1.
81. Robert A. Lambert, Contested Mountains: Nature, Development and Environment in the Cairngorms Region of Scotland (Cambridge: White Horse Press, 2001), p. 37.
82. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', p. 81.
83. J. G. Stott, 'Note on Access to the Mountains Bill', The Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, vol. I (1891), p. 328.
84. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', p. 81.
85. Oxford English Dictionary.
86. Such writings include: Hugh Miller's Rambles of a Geologist (1858), James Arthur Lees' 'A Ramble in British Columbia' (1888) and John Hill Burton's 'Hints for the Vacation Ramble', serialised in Blackwood's Magazine (1881).
87. Lambert, Contested Mountains, p. 37.
88. Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking (London: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 150.
89. ScotWays, unpublished 'Briefing Notes: The Scottish Rights of Way Society 150th Anniversary', p. 1.
90. Quoted in Robert Aitken, 'Stravagers and Marauders', Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, vol. 30 (1972-75), p. 353.
91. Arthur Hugh Clough, in Patrick Scott (ed.), The Bothie of Toperna- fuosich (Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1976), ll.304-307.
92. Leslie Stephen, 'In Praise of Walking', Studies of a Biographer, vol. 3 (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1907), p. 258.
93. Quoted in Lambert, p. 61.
94. T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700-2000 (London: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 305.
95. R. Perry quoted in David Evans, A History of Nature Conservation in Britain (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 33.
96. T. C. Smout quotes the following statistical account from Osgood MacKenzie's Game Book in 1868: 'My total for that year was 1,314 grouse, 33 blackgame, 49 partridges, 110 golden plover, 35 wild ducks,53 snipe, 91 rock-pigeons, 184 hares, without mentioning geese, teal, ptarmigan and roe etc., a total of 1,900 head. In other seasons I got as many as 96 partridges, 106 snipe and 95 woodcock'. Nature Contested: Environmental History in Scotland and Northern Ireland since 1600 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), p. 67.
97. James McCarthy, An Inhabited Solitude: Scotland, Land and People (Edinburgh: Luath Press Ltd, 1998), p. 104.
98. Devine, p. 304.
99. John Stuart Blackie's other publications include: The Gaelic Language: Its Classical Affinities and Distinctive Character (1864) and The Union of 1707 and its Results: A Plea for Scottish Home Rule (1892).
100. Devine, p. 435.
101. The Dictionary of National Biography
102. Henry George, The Crime of Poverty: an Address Delivered in the Opera House at Burlington, Iowa, April 1, 1885 (Glasgow: Scottish Land Restoration League, n.d.), p. 7.
103. Quoted in Donald E. Meek (ed.), Tuath Is Tighearna - Tenants and Landlords: An Anthology of Gaelic Poetry of Social and Political Protest from the Clearances to the Land Agitation (1800-1890) (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1995), p. 129n.
104. David C. Harvey, Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 46.
105. John Stuart Blackie, The Scottish Highlanders and the Land Laws (London: Chapman and Hall, 1885), p. ix.
106. Grigor, Highland Resistance, chapters 4-7, and Meek, Tuath Is Tighearna.
107. Aitken, pp. 351-7; p. 353.
108. Naill MacLeòid / Neil MacLeod, 'Na Croitearan Sgiathanach' / 'The Skye Crofters', ll.57-60, Tuath Is Tighearna - Tenants and Landlords. pp. 102-4; 224-6.
109. Alasdair MacIlleathain / Alasdair MacLean, 'Duanag don Triùir Ghàidheal a thi'a nn am Priosan Dhun Eideann' / 'A Poem to the Three Highlanders who are in the Edinburgh Prison', Tuath Is Tighearna - Tenants and Landlords, pp. 119-21; 234-6.
110. Sorley Maclean, 'The Poetry of the Clearances', in William Gillies (ed.), Ris A' Bhruthaich: Criticism and Prose Writings (Stornoway: Acair Ltd, 1985), p. 57.
111. Anonymous, '[Moladh Henry Seoras]' / '[In Praise of Henry George]', ll. 25-32, Tuath Is Tighearna: Tenants and Landlords, pp. 128; 240.
112. Clough, The Bothie, V, ll.17-25.
113. T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People (London: Collins, 1986), p. 65.
114. Ramsay, 'The Formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club', p. 83.
115. Blackie, The Scottish Highlanders and the Land Laws, p. 6.
116. Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1891), p. 85.
117. Bruce Haley, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
118. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c.1848-1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
119. Cited in Haley, pp. 20-1.
120. Lyn Pykett, The Sensation Novel: from The Woman in White to The Moonstone (Plymouth: Northcote House in association with The British Council, 1994).
121. David Livingstone, Horace Waller (ed.), The Last Journals of David Livingstone 1856 until his Death, 2 vols (London: John Murray, 1874), p. 14.
122. Robert Louis Stevenson, 'Forest Notes', Essays of Travel (London: Chatto and Windus, 1916), pp. 158-9.
123. Fergus Fleming, Killing Dragons: the Conquest of the Alps (London: Granta Books, 2001), p. 142.
124. Stephen, p. 250.
125. Stevenson, 'Forest Notes', pp. 159-60.
126. Stevenson's ill health is now thought to be the result of the respiratory condition, bronchiectasis, rather than tuberculosis. See Richard Woodhead, The Strange Case of R.L. Stevenson (Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2001).
127. Robert Louis Stevenson, 'A Gossip on Romance', Memories and Portraits (London: Chatto and Windus, 1917), p. 153.
128. Robert Louis Stevenson, 'Health and Moutains', Essays of Travel (London: Chatto and Windus, 1916), p. 197.
129. Robert Louis Stevenson, 'The Silverado Squatters', The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, vol. II (London: Chatto and Windus, 1911), p. 206.
130. Ramsay, 'President's Address', p. 3.
131. Cited in Andrea White, Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 8.
132. Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company, 1872), p. 415.
133. Hansen, p. 323.
134. Veitch, History and Poetry of the Scottish Border, pp. 555-6.
135. Stevenson, 'Health and Mountains', p. 198.
136. Robert Louis Stevenson, 'The Foreigner at Home', Memories and Portraits (London: Chatto and Windus, 1904), p. 2.
137. John Muir, A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf, in Terry Gifford (ed.), The Eight Wilderness Discovery Books (London: Diadem Books, 1992), pp. 171-2.
138. Muir, A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf, p. 156.
139. John Muir, The Story of my Boyhood and Youth, in The Eight Wilderness Discovery Books, p. 41.
140. Teles, J.H., Melder, J.P., Ebel, K., Schneider, R., Gehrer, E., Harder, W., Brode, S., Enders, D., Breuer, K., and Raabe, G. (1996) Helv. Chim. Acta, 79, 61-83.
141. Krampitz, L.O., Greull, G., Miller, C.S., Bicking, J.B., Skeggs, H.R., and Sprague, J.M. (1958) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 5893-5894.
142. Krampitz, L.O. (1969) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 38, 213-240.
143. Krampitz, L.O. (1982) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 378, 1-6.
144. Kubasik, N.P., Richert, D.A., Bloom, R.J., Hsu, R.Y., and Westerfeld, W.W. (1972) Biochemistry, 11, 2225-2229.
145. Schlossberg, M.A., Bloom, R.J., Richert, D.A., and Westerfeld, W.W. (1970) Biochemistry, 9, 1148-1153.
146. Saito, T., Tuboi, S., Nichemura, Y., and Kikucki, G. (1971) J. Biochem., 69, 265-273.
147. Bornemann, S., Crout, D.H.G., Dalton, H., Hutchinson, D.W., Dean, G., Thomson, N., and Turner, M.M. (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 309-311.
148. Lobell, M. and Crout, D.H.G. (1996) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1577-1581.
149. Singer, T.P. and Pensky, J. (1952) J. Biol. Chem, 196, 375-388.
150. Crout, D.H.G., Littlechild, J., and Morrey, S.M. (1986) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 105-108.
151. van Dijken, J.P.,Harder,W., Beardsmore, A.J., and Quayle, J.R. (1978) FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 4, 97-102.
152. Kato, N., Higuchi, T., Sakazawa, C., Nishizawa, T., Tani, Y., and Yamada, H. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 715, 143-150.
153. Waites, M.J. and Quayle, J.R. (1983) J. Gen. Microbiol., 129, 935-944.
154. Goodman, J.M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem., 260, 7108-7113.
155. Bystrykh, L.V., De Koning, W., and Harder,W. (1990)Methods Enzymol., 188, 435-445.
156. Ro, Y.T., Eom, C.Y., Song, T., Cho, J.W., and Kim, Y.M. (1997) J. Bacteriol., 179, 6041-6047.
157. Yanase, H., Okuda, M., Kita, K., Sato, Y., Shibata, K., Sakai, Y., and Kato, N. (1995) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43, 228-234.
158. Gupta, N.K. and Vennesland, B. (1964) J. Biol. Chem., 239, 3787-3789.
159. Gupta, N.K. and Vennesland, B. (1966) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 113, 255-264.
160. Cromartie, T.H. and Walsh, C.T. (1976) J. Biol. Chem., 251, 329-333.
161. Chang, Y.Y., Wang, A.Y., and Cronan, J.E., Jr. (1993) J. Biol. Chem., 268, 3911-3919.
162. Effenberger, F., Null, V., and Ziegler, T. (1992) Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 5157-5160.
163. Kobori, Y., Myles, D.C., and Whitesides, G.M. (1992) J. Org. Chem., 57, 5899-5907.
164. Demuynck, C., Bolte, J., Hecquet, L., and Dalmas, V. (1991) Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 5085-5088.
165. Sprenger, G.A., Schorken, U., Sprenger, G., and Sahm, H. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem., 230, 525-532.
166. Sprenger, G.A. and Pohl, M. (1999) J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 6, 145-159.