메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 55-74

Experimental Approaches to Musculoskeletal Function in Primates

Author keywords

Bone strain; Electromyography; Kinetics; Paleoanthropology; Primate in vivo analyses

Indexed keywords


EID: 84887104450     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118332344.ch4     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (6)

References (150)
  • 1
    • 0032223696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Properties that Influence Neuromuscular Activity During Human Mastication
    • Agrawal, K. R., P. W. Lucas, I. C. Bruce and J. F. Prinz, 1998 Food Properties that Influence Neuromuscular Activity During Human Mastication. Journal of Dental Research 77: 1931-1938.
    • (1998) Journal of Dental Research , vol.77 , pp. 1931-1938
    • Agrawal, K.R.1    Lucas, P.W.2    Bruce, I.C.3    Prinz, J.F.4
  • 2
    • 0034041271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Food Fragmentation Index on Mandibular Closing Angle in Human Mastication
    • Agrawal, K. R., P. W. Lucas and I. C. Bruce, 2000 The Effects of Food Fragmentation Index on Mandibular Closing Angle in Human Mastication. Archives of Oral Biology 45: 577-584.
    • (2000) Archives of Oral Biology , vol.45 , pp. 577-584
    • Agrawal, K.R.1    Lucas, P.W.2    Bruce, I.C.3
  • 3
    • 0020143036 scopus 로고
    • Bone Strength in Small Mammals and Bipedal Birds: Do Safety Factors Change With Body Size?
    • Biewener, A. A., 1982 Bone Strength in Small Mammals and Bipedal Birds: Do Safety Factors Change With Body Size? Journal of Experimental Biology 98: 289-301.
    • (1982) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.98 , pp. 289-301
    • Biewener, A.A.1
  • 4
    • 0020788236 scopus 로고
    • Allometry of Quadrupedal Locomotion: The Scaling of Duty Factor, Bone Curvature and Limb Orientation to Body Size
    • Biewener A. A., 1983 Allometry of Quadrupedal Locomotion: The Scaling of Duty Factor, Bone Curvature and Limb Orientation to Body Size. Journal of Experimental Biology 105: 147-171.
    • (1983) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.105 , pp. 147-171
    • Biewener, A.A.1
  • 5
    • 0026322742 scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal Design in Relation to Body Size
    • Biewener, A. A., 1991 Musculoskeletal Design in Relation to Body Size. Journal of Biomechanics 24: 19-29.
    • (1991) Journal of Biomechanics , vol.24 , pp. 19-29
    • Biewener, A.A.1
  • 7
    • 0027767471 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal Strain Patterns in Relation to Exercise Training During Growth
    • Biewener, A. A., and J.E.A. Bertram, 1993 Skeletal Strain Patterns in Relation to Exercise Training During Growth. Journal of Experimental Biology 185: 51-69.
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.185 , pp. 51-69
    • Biewener, A.A.1    Bertram, J.E.A.2
  • 8
    • 84993661082 scopus 로고
    • In Vivo Strain in the Humerus of Pigeons(Columba livia)During Flight
    • Biewener, A. A., and K. P. Dial, 1995 In Vivo Strain in the Humerus of Pigeons(Columba livia)During Flight. Journal of Morphology 225: 61-75.
    • (1995) Journal of Morphology , vol.225 , pp. 61-75
    • Biewener, A.A.1    Dial, K.P.2
  • 9
    • 0022959783 scopus 로고
    • Bone Modeling During Growth: Dynamic Strain Equilibrium in the Chick Tibiotarsus
    • Biewener, A. A., S. M. Swartz, and J. E. A. Bertram, 1986 Bone Modeling During Growth: Dynamic Strain Equilibrium in the Chick Tibiotarsus. Calcified Tissue International 39: 390-395.
    • (1986) Calcified Tissue International , vol.39 , pp. 390-395
    • Biewener, A.A.1    Swartz, S.M.2    Bertram, J.E.A.3
  • 11
    • 0032979598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Vivo Locomotor Strain in the Hindlimb Bones of Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana: Implications for the Evolution of Limb Bone Safety Factor and Non-Sprawling Limb Posture
    • Blob, R. W., and A. A. Biewener, 1999 In Vivo Locomotor Strain in the Hindlimb Bones of Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana: Implications for the Evolution of Limb Bone Safety Factor and Non-Sprawling Limb Posture. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 1023-1046.
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.202 , pp. 1023-1046
    • Blob, R.W.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 12
    • 0001260103 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and the Form-Function Complex
    • Bock, W. J., and G. Von Walhert 1965 Adaptation and the Form-Function Complex. Evolution 19: 269-299.
    • (1965) Evolution , vol.19 , pp. 269-299
    • Bock, W.J.1    Von Walhert, G.2
  • 13
    • 0019866816 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Bone Strain on Cortical Bone Structure in Macaques(Macaca mulatta)
    • Bouvier, M., and W. L. Hylander, 1981 Effect of Bone Strain on Cortical Bone Structure in Macaques(Macaca mulatta). Journal of Morphology 167: 1-12.
    • (1981) Journal of Morphology , vol.167 , pp. 1-12
    • Bouvier, M.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 14
    • 0020390333 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Dietary Consistency on Morphology of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage in Young Macaques(Macaca mulatta)
    • A. D. Dixon, and B. G. Sarnat, eds., New York: Liss
    • Bouvier, M., and W. L. Hylander, 1982 The Effect of Dietary Consistency on Morphology of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage in Young Macaques(Macaca mulatta). In Factors and Mechanisms Influencing Bone Growth, A. D. Dixon, and B. G. Sarnat, eds. pp 569-579. New York: Liss.
    • (1982) In Factors and Mechanisms Influencing Bone Growth , pp. 569-579
    • Bouvier, M.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 15
    • 0001932281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain Gradients, Age, and Levels of Modeling and Remodeling in the Facial Bones of Macaca fascicularis
    • Z. Davidovitch, and L. A. Norton, eds, Boston: Harvard Society for The Advancement of Orthodontics
    • Bouvier, M., and W. L. Hylander, 1996 Strain Gradients, Age, and Levels of Modeling and Remodeling in the Facial Bones of Macaca fascicularis. In The Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement and Craniofacial Adaptation, Z. Davidovitch, and L. A. Norton, eds. pp 407-412. Boston: Harvard Society for The Advancement of Orthodontics.
    • (1996) In The Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement and Craniofacial Adaptation , pp. 407-412
    • Bouvier, M.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 16
    • 34447097059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telemetered Electromyography of Peroneus Longus in Varecia variegata and Eulemur rubriventer: Implications for the Functional Significance of a Large Peroneal Process
    • Boyer, D. M., B. A. Patel, S. G. Larson, and J. T. Stern, 2007 Telemetered Electromyography of Peroneus Longus in Varecia variegata and Eulemur rubriventer: Implications for the Functional Significance of a Large Peroneal Process. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 119-134.
    • (2007) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 119-134
    • Boyer, D.M.1    Patel, B.A.2    Larson, S.G.3    Stern, J.T.4
  • 17
    • 9244222260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo
    • Bramble, D. M., and D. E. Lieberman, 2004 Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo. Nature 432: 345-352.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , pp. 345-352
    • Bramble, D.M.1    Lieberman, D.E.2
  • 19
    • 0020067618 scopus 로고
    • Femoral Mechanics in the Lesser Bushbaby(Galago senegalensis): Structural Adaptations to Leaping in Primates
    • Burr, D. B., G. Piotrowski, B. Martin, and P. N. Cook, 1982 Femoral Mechanics in the Lesser Bushbaby(Galago senegalensis): Structural Adaptations to Leaping in Primates. Anatomical Record 202: 419-429.
    • (1982) Anatomical Record , vol.202 , pp. 419-429
    • Burr, D.B.1    Piotrowski, G.2    Martin, B.3    Cook, P.N.4
  • 20
    • 50649086177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Vivo Strains in the Femur of River Cooter Turtles(Pseudemys concinna)During Terrestrial Locomotion: Tests of Force-Platform Models of Loading Mechanics
    • Butcher, M. T., N. R. Espinoza, S. R. Cirilo, and R. W. Blob, 2008 In Vivo Strains in the Femur of River Cooter Turtles(Pseudemys concinna)During Terrestrial Locomotion: Tests of Force-Platform Models of Loading Mechanics. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 2397-2407.
    • (2008) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.211 , pp. 2397-2407
    • Butcher, M.T.1    Espinoza, N.R.2    Cirilo, S.R.3    Blob, R.W.4
  • 21
    • 12144269498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Metabolic Costs of'Bent-Hip, Bent-Knee'Walking in Humans
    • Carey, T., and R. H. Crompton, 2005 The Metabolic Costs of'Bent-Hip, Bent-Knee'Walking in Humans. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 25-44.
    • (2005) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 25-44
    • Carey, T.1    Crompton, R.H.2
  • 22
    • 22344444956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediolateral Forces Associated With Quadrupedal Gaits of Lemurids
    • Carlson, K. J., B. Demes, and T. M. Franz, 2005 Mediolateral Forces Associated With Quadrupedal Gaits of Lemurids. Journal of Zoology 266: 261-273.
    • (2005) Journal of Zoology , vol.266 , pp. 261-273
    • Carlson, K.J.1    Demes, B.2    Franz, T.M.3
  • 23
    • 34948905803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased Non-Linear Locomotion Alters Diaphyseal Bone Shape
    • Carlson, K. J., and S. Judex, 2007 Increased Non-Linear Locomotion Alters Diaphyseal Bone Shape. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 3117-3125.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.210 , pp. 3117-3125
    • Carlson, K.J.1    Judex, S.2
  • 24
    • 0033152650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental Alteration of Limb Posture in the Chicken(Gallus gallus)and its Bearing on the Use of Birds a Analogs for Dinosaur Locomotion
    • Carrano, M. T., and A. A. Biewener, 1999 Experimental Alteration of Limb Posture in the Chicken(Gallus gallus)and its Bearing on the Use of Birds a Analogs for Dinosaur Locomotion. Journal of Morphology 240: 237-249.
    • (1999) Journal of Morphology , vol.240 , pp. 237-249
    • Carrano, M.T.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 25
    • 0034520229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External Forces and Torques Generated by the Brachiating White-Handed Gibbon(Hylobates lar)
    • Chang, Y. -H., J. E. A. Bertram, and D. V. Lee, 2000 External Forces and Torques Generated by the Brachiating White-Handed Gibbon(Hylobates lar). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113: 201-216.
    • (2000) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.113 , pp. 201-216
    • Chang, Y.-H.1    Bertram, J.E.A.2    Lee, D.V.3
  • 26
    • 0024466368 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of Cross-Sectional Size and Shape in the Hominoid Mandibular Corpus
    • Daegling, D. J., 1989 Biomechanics of Cross-Sectional Size and Shape in the Hominoid Mandibular Corpus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 91-106.
    • (1989) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.80 , pp. 91-106
    • Daegling, D.J.1
  • 27
    • 0026047131 scopus 로고
    • Compact Bone Distribution and Biomechanics of Early Hominid Mandibles
    • Daegling, D. J., and F. E. Grine, 1991 Compact Bone Distribution and Biomechanics of Early Hominid Mandibles. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86: 321-339.
    • (1991) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.86 , pp. 321-339
    • Daegling, D.J.1    Grine, F.E.2
  • 29
    • 0025001815 scopus 로고
    • Occlusal Force and Craniofacial Biomechanics During Growth in Rhesus Monkeys
    • Dechow, P. C., and D. S. Carlson, 1990 Occlusal Force and Craniofacial Biomechanics During Growth in Rhesus Monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83: 219-238.
    • (1990) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.83 , pp. 219-238
    • Dechow, P.C.1    Carlson, D.S.2
  • 30
    • 33645281716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting Corners: The Dynamics of Turning Behaviors in Two Primate Species
    • Demes, B., K. J. Carlson, and T. M. Franz, 2006 Cutting Corners: The Dynamics of Turning Behaviors in Two Primate Species. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 927-937.
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.209 , pp. 927-937
    • Demes, B.1    Carlson, K.J.2    Franz, T.M.3
  • 33
    • 13444257403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait Mechanics of Lemurid Primates on Terrestrial and Arboreal Substrates
    • Franz T. M., B. Demes, and K. J. Carlson, 2005 Gait Mechanics of Lemurid Primates on Terrestrial and Arboreal Substrates. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 199-217.
    • (2005) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 199-217
    • Franz, T.M.1    Demes, B.2    Carlson, K.J.3
  • 34
    • 24644513791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective Breeding for High Endurance Running Increases Hindlimb Symmetry
    • Garland, T. J., and P. W. Freeman, 2005 Selective Breeding for High Endurance Running Increases Hindlimb Symmetry. Evolution 59: 1851-1854.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 1851-1854
    • Garland, T.J.1    Freeman, P.W.2
  • 35
    • 21844521251 scopus 로고
    • Species-Specific Morphology of Masticatory Jaw Movements
    • Gerstner, G. E., and L. J. Goldberg, 1994 Species-Specific Morphology of Masticatory Jaw Movements. Behaviour 128: 229-253.
    • (1994) Behaviour , vol.128 , pp. 229-253
    • Gerstner, G.E.1    Goldberg, L.J.2
  • 37
    • 77950868713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian Limb Loading and Chondral Modeling During Ontogeny
    • Hammond, A. S., J. Ning, C. V. Ward, and M. J. Ravosa, 2010 Mammalian Limb Loading and Chondral Modeling During Ontogeny. Anatomical Record 293A: 658-670.
    • (2010) Anatomical Record , vol.293 A , pp. 658-670
    • Hammond, A.S.1    Ning, J.2    Ward, C.V.3    Ravosa, M.J.4
  • 38
    • 0032004110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMG of the Human Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Tool Use
    • Hamrick, M., S. E. Churchill, D. Schmitt, and W. Hylander, 1998 EMG of the Human Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Tool Use. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 123-136.
    • (1998) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.34 , pp. 123-136
    • Hamrick, M.1    Churchill, S.E.2    Schmitt, D.3    Hylander, W.4
  • 39
    • 33644867861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics of Vertical Climbing in Lorises and Cheirogaleus medius
    • Hanna, J. B., 2006 Kinematics of Vertical Climbing in Lorises and Cheirogaleus medius. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 469-478.
    • (2006) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 469-478
    • Hanna, J.B.1
  • 40
    • 0026298927 scopus 로고
    • Motor-Unit Territories in the Masseter Muscle of Infant Pigs
    • Herring, S. W., F. C. Anapol, and L. E. Wineski, 1991 Motor-Unit Territories in the Masseter Muscle of Infant Pigs. Archives of Oral Biology 36: 867-873.
    • (1991) Archives of Oral Biology , vol.36 , pp. 867-873
    • Herring, S.W.1    Anapol, F.C.2    Wineski, L.E.3
  • 42
    • 0022641088 scopus 로고
    • Development of the Masseter Muscle and Oral Behavior in the Pig
    • Herring, S. W., and L. E. Wineski, 1986 Development of the Masseter Muscle and Oral Behavior in the Pig. Journal of Experimental Zoology 237: 191-207.
    • (1986) Journal of Experimental Zoology , vol.237 , pp. 191-207
    • Herring, S.W.1    Wineski, L.E.2
  • 43
    • 0002161899 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian Mastication: A Review of the Activity of the Jaw Muscles and the Movements they Produce in Chewing
    • P. M. Butler, and K. A. Joysey, eds, New York, Academic Press
    • Hiiemae, K. M., 1978 Mammalian Mastication: A Review of the Activity of the Jaw Muscles and the Movements they Produce in Chewing. In Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth. P. M. Butler, and K. A. Joysey, eds. pp 359-398. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1978) In Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth , pp. 359-398
    • Hiiemae, K.M.1
  • 44
    • 0015520311 scopus 로고
    • Trends in the Evolution of Primate Mastication
    • Hiiemae, K. M., and R. F. Kay, 1972 Trends in the Evolution of Primate Mastication. Nature 240: 486-487.
    • (1972) Nature , vol.240 , pp. 486-487
    • Hiiemae, K.M.1    Kay, R.F.2
  • 45
    • 0002313212 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary Trends in the Dynamics of Primate Mastication
    • Craniofacial Biology of Primates, M. R. Zingeser, ed. Basel: Karger.
    • Hiiemae, K. M., and R. F. Kay, 1973 Evolutionary Trends in the Dynamics of Primate Mastication. In Symposia of the Fourth International Congress of Primatology, Volume 3: Craniofacial Biology of Primates. M. R. Zingeser, ed. pp. 28-64 Basel: Karger.
    • (1973) In Symposia of the Fourth International Congress of Primatology , vol.3 , pp. 28-64
    • Hiiemae, K.M.1    Kay, R.F.2
  • 46
    • 0038449147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional Analysis of the Thigh Muscles During Locomotion in the Garnet Galago(Galago Garnetti)
    • Hirokawa, Y., and H. Kumakura, 2003 Functional Analysis of the Thigh Muscles During Locomotion in the Garnet Galago(Galago Garnetti). Anthropological Science 111: 187-201.
    • (2003) Anthropological Science , vol.111 , pp. 187-201
    • Hirokawa, Y.1    Kumakura, H.2
  • 47
    • 0018371734 scopus 로고
    • Mandibular Function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: An in Vivo Approach to Stress Analysis of the Mandible
    • Hylander, W. L., 1979a Mandibular Function in Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fascicularis: An in Vivo Approach to Stress Analysis of the Mandible. Journal of Morphology 159: 253-296.
    • (1979) Journal of Morphology , vol.159 , pp. 253-296
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 48
    • 0018407020 scopus 로고
    • The Functional Significance of Primate Mandibular Form
    • Hylander, W. L., 1979b The Functional Significance of Primate Mandibular Form. Journal of Morphology 160: 223-240.
    • (1979) Journal of Morphology , vol.160 , pp. 223-240
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 49
    • 0018595205 scopus 로고
    • An Experimental Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Reaction Forces in Macaques
    • Hylander, W. L., 1979c An Experimental Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Reaction Forces in Macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51: 433-456.
    • (1979) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.51 , pp. 433-456
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 50
    • 0021430901 scopus 로고
    • Stress and Strain in the Mandibular Symphysis of Primates: A Test of Competing Hypotheses
    • Hylander, W. L., 1984 Stress and Strain in the Mandibular Symphysis of Primates: A Test of Competing Hypotheses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64: 1-46.
    • (1984) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.64 , pp. 1-46
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 51
    • 77957212557 scopus 로고
    • Mandibular Function and Biomechanical Stress and Scaling
    • Hylander, W. L., 1985 Mandibular Function and Biomechanical Stress and Scaling. American Zoologist 25: 315-330.
    • (1985) American Zoologist , vol.25 , pp. 315-330
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 52
    • 85067506958 scopus 로고
    • Implications of In Vivo Experiments for Interpreting the Functional Significance of "Robust" Australopithecine Jaws
    • F. E. Grine, ed, New York, Aldine.
    • Hylander, W. L., 1988 Implications of In Vivo Experiments for Interpreting the Functional Significance of "Robust" Australopithecine Jaws. In Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines. F. E. Grine, ed. pp. 55-83. New York: Aldine.
    • (1988) In Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines , pp. 55-83
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 53
    • 0018573127 scopus 로고
    • An in Vivo Strain-Gauge Analysis of the Squamosal-Dentary Joint Reaction Force During Mastication and Incisal Biting in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis
    • Hylander, W. L., and R. Bays, 1979 An in Vivo Strain-Gauge Analysis of the Squamosal-Dentary Joint Reaction Force During Mastication and Incisal Biting in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Archives of Oral Biology 24: 689-697.
    • (1979) Archives of Oral Biology , vol.24 , pp. 689-697
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Bays, R.2
  • 54
    • 0028095013 scopus 로고
    • Jaw Muscle Function and Wishboning of the Mandible During Mastication in Macaques and Baboons
    • Hylander, W. L., and K. R. Johnson, 1994 Jaw Muscle Function and Wishboning of the Mandible During Mastication in Macaques and Baboons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94: 523-547.
    • (1994) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.94 , pp. 523-547
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 55
    • 0030896932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Vivo Bone Strain Patterns in the Zygomatic Arch of Macaques and the Significance of these Patterns for Functional Interpretations of Craniofacial Form
    • Hylander, W. L., and K. R. Johnson, 1997 In Vivo Bone Strain Patterns in the Zygomatic Arch of Macaques and the Significance of these Patterns for Functional Interpretations of Craniofacial Form. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102: 203-232.
    • (1997) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.102 , pp. 203-232
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 56
    • 0023110052 scopus 로고
    • Loading Patterns and Jaw Movements During Mastication in Macaca fascicularis: A Bone-Strain, Electromyographic and Cineradiographic Analysis
    • Hylander, W. L., K. R. Johnson, and A. W. Crompton, 1987 Loading Patterns and Jaw Movements During Mastication in Macaca fascicularis: A Bone-Strain, Electromyographic and Cineradiographic Analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72: 287-314.
    • (1987) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.72 , pp. 287-314
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Crompton, A.W.3
  • 57
    • 0026741105 scopus 로고
    • Muscle Force Recruitment and Biomechanical Modeling: An Analysis of Masseter Muscle Function During Mastication in Macaca fascicularis
    • Hylander, W. L., K. R. Johnson, and A. W. Crompton, 1992 Muscle Force Recruitment and Biomechanical Modeling: An Analysis of Masseter Muscle Function During Mastication in Macaca fascicularis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 365-387.
    • (1992) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.88 , pp. 365-387
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Crompton, A.W.3
  • 59
    • 0000220993 scopus 로고
    • An Analysis of the Supraorbital Region of Primates: A Morphometric and Experimental Approach
    • P. Smith, and E. Tchernov, eds, Tel Aviv, Freund.
    • Hylander, W. L., and M. J. Ravosa, 1992 An Analysis of the Supraorbital Region of Primates: A Morphometric and Experimental Approach. In Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth. P. Smith, and E. Tchernov, eds. pp. 223-255. Tel Aviv: Freund.
    • (1992) In Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth , pp. 223-255
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Ravosa, M.J.2
  • 60
    • 0031788797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandibular Corpus Strain in Primates: Further Evidence for A Functional Link Between Symphyseal Fusion and Jaw-Adductor Muscle Force
    • Hylander W. L., M. J. Ravosa, C. F. Ross, and K. R. Johnson, 1998 Mandibular Corpus Strain in Primates: Further Evidence for A Functional Link Between Symphyseal Fusion and Jaw-Adductor Muscle Force. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107: 257-271.
    • (1998) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.107 , pp. 257-271
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Ravosa, M.J.2    Ross, C.F.3    Johnson, K.R.4
  • 63
    • 10044287355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D-Kinematics of Vertical Climbing in Hominoids
    • Isler, K., 2005 3D-Kinematics of Vertical Climbing in Hominoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126: 66-81.
    • (2005) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.126 , pp. 66-81
    • Isler, K.1
  • 64
    • 77950879197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masticatory Loading, Function and Plasticity: A Microanatomical Analysis of Mammalian Circumorbital Soft-Tissue Structures
    • Jašarevic, E., J. Ning, A. N. Daniel, R. A. Menegaz, J. J. Johnson, M. S. Stack, and M. J. Ravosa, 2010 Masticatory Loading, Function and Plasticity: A Microanatomical Analysis of Mammalian Circumorbital Soft-Tissue Structures. Anatomical Record 293A: 642-650.
    • (2010) Anatomical Record , vol.293 A , pp. 642-650
    • Jašarevic, E.1    Ning, J.2    Daniel, A.N.3    Menegaz, R.A.4    Johnson, J.J.5    Stack, M.S.6    Ravosa, M.J.7
  • 65
    • 0015522184 scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzee Bipedalism: Cineradiographic Analysis and Implications for the Evolution of Gait
    • Jenkins, F. A., 1972 Chimpanzee Bipedalism: Cineradiographic Analysis and Implications for the Evolution of Gait. Science 178: 877-879.
    • (1972) Science , vol.178 , pp. 877-879
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 66
    • 84942103827 scopus 로고
    • Tree Shrew Locomotion and the Origins of Primate Arborealism
    • F. A. Jenkins, ed, New York, Academic Press
    • Jenkins, F. A., 1974 Tree Shrew Locomotion and the Origins of Primate Arborealism. In Primate Locomotion. F. A. Jenkins, ed. pp. 85-115. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1974) In Primate Locomotion , pp. 85-115
    • Jenkins, F.A.1
  • 68
    • 33645554074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental Evolution and Phenotypic Plasticity of Hindlimb Bones in High-Activity House Mice
    • Kelly S. A., P. P. Czech, J. T. Wight, K. M. Blank, and T. Garland, 2006 Experimental Evolution and Phenotypic Plasticity of Hindlimb Bones in High-Activity House Mice. Journal of Morphology 267: 360-374.
    • (2006) Journal of Morphology , vol.267 , pp. 360-374
    • Kelly, S.A.1    Czech, P.P.2    Wight, J.T.3    Blank, K.M.4    Garland, T.5
  • 69
    • 0017192188 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical Function as an Influence on the Structure and Form of Bone
    • Lanyon, L. E., and D. G. Baggott, 1976 Mechanical Function as an Influence on the Structure and Form of Bone. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 58: 436-443.
    • (1976) Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , vol.58 , pp. 436-443
    • Lanyon, L.E.1    Baggott, D.G.2
  • 71
    • 0001803749 scopus 로고
    • Functional Adaptation in Skeletal Structures
    • M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Lanyon, L. E., and C. T. Rubin, 1985 Functional Adaptation in Skeletal Structures. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds. pp 1-25. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1985) In Functional Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 1-25
    • Lanyon, L.E.1    Rubin, C.T.2
  • 73
    • 0022549246 scopus 로고
    • EMG of Scapulohumeral Muscles in the Chimpanzee During Reaching and "Arboreal" Locomotion
    • Larson, S. G., and J. T. Stern, 1986 EMG of Scapulohumeral Muscles in the Chimpanzee During Reaching and "Arboreal" Locomotion. American Journal of Anatomy 176: 171-190.
    • (1986) American Journal of Anatomy , vol.176 , pp. 171-190
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 74
    • 84985315996 scopus 로고
    • EMG of Chimpanzee Shoulder Muscles During Knuckle-Walking: Problems of Terrestrial Locomotion in A Suspensory Adapted Primate
    • Larson, S. G., and J. T. Stern, 1987 EMG of Chimpanzee Shoulder Muscles During Knuckle-Walking: Problems of Terrestrial Locomotion in A Suspensory Adapted Primate. Journal of Zoology 212: 629-655.
    • (1987) Journal of Zoology , vol.212 , pp. 629-655
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 75
    • 34248334520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humeral Retractor EMG During Quadrupedal Walking in Primates
    • Larson, S. G., and J. T. Stern, 2007 Humeral Retractor EMG During Quadrupedal Walking in Primates. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1204-1215.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.210 , pp. 1204-1215
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 76
    • 0025805015 scopus 로고
    • EMG of Serratus Anterior and Trapezius in the Chimpanzee: Scapular Rotators Revisited
    • Larson, S. G., J. T. Stern, and W. L. Jungers, 1991 EMG of Serratus Anterior and Trapezius in the Chimpanzee: Scapular Rotators Revisited. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85: 71-84.
    • (1991) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.85 , pp. 71-84
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2    Jungers, W.L.3
  • 77
    • 0032994392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological Correlates of Substrate Use in Didelphid Marsupials: Implications for Primate Origins
    • Lemelin, P., 1999 Morphological Correlates of Substrate Use in Didelphid Marsupials: Implications for Primate Origins. Journal of Zoology 247, 165-175.
    • (1999) Journal of Zoology
    • Lemelin, P.1
  • 78
    • 3042719559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Food Processing on Masticatory Strain and Craniofacial Growth in a Retrognathic Face
    • Lieberman, D. E., G. E. Krovitz, F. W. Yates, M. Devlin, and M. St. Claire, 2004 Effects of Food Processing on Masticatory Strain and Craniofacial Growth in a Retrognathic Face. Journal of Human Evolution 46: 655-677.
    • (2004) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 655-677
    • Lieberman, D.E.1    Krovitz, G.E.2    Yates, F.W.3    Devlin, M.4    Claire, M.5
  • 79
    • 3543035838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic Patterns of Limb Loading, In Vivo Bone Strains and Growth in the Goat Radius
    • Main, R. P., and A. A. Biewener, 2004 Ontogenetic Patterns of Limb Loading, In Vivo Bone Strains and Growth in the Goat Radius. Journal of Experimental Biology 207: 2577-2588.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.207 , pp. 2577-2588
    • Main, R.P.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 80
    • 34548162388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal Strain Patterns and Growth in the Emu Hindlimb During Ontogeny
    • Main, R. P., and A. A. Biewener, 2007 Skeletal Strain Patterns and Growth in the Emu Hindlimb During Ontogeny. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2676-2690.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.210 , pp. 2676-2690
    • Main, R.P.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 81
    • 0013929640 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic Response of Bone and Muscle Tissue
    • Mcelhaney, J. H., 1966 Dynamic Response of Bone and Muscle Tissue. Journal of Applied Physiology 21: 1231-1236.
    • (1966) Journal of Applied Physiology , vol.21 , pp. 1231-1236
    • Mcelhaney, J.H.1
  • 84
    • 33747618753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy Expenditure of Bipedal Walking Is higher than that of Quadrupedal Walking in Japanese Macaques
    • Nakatsukasa, M., E. Hirasaki, and N. Ogihara, 2006 Energy Expenditure of Bipedal Walking Is higher than that of Quadrupedal Walking in Japanese Macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131: 33-37.
    • (2006) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.131 , pp. 33-37
    • Nakatsukasa, M.1    Hirasaki, E.2    Ogihara, N.3
  • 85
    • 34548274606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ground-Reaction-Force Profiles of Bipedal Walking in Bipedally Trained Japanese Monkeys
    • Ogihara, N., E. Hirasaki, H. Kumakura, and M. Nakatsukasa, 2007 Ground-Reaction-Force Profiles of Bipedal Walking in Bipedally Trained Japanese Monkeys. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 302-308.
    • (2007) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 302-308
    • Ogihara, N.1    Hirasaki, E.2    Kumakura, H.3    Nakatsukasa, M.4
  • 86
    • 84990085587 scopus 로고
    • Primate Origins: Lessons From A Neotropical Marsupial
    • Rasmussen, D. T., 1990 Primate Origins: Lessons From A Neotropical Marsupial. American Journal of Primatology 22: 263-277.
    • (1990) American Journal of Primatology , vol.22 , pp. 263-277
    • Rasmussen, D.T.1
  • 87
    • 0002513988 scopus 로고
    • Structural Allometry of the Prosimian Mandibular Corpus and Symphysis
    • Ravosa, M. J., 1991 Structural Allometry of the Prosimian Mandibular Corpus and Symphysis. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 3-20.
    • (1991) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.20 , pp. 3-20
    • Ravosa, M.J.1
  • 88
    • 0030221464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandibular Form and Function in North American and European Adapidae and Omomyidae
    • Ravosa, M. J., 1996a Mandibular Form and Function in North American and European Adapidae and Omomyidae. Journal of Morphology 229: 171-190.
    • (1996) Journal of Morphology , vol.229 , pp. 171-190
    • Ravosa, M.J.1
  • 89
    • 0030478067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jaw Morphology and Function in Living and Fossil Old World Monkeys
    • Ravosa, M. J., 1996b Jaw Morphology and Function in Living and Fossil Old World Monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 17: 909-932.
    • (1996) International Journal of Primatology , vol.17 , pp. 909-932
    • Ravosa, M.J.1
  • 90
    • 0033105990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropoid Origins and the Modern Symphysis
    • Ravosa, M. J., 1999 Anthropoid Origins and the Modern Symphysis. Folia Primatologica 70: 65-78.
    • (1999) Folia Primatologica , vol.70 , pp. 65-78
    • Ravosa, M.J.1
  • 91
    • 0034277862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size and Scaling in the Mandible of Living and Extinct Apes
    • Ravosa, M. J., 2000 Size and Scaling in the Mandible of Living and Extinct Apes. Folia Primatologica 71: 305-22.
    • (2000) Folia Primatologica , vol.71 , pp. 305-22
    • Ravosa, M.J.1
  • 92
    • 1842569449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function and Fusion of the Mandibular Symphysis in Mammals: A Comparative and Experimental Perspective
    • C. F. Ross, and R. F. Kay, eds, New York: Kluwer/Plenum
    • Ravosa, M. J., and A. S. Hogue, 2004 Function and Fusion of the Mandibular Symphysis in Mammals: A Comparative and Experimental Perspective. In Anthropoid Evolution: New Visions. C. F. Ross, and R. F. Kay, eds. pp. 413-462. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
    • (2004) In Anthropoid Evolution: New Visions , pp. 413-462
    • Ravosa, M.J.1    Hogue, A.S.2
  • 93
    • 0002228286 scopus 로고
    • Function and Fusion of the Mandibular Symphysis in Primates: Stiffness Or Strength?
    • J. G. Fleagle, and R. F. Kay, eds, New York: Plenum
    • Ravosa, M. J., and W. L. Hylander, 1994 Function and Fusion of the Mandibular Symphysis in Primates: Stiffness Or Strength? In Anthropoid Origins. J. G. Fleagle, and R. F. Kay, eds. pp. 447-468. New York: Plenum.
    • (1994) In Anthropoid Origins , pp. 447-468
    • Ravosa, M.J.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 95
    • 33947395687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pushing the Limit: Masticatory Stress and Adaptive Plasticity in Mammalian Craniomandibular Joints
    • Ravosa, M. J., R. Kunwar, S. R. Stock, and M. S. Stack, 2007 Pushing the Limit: Masticatory Stress and Adaptive Plasticity in Mammalian Craniomandibular Joints. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 628-641.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.210 , pp. 628-641
    • Ravosa, M.J.1    Kunwar, R.2    Stock, S.R.3    Stack, M.S.4
  • 96
    • 70449112185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive Plasticity in the Mammalian Masticatory Complex: You Are What, and How, You Eat
    • C. J. Vinyard, M. J. Ravosa, and C. E. Wall, eds, New York: Springer
    • Ravosa, M. J., E. K. López, R. A. Menegaz, S. R. Stock, M. S. Stack, and M. W. Hamrick, 2008a Adaptive Plasticity in the Mammalian Masticatory Complex: You Are What, and How, You Eat. In Primate Craniofacial Biology and Function. C. J. Vinyard, M. J. Ravosa, and C. E. Wall, eds. pp. 293-328. New York: Springer.
    • (2008) In Primate Craniofacial Biology and Function , pp. 293-328
    • Ravosa, M.J.1    López, E.K.2    Menegaz, R.A.3    Stock, S.R.4    Stack, M.S.5    Hamrick, M.W.6
  • 102
    • 0034667478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressed Out: Masticatory Forces and Primate Circumorbital Form
    • Ravosa, M. J., C. J. Vinyard, and W. L. Hylander, 2000d Stressed Out: Masticatory Forces and Primate Circumorbital Form. Anatomical Record 261: 173-175.
    • (2000) Anatomical Record , vol.261 , pp. 173-175
    • Ravosa, M.J.1    Vinyard, C.J.2    Hylander, W.L.3
  • 103
    • 0029118506 scopus 로고
    • Calvarial and Limb Bone Cells in Organ and Monolayer Culture do not Show the Same Early Responses to Dynamic Mechanical Strain
    • Rawlinson, S. C. F., J. R. Mosley, R. F. L. Suswillo, A. A. Pitsillides, and L. E. Lanyon, 1995 Calvarial and Limb Bone Cells in Organ and Monolayer Culture do not Show the Same Early Responses to Dynamic Mechanical Strain. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10: 1225-1232.
    • (1995) Journal of Bone and Mineral Research , vol.10 , pp. 1225-1232
    • Rawlinson, S.C.F.1    Mosley, J.R.2    Suswillo, R.F.L.3    Pitsillides, A.A.4    Lanyon, L.E.5
  • 104
    • 0029764403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Vivo and in Vitro Bone Strain in the Owl Monkey Circumorbital Region and the Function of the Postorbital Septum
    • Ross C. F., and W. L. Hylander, 1996 In Vivo and in Vitro Bone Strain in the Owl Monkey Circumorbital Region and the Function of the Postorbital Septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101: 183-215.
    • (1996) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.101 , pp. 183-215
    • Ross, C.F.1    Hylander, W.L.2
  • 105
    • 11244262469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone Strain Gradients and Optimization in Vertebrate Skulls
    • Ross C. F., and K. A. Metzger, 2004 Bone Strain Gradients and Optimization in Vertebrate Skulls. Annals of Anatomy 186: 387-396.
    • (2004) Annals of Anatomy , vol.186 , pp. 387-396
    • Ross, C.F.1    Metzger, K.A.2
  • 106
    • 0003070589 scopus 로고
    • Physical and Environmental Influences on Bone Formation
    • C. Brighton, G. Friedlander, J. Lane, Editors: Bone Formation and Regeneration
    • Rubin, C. T., T. Gross, H. Donahue, F. Guilak, and K. Mcleod, 1994 Physical and Environmental Influences on Bone Formation. C. Brighton, G. Friedlander, J. Lane, Editors: Bone Formation and Regeneration. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, pp. 61-78.
    • (1994) American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons , pp. 61-78
    • Rubin, C.T.1    Gross, T.2    Donahue, H.3    Guilak, F.4    Mcleod, K.5
  • 107
    • 0020391814 scopus 로고
    • Limb Mechanics As A Function of Speed and Fair: A Study of Functional Strains in the Radius and Tibia of Horse and Dog
    • Rubin, C. T., and L. E. Lanyon, 1982 Limb Mechanics As A Function of Speed and Fair: A Study of Functional Strains in the Radius and Tibia of Horse and Dog. Journal of Experimental Biology 101: 187-211.
    • (1982) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.101 , pp. 187-211
    • Rubin, C.T.1    Lanyon, L.E.2
  • 108
    • 0021215715 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic Strain Similarity in Vertebrates: An Alternative to Allometric Limb Bone Scaling
    • Rubin, C. T., and L. E. Lanyon, 1984 Dynamic Strain Similarity in Vertebrates: An Alternative to Allometric Limb Bone Scaling. Journal of Theoretical Biology 107: 321-327.
    • (1984) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.107 , pp. 321-327
    • Rubin, C.T.1    Lanyon, L.E.2
  • 109
    • 0034925171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Grasping Behaviour, Locomotion and Substrate Use of the Tree Shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana (Mammalia, Scandentia)
    • Sargis, E. J., 2001 The Grasping Behaviour, Locomotion and Substrate Use of the Tree Shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana (Mammalia, Scandentia). Journal of Zoology 253: 485-490.
    • (2001) Journal of Zoology , vol.253 , pp. 485-490
    • Sargis, E.J.1
  • 110
    • 25844485934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hind Limb Proportions and Kinematics: Are Small Primates Different From Other Small Mammals?
    • Schmidt, M., 2005 Hind Limb Proportions and Kinematics: Are Small Primates Different From Other Small Mammals? Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 3367-3383.
    • (2005) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.208 , pp. 3367-3383
    • Schmidt, M.1
  • 111
    • 0033950577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cineradiographic Study of Forelimb Movements During Quadrupedal Walking in the Brown Lemur(Eulemur fulvus, Primates: Lemuridae)
    • Schmidt, M., and M. S. Fischer, 2000 Cineradiographic Study of Forelimb Movements During Quadrupedal Walking in the Brown Lemur(Eulemur fulvus, Primates: Lemuridae). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111: 245-262.
    • (2000) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.111 , pp. 245-262
    • Schmidt, M.1    Fischer, M.S.2
  • 112
    • 0028193968 scopus 로고
    • Forelimb Mechanics as a Function of Substrate Type During Quadrupedalism in Two Anthropoid Primates
    • Schmitt, D., 1994 Forelimb Mechanics as a Function of Substrate Type During Quadrupedalism in Two Anthropoid Primates. Journal of Human Evolution 26: 441-457.
    • (1994) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 441-457
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 113
    • 0038060286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights Into the Evolution of Human Bipedalism From Experimental Studies of Humans and Other Primates
    • Schmitt, D., 2003 Insights Into the Evolution of Human Bipedalism From Experimental Studies of Humans and Other Primates. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 1437-1448.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.206 , pp. 1437-1448
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 114
    • 0036085879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins of Primate Locomotion: Gait Mechanics of the Woolly Opossum
    • Schmitt, D., and P. Lemelin, 2002 Origins of Primate Locomotion: Gait Mechanics of the Woolly Opossum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118: 231-238.
    • (2002) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.118 , pp. 231-238
    • Schmitt, D.1    Lemelin, P.2
  • 115
    • 0028219854 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of Back Muscles During Quadrupedal and Bipedal Walking in Primates
    • Shapiro, L. J., and W. L. Jungers, 1994 Electromyography of Back Muscles During Quadrupedal and Bipedal Walking in Primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93: 491-504.
    • (1994) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.93 , pp. 491-504
    • Shapiro, L.J.1    Jungers, W.L.2
  • 117
    • 0019819961 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of the Gluteal Muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and Pan: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Bipedality
    • Stern, J. T., and R. Susman, 1981 Electromyography of the Gluteal Muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and Pan: Implications for the Evolution of Hominid Bipedality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55: 153-166.
    • (1981) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.55 , pp. 153-166
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.2
  • 118
    • 0019287228 scopus 로고
    • An Electromyographic Study of Serratus Anterior in Atelines and Alouatta: Implications for Hominoid Evolution
    • Stern, J. T., J. P. Wells, W. L. Jungers, and A. K. Vangor, 1980a An Electromyographic Study of Serratus Anterior in Atelines and Alouatta: Implications for Hominoid Evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 52: 323-334.
    • (1980) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.52 , pp. 323-334
    • Stern, J.T.1    Wells, J.P.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Vangor, A.K.4
  • 119
    • 0019190120 scopus 로고
    • An Electromyographic Study of the Pectoralis Major in Atelines and Hylobates, With Special Reference to the Evolution of a Pars Clavicularis
    • Stern, J. T., J. P. Wells, W. L. Jungers, A. K. Vangor, and J. G. Fleagle, 1980b An Electromyographic Study of the Pectoralis Major in Atelines and Hylobates, With Special Reference to the Evolution of a Pars Clavicularis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 52: 13-26.
    • (1980) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.52 , pp. 13-26
    • Stern, J.T.1    Wells, J.P.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Vangor, A.K.4    Fleagle, J.G.5
  • 120
    • 0018395519 scopus 로고
    • Telemetered Electromyography of Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis in Pan troglodytes and Implications for Interpretation of the O. H. 7 Hand
    • Susman R., and J. T. Stern, 1979 Telemetered Electromyography of Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis in Pan troglodytes and Implications for Interpretation of the O. H. 7 Hand. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50: 565-574.
    • (1979) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.50 , pp. 565-574
    • Susman, R.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 121
    • 0026806096 scopus 로고
    • Wing Bone Stresses in Free-Flying Bats and the Evolution of Skeletal Design for Flight
    • Swartz S. M., M. B. Bennett, and D. R. Carrier, 1992 Wing Bone Stresses in Free-Flying Bats and the Evolution of Skeletal Design for Flight. Nature 359: 726-729.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 726-729
    • Swartz, S.M.1    Bennett, M.B.2    Carrier, D.R.3
  • 122
    • 0024972507 scopus 로고
    • Telemetered in Vivo Strain Analysis of Locomotor Mechanics of Brachiating Gibbons
    • Swartz S. M., J. E. A. Bertram, and A. A. Biewener, 1989 Telemetered in Vivo Strain Analysis of Locomotor Mechanics of Brachiating Gibbons. Nature 342: 270-272.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.342 , pp. 270-272
    • Swartz, S.M.1    Bertram, J.E.A.2    Biewener, A.A.3
  • 123
    • 51349167152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Material Properties and Mandibular Load Resistance Abilities in Large-Bodied Hominoids
    • Taylor A. B., E. R. Vogel, and N. J. Dominy, 2008 Food Material Properties and Mandibular Load Resistance Abilities in Large-Bodied Hominoids. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 604-616.
    • (2008) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 604-616
    • Taylor, A.B.1    Vogel, E.R.2    Dominy, N.J.3
  • 124
    • 34249888210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of Human Bipedalism as an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches
    • Thorpe S. K. S., R. H. Holder, and R. H. Crompton, 2007 Origin of Human Bipedalism as an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches. Science 316: 1328-1331.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1328-1331
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Holder, R.H.2    Crompton, R.H.3
  • 125
    • 0017865198 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of Pongid Shoulder Muscles. III. Quadrupedal Positional Behavior
    • Tuttle R. H., and J. V. Basmajian, 1978 Electromyography of Pongid Shoulder Muscles. III. Quadrupedal Positional Behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49: 57-70.
    • (1978) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.49 , pp. 57-70
    • Tuttle, R.H.1    Basmajian, J.V.2
  • 126
    • 19044374033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional Analysis of the Gibbon Foot During Terrestrial Bipedal Walking: Plantar Pressure Distributions and Three-Dimensional Ground Reaction Forces
    • Vereecke, E., K. D'Août, and P. Aerts, 2005 Functional Analysis of the Gibbon Foot During Terrestrial Bipedal Walking: Plantar Pressure Distributions and Three-Dimensional Ground Reaction Forces. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 659-669.
    • (2005) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.128 , pp. 659-669
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Aerts, P.3
  • 127
    • 33748436501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dynamics of Hylobatid Bipedalism: Evidence for An Energy-Saving Mechanism?
    • Vereecke, E., K. D'Août, and P. Aerts, 2006a The Dynamics of Hylobatid Bipedalism: Evidence for An Energy-Saving Mechanism? Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 2829-2838.
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Biology , vol.209 , pp. 2829-2838
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Aerts, P.3
  • 128
    • 33748437403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speed Modulation in Hylobatid Bipedalism: A Kinematic Analysis
    • Vereecke, E., K. D'Août, and P. Aerts, 2006b Speed Modulation in Hylobatid Bipedalism: A Kinematic Analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 513-526.
    • (2006) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 513-526
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Aerts, P.3
  • 129
    • 33646185900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor Versatility in the White-Handed Gibbon(Hylobates lar): A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Bipedal, Tripedal, and Quadrupedal Gaits
    • Vereecke, E., K. D'Août, and P. Aerts, 2006c Locomotor Versatility in the White-Handed Gibbon(Hylobates lar): A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Bipedal, Tripedal, and Quadrupedal Gaits. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 552-567.
    • (2006) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 552-567
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Aerts, P.3
  • 130
    • 0032007529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny, Function, and Scaling of the Mandibular Symphysis in Papionin Primates
    • Vinyard C. J., and M. J. Ravosa, 1998 Ontogeny, Function, and Scaling of the Mandibular Symphysis in Papionin Primates. Journal of Morphology 235: 157-175.
    • (1998) Journal of Morphology , vol.235 , pp. 157-175
    • Vinyard, C.J.1    Ravosa, M.J.2
  • 135
    • 57649201288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking Laboratory and Field Approaches in Studying the Evolutionary Physiology of Biting in Bamboo Lemurs
    • Vinyard, C. J., N. Yamashita, and C. Tan, 2008b Linking Laboratory and Field Approaches in Studying the Evolutionary Physiology of Biting in Bamboo Lemurs. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1421-1439.
    • (2008) International Journal of Primatology , vol.29 , pp. 1421-1439
    • Vinyard, C.J.1    Yamashita, N.2    Tan, C.3
  • 137
    • 0032963677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Model of Temporomandibular Joint Function in Anthropoid Primates Based on Condylar Movements During Mastication
    • Wall, C. E., 1999 A Model of Temporomandibular Joint Function in Anthropoid Primates Based on Condylar Movements During Mastication. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109: 67-88.
    • (1999) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.109 , pp. 67-88
    • Wall, C.E.1
  • 139
    • 1542563409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome
    • Waterston, R. H. et al. 2002 Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome. Nature 420: 520-562.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 520-562
    • Waterston, R.H.1
  • 140
  • 141
    • 0024412254 scopus 로고
    • Jaw Movements and Muscle Activity During Mastication in Growing Rabbits
    • Weijs, W. A., P. Brugman, and C. A. Grimbergen, 1989 Jaw Movements and Muscle Activity During Mastication in Growing Rabbits. Anatomical Record 224: 407-416.
    • (1989) Anatomical Record , vol.224 , pp. 407-416
    • Weijs, W.A.1    Brugman, P.2    Grimbergen, C.A.3
  • 142
    • 0002405969 scopus 로고
    • Functional Anatomy of the Masticatory Apparatus in the Rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)
    • Weijs, W. A., and R. Dantuma, 1981 Functional Anatomy of the Masticatory Apparatus in the Rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31: 99-147.
    • (1981) Netherlands Journal of Zoology , vol.31 , pp. 99-147
    • Weijs, W.A.1    Dantuma, R.2
  • 144
    • 74249106147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occlusal Development and Masseter Activity in Alpacas(Lama pacos)
    • Williams, S. H., J. Sidote, and K. K. Stover, 2010 Occlusal Development and Masseter Activity in Alpacas(Lama pacos). Anatomical Record 293: 126-134.
    • (2010) Anatomical Record , vol.293 , pp. 126-134
    • Williams, S.H.1    Sidote, J.2    Stover, K.K.3
  • 146
    • 58149330587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandibular Corpus Bone Strain in Goats and Alpacas: Implications for Understanding the Biomechanics of Mandibular Form in Selenodont Artiodactyls
    • Williams, S. H., C. E. Wall, C. J. Vinyard, and W. L. Hylander, 2009 Mandibular Corpus Bone Strain in Goats and Alpacas: Implications for Understanding the Biomechanics of Mandibular Form in Selenodont Artiodactyls. Journal of Anatomy 214: 65-78.
    • (2009) Journal of Anatomy , vol.214 , pp. 65-78
    • Williams, S.H.1    Wall, C.E.2    Vinyard, C.J.3    Hylander, W.L.4
  • 149
    • 67649601174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Mechanical Properties in Three Sympatric Species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar
    • Yamashita, N., C. J. Vinyard, and C. L. Tan, 2009 Food Mechanical Properties in Three Sympatric Species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139: 368-381.
    • (2009) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.139 , pp. 368-381
    • Yamashita, N.1    Vinyard, C.J.2    Tan, C.L.3
  • 150
    • 34249671092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body Mass Distribution and Gait Mechanics in Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs(Cheirogaleus medius)and Patas Monkeys(Erythrocebus patas)
    • Young, J. W., B. A. Patel, and N. J. Stevens, 2007 Body Mass Distribution and Gait Mechanics in Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs(Cheirogaleus medius)and Patas Monkeys(Erythrocebus patas). Journal of Human Evolution 53: 26-40.
    • (2007) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 26-40
    • Young, J.W.1    Patel, B.A.2    Stevens, N.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.