메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 552-567

Locomotor versatility in the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar): A spatiotemporal analysis of the bipedal, tripedal, and quadrupedal gaits

Author keywords

Evolution of bipedalism; Footfall patterns; Terrestrial locomotion; Velocity

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BIPEDALISM; PRIMATE;

EID: 33646185900     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.12.011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (41)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 2742591316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trajectory of the point of application of the resultant force of body mass at different walking speeds; statistical analysis of human walking
    • Adachi K., Nishizawa S., and Endo B. The trajectory of the point of application of the resultant force of body mass at different walking speeds; statistical analysis of human walking. Folia Primatol. 66 (1996) 160-180
    • (1996) Folia Primatol. , vol.66 , pp. 160-180
    • Adachi, K.1    Nishizawa, S.2    Endo, B.3
  • 2
    • 0034029258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal gait characteristics of the hind limb cycles during voluntary bipedal and quadrupedal walking in bonobos (Pan paniscus)
    • Aerts P., Van Damme R., Van Elsacker L., and Duchene V. Spatio-temporal gait characteristics of the hind limb cycles during voluntary bipedal and quadrupedal walking in bonobos (Pan paniscus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111 (2000) 503-517
    • (2000) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.111 , pp. 503-517
    • Aerts, P.1    Van Damme, R.2    Van Elsacker, L.3    Duchene, V.4
  • 3
    • 0002434093 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics and scaling of terrestrial locomotion
    • Pedley T.L. (Ed), Academic Press, London
    • Alexander R.M. Mechanics and scaling of terrestrial locomotion. In: Pedley T.L. (Ed). Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (1977), Academic Press, London 93-110
    • (1977) Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion , pp. 93-110
    • Alexander, R.M.1
  • 4
    • 33646182507 scopus 로고
    • Walking, running and jumping
    • Alexander R.M. (Ed), Blackie, Glasgow
    • Alexander R.M. Walking, running and jumping. In: Alexander R.M. (Ed). Locomotion of Animals (1982), Blackie, Glasgow 81-113
    • (1982) Locomotion of Animals , pp. 81-113
    • Alexander, R.M.1
  • 6
    • 2942738757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans
    • Alexander R.M. Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans. J. Anat. 204 (2004) 321-330
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 321-330
    • Alexander, R.M.1
  • 7
    • 84985349877 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals
    • Alexander R.M., and Jayes A.S. A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool. 201 (1983) 135-152
    • (1983) J. Zool. , vol.201 , pp. 135-152
    • Alexander, R.M.1    Jayes, A.S.2
  • 8
    • 0001487021 scopus 로고
    • Gibbon and brachiation
    • Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Andrew P., and Groves C.E. Gibbon and brachiation. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes vol. 4 (1976), Karger, Basel 167-218
    • (1976) Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes , vol.4 , pp. 167-218
    • Andrew, P.1    Groves, C.E.2
  • 9
    • 0040174199 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of gibbon behavior on Hall's Island, Bermuda: a preliminary ethogram for Hylobates lar
    • Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Baldwin L.A., and Teleki G. Patterns of gibbon behavior on Hall's Island, Bermuda: a preliminary ethogram for Hylobates lar. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes vol. 4 (1976), Karger, Basel 21-105
    • (1976) Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes , vol.4 , pp. 21-105
    • Baldwin, L.A.1    Teleki, G.2
  • 10
    • 16544370846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and gaits of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Marsupalia: Peramelidae)
    • Bennett M.B., and Garden J.G. Locomotion and gaits of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Marsupalia: Peramelidae). J. Mammal. 85 (2004) 296-301
    • (2004) J. Mammal. , vol.85 , pp. 296-301
    • Bennett, M.B.1    Garden, J.G.2
  • 11
    • 27744479563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait change in gibbon brachiation
    • Bertram J.E.A., and Chang Y.H. Gait change in gibbon brachiation. Am. Zool. 36 (1996) 20A
    • (1996) Am. Zool. , vol.36
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1    Chang, Y.H.2
  • 13
    • 0034903536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical energy oscillations of two brachiation gaits: measurement and simulation
    • Bertram J.E.A., and Chang Y.H. Mechanical energy oscillations of two brachiation gaits: measurement and simulation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115 (2001) 319-326
    • (2001) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.115 , pp. 319-326
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1    Chang, Y.H.2
  • 14
    • 33745203937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New perspectives on brachiation mechanics
    • Bertram J.E.A. New perspectives on brachiation mechanics. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 47 (2004) 100-117
    • (2004) Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.47 , pp. 100-117
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1
  • 15
    • 17144403508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constrained optimization in human walking: cost minimization and gait plasticity
    • Bertram J.E.A. Constrained optimization in human walking: cost minimization and gait plasticity. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 979-991
    • (2005) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.208 , pp. 979-991
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1
  • 16
    • 9244222260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endurance running and the evolution of Homo
    • Bramble D.M., and Lieberman D.E. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432 (2004) 345-352
    • (2004) Nature , vol.432 , pp. 345-352
    • Bramble, D.M.1    Lieberman, D.E.2
  • 17
    • 2542460591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexpected locomotor behaviour: brachiation by an Old World monkey (Pygathrix nemaeus) from Vietnam
    • Byron C.D., and Covert H.H. Unexpected locomotor behaviour: brachiation by an Old World monkey (Pygathrix nemaeus) from Vietnam. J. Zool. 263 (2004) 101-106
    • (2004) J. Zool. , vol.263 , pp. 101-106
    • Byron, C.D.1    Covert, H.H.2
  • 18
    • 0029049711 scopus 로고
    • An energetic comparison of symmetrical and asymmetrical human gait
    • Caldwell G.E., and Whitall J. An energetic comparison of symmetrical and asymmetrical human gait. J. Mot. Behav. 27 (1995) 139-154
    • (1995) J. Mot. Behav. , vol.27 , pp. 139-154
    • Caldwell, G.E.1    Whitall, J.2
  • 19
    • 0028314936 scopus 로고
    • Comparative locomotor ecology of gibbons and macaques: selection of canopy elements for crossing gaps
    • Cannon C.H., and Leighton M. Comparative locomotor ecology of gibbons and macaques: selection of canopy elements for crossing gaps. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93 (1994) 505-524
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.93 , pp. 505-524
    • Cannon, C.H.1    Leighton, M.2
  • 20
    • 19044381761 scopus 로고
    • A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar)
    • Carpenter C.R. (Ed), The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park
    • Carpenter C.R. A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). In: Carpenter C.R. (Ed). Naturalistic Behavior of Nonhuman Primates (1964), The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park 145-271
    • (1964) Naturalistic Behavior of Nonhuman Primates , pp. 145-271
    • Carpenter, C.R.1
  • 21
    • 0034520229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External forces and torques generated by the brachiating white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar)
    • Chang Y.H., Bertram J.E.A., and Lee D.V. External forces and torques generated by the brachiating white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 113 (2000) 201-216
    • (2000) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.113 , pp. 201-216
    • Chang, Y.H.1    Bertram, J.E.A.2    Lee, D.V.3
  • 22
    • 0035130163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees
    • Chen F.-C., and Li W.-H. Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 (2001) 444-456
    • (2001) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.68 , pp. 444-456
    • Chen, F.-C.1    Li, W.-H.2
  • 23
    • 0036731017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segment and joint angles of hind limb during bipedal and quadrupedal walking of the bonobo (Pan paniscus)
    • D'Août K., Aerts P., De Clercq D., De Meester K., and Van Elsacker L. Segment and joint angles of hind limb during bipedal and quadrupedal walking of the bonobo (Pan paniscus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119 (2002) 37-51
    • (2002) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.119 , pp. 37-51
    • D'Août, K.1    Aerts, P.2    De Clercq, D.3    De Meester, K.4    Van Elsacker, L.5
  • 24
    • 2942736812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes
    • D'Août K., Vereecke E., Schoonaert K., De Clercq D., Van Elsacker L., and Aerts P. Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes. J. Anat. 204 (2004) 353-361
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 353-361
    • D'Août, K.1    Vereecke, E.2    Schoonaert, K.3    De Clercq, D.4    Van Elsacker, L.5    Aerts, P.6
  • 25
    • 0002037293 scopus 로고
    • Size- and speed related aspects of quadrupedal walking in slender and slow lorises
    • Jouffroy F.K., Stack M.H., and Niemitz C. (Eds) Firenze, pp. 175-197
    • Demes B., Jungers W.L., and Nieschalk U. Size- and speed related aspects of quadrupedal walking in slender and slow lorises. In: Jouffroy F.K., Stack M.H., and Niemitz C. (Eds). Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates. Il Sedicesimo (1990) Firenze, pp. 175-197
    • (1990) Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates. Il Sedicesimo
    • Demes, B.1    Jungers, W.L.2    Nieschalk, U.3
  • 26
    • 14644424027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanics and energetics of swinging the human leg
    • Doke J., Donelan J.M., and Kuo A.D. Mechanics and energetics of swinging the human leg. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 439-445
    • (2005) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.208 , pp. 439-445
    • Doke, J.1    Donelan, J.M.2    Kuo, A.D.3
  • 27
    • 0001837565 scopus 로고
    • A natural history of gibbons in the Malayan peninsula
    • Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Ellefson J.O. A natural history of gibbons in the Malayan peninsula. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Gibbon and Siamang vol. 3 (1974), Karger, Basel 1-136
    • (1974) Gibbon and Siamang , vol.3 , pp. 1-136
    • Ellefson, J.O.1
  • 28
    • 0031626855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of walking and running: center of mass movements to muscle action
    • Farley C.T., and Ferris D.P. Biomechanics of walking and running: center of mass movements to muscle action. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 26 (1998) 253-285
    • (1998) Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. , vol.26 , pp. 253-285
    • Farley, C.T.1    Ferris, D.P.2
  • 30
    • 0017224075 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution
    • Fleagle J.G. Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution. Folia Primatol. 26 (1976) 245-269
    • (1976) Folia Primatol. , vol.26 , pp. 245-269
    • Fleagle, J.G.1
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0029793612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupedalism: historical precursors of hominid bipedalism
    • Gebo D.L. Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupedalism: historical precursors of hominid bipedalism. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 101 (1996) 55-92
    • (1996) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.101 , pp. 55-92
    • Gebo, D.L.1
  • 34
    • 0020656414 scopus 로고
    • Use of forest canopy by the agile gibbon
    • Gittins P.S. Use of forest canopy by the agile gibbon. Folia Primatol. 40 (1983) 134-144
    • (1983) Folia Primatol. , vol.40 , pp. 134-144
    • Gittins, P.S.1
  • 35
    • 0033360816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular Evolution '99: the genomic record of humankind's evolutionary roots
    • Goodman M. Molecular Evolution '99: the genomic record of humankind's evolutionary roots. Am. J. Hum. Gen. 64 (1999) 31-39
    • (1999) Am. J. Hum. Gen. , vol.64 , pp. 31-39
    • Goodman, M.1
  • 36
    • 23644459637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving primate genomics beyond the chimpanzee genome
    • Goodman M., Grossman L.I., and Wildman D.E. Moving primate genomics beyond the chimpanzee genome. Trends Genet. 21 (2005) 511-517
    • (2005) Trends Genet. , vol.21 , pp. 511-517
    • Goodman, M.1    Grossman, L.I.2    Wildman, D.E.3
  • 37
    • 0024081198 scopus 로고
    • Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?
    • Heglund N.C., and Taylor C.R. Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?. J. Exp. Biol. 138 (1988) 301-318
    • (1988) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.138 , pp. 301-318
    • Heglund, N.C.1    Taylor, C.R.2
  • 38
    • 84981814749 scopus 로고
    • Symmetrical gaits of primates
    • Hildebrand M. Symmetrical gaits of primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26 (1967) 119-130
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 119-130
    • Hildebrand, M.1
  • 39
    • 0001784740 scopus 로고
    • Bimanual suspensory behaviour: morphology, selective advantages and phylogeny
    • Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
    • Hollihn U. Bimanual suspensory behaviour: morphology, selective advantages and phylogeny. In: Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds). The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology (1984), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 85-95
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology , pp. 85-95
    • Hollihn, U.1
  • 41
    • 4243231082 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons
    • Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Ishida H., Kimura T., Okada M., and Yamazaki N. Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Suspensory Behavior, Locomotion, and Other Behaviors of Captive Gibbons: Cognition. Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes vol. 4 (1976), Karger, Basel 135-145
    • (1976) Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes , vol.4 , pp. 135-145
    • Ishida, H.1    Kimura, T.2    Okada, M.3    Yamazaki, N.4
  • 42
    • 4243231082 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons
    • Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
    • Ishida H., Kimura T., Okada M., and Yamazaki N. Kinesiological aspects of bipedal walking in gibbons. In: Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds). The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology (1984), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 135-145
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology , pp. 135-145
    • Ishida, H.1    Kimura, T.2    Okada, M.3    Yamazaki, N.4
  • 43
    • 0036965219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of vertical climbing in gibbons
    • Isler K. Characteristics of vertical climbing in gibbons. Evol. Anthropol. 1 Suppl. (2002) 49-52
    • (2002) Evol. Anthropol. , vol.1 , Issue.SUPPL , pp. 49-52
    • Isler, K.1
  • 44
    • 84995302525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isler, K., 2003. 3D-kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. Ph.D. dissertation, Universität Zürich.
  • 45
    • 10044287355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D-kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids
    • Isler K. 3D-kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 126 (2005) 66-81
    • (2005) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.126 , pp. 66-81
    • Isler, K.1
  • 46
    • 0344584510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)
    • Isler K., and Thorpe S.K.S. Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). J. Exp. Biol. 206 (2003) 4081-4096
    • (2003) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.206 , pp. 4081-4096
    • Isler, K.1    Thorpe, S.K.S.2
  • 47
    • 0001619893 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological aspects of brachiation in lar gibbons
    • Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
    • Jungers W.L., and Stern J.T. Kinesiological aspects of brachiation in lar gibbons. In: Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds). The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology (1984), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 119-134
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology , pp. 119-134
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 48
    • 0002783807 scopus 로고
    • Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of primates; comparative dynamics
    • Kondo S. (Ed), University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
    • Kimura T. Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of primates; comparative dynamics. In: Kondo S. (Ed). Primate Morphophysiology: Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism (1985), University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo 81-104
    • (1985) Primate Morphophysiology: Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism , pp. 81-104
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 50
    • 0036910512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic allometry in the locomotor skeleton of specialized half-bounding mammals
    • Lammers A.R., and German R.Z. Ontogenetic allometry in the locomotor skeleton of specialized half-bounding mammals. J. Zool. Lond. 258 (2002) 485-495
    • (2002) J. Zool. Lond. , vol.258 , pp. 485-495
    • Lammers, A.R.1    German, R.Z.2
  • 51
    • 0002221813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique aspects of quadrupedal locomotion in nonhuman primates
    • Strasser E., Fleagle J.G., Rosenberger A.L., and McHenry H.M. (Eds), Plenum Press, New York
    • Larson S.G. Unique aspects of quadrupedal locomotion in nonhuman primates. In: Strasser E., Fleagle J.G., Rosenberger A.L., and McHenry H.M. (Eds). Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances (1998), Plenum Press, New York 157-173
    • (1998) Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances , pp. 157-173
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 52
    • 0043199864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footfall patterns and interlimb coordination in opossums (family Didelphidae): evidence for the evolution of diagonal-sequence walking gaits in primates
    • Lemelin P., Schmitt D., and Cartmill M. Footfall patterns and interlimb coordination in opossums (family Didelphidae): evidence for the evolution of diagonal-sequence walking gaits in primates. J. Zool. 260 (2003) 423-429
    • (2003) J. Zool. , vol.260 , pp. 423-429
    • Lemelin, P.1    Schmitt, D.2    Cartmill, M.3
  • 53
    • 0029846185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cercopithecid Locomotion, Support Use and Support Availability in the Tai Forest, ivory Coast
    • McGraw W.S. Cercopithecid Locomotion, Support Use and Support Availability in the Tai Forest, ivory Coast. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110 (1996) 507-522
    • (1996) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.110 , pp. 507-522
    • McGraw, W.S.1
  • 55
    • 0032493319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biomechanics of skipping gaits: a third locomotion paradigm?
    • Minetti A.E. The biomechanics of skipping gaits: a third locomotion paradigm?. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265 (1998) 1227-1235
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.265 , pp. 1227-1235
    • Minetti, A.E.1
  • 56
    • 0031282382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological conservation of limb natural pendular period in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris): implications for locomotor energetics
    • Myers M.J., and Steudel K. Morphological conservation of limb natural pendular period in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris): implications for locomotor energetics. J. Morphol. 234 (1997) 183-196
    • (1997) J. Morphol. , vol.234 , pp. 183-196
    • Myers, M.J.1    Steudel, K.2
  • 57
    • 0036510908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of substratum inclination on locomotor patterns in primates
    • Nakano Y. The effects of substratum inclination on locomotor patterns in primates. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 83 (2002) 189-199
    • (2002) Z. Morphol. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 189-199
    • Nakano, Y.1
  • 59
    • 84995358067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Payne, R.C., 2001. Musculoskeletal adaptations for climbing in hominoids and their role as exaptations for the acquisition of bipedalism. Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
  • 60
    • 0031418977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordination dynamics of the bipedal galloping pattern
    • Peck A.J., and Turvey M.T. Coordination dynamics of the bipedal galloping pattern. J. Mot. Behav. 29 4 (1997) 311-325
    • (1997) J. Mot. Behav. , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 311-325
    • Peck, A.J.1    Turvey, M.T.2
  • 61
    • 0002008496 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of brachiation
    • Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
    • Preuschoft H., and Demes B. Biomechanics of brachiation. In: Preuschoft H., Chivers D.J., Brockelman W.Y., and Creel N. (Eds). The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology (1984), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 96-118
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioural Biology , pp. 96-118
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Demes, B.2
  • 62
    • 84981772090 scopus 로고
    • Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion
    • Prost J.H. Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26 (1967) 135-148
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 135-148
    • Prost, J.H.1
  • 64
    • 3042717222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence of forelimb and hind limb natural pendular period in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and its implication for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism
    • Raichlen D.A. Convergence of forelimb and hind limb natural pendular period in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and its implication for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 719-738
    • (2004) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.46 , pp. 719-738
    • Raichlen, D.A.1
  • 65
    • 84995354489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raichlen, D.A., 2004b. The relationship between limb muscle mass distribution and the mechanics and energetics of quadrupedalism in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
  • 66
    • 0023080577 scopus 로고
    • Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals
    • Reynolds T.R. Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates, and mammals. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72 (1987) 101-115
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.72 , pp. 101-115
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 67
    • 0032190894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetics of bipedal running. 1. Metabolic cost of generation force
    • Roberts T.J., Kram R., Weyand P.G., and Taylor R. Energetics of bipedal running. 1. Metabolic cost of generation force. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 2745-2751
    • (1998) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.201 , pp. 2745-2751
    • Roberts, T.J.1    Kram, R.2    Weyand, P.G.3    Taylor, R.4
  • 68
    • 2442676290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without aerial phase
    • Rubenson J., Heliams D.B., Lloyd D.G., and Fournier P.A. Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without aerial phase. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271 (2004) 1091-1099
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.271 , pp. 1091-1099
    • Rubenson, J.1    Heliams, D.B.2    Lloyd, D.G.3    Fournier, P.A.4
  • 70
    • 19044366058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture in Hoolock gibbon
    • Sati J.P., and Alfred J.R.B. Locomotion and posture in Hoolock gibbon. Ann. For. 10 (2002) 298-306
    • (2002) Ann. For. , vol.10 , pp. 298-306
    • Sati, J.P.1    Alfred, J.R.B.2
  • 71
    • 0000841881 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of variance
    • Satterthwaite F.E. Synthesis of variance. Psychometrika 6 (1941) 309-316
    • (1941) Psychometrika , vol.6 , pp. 309-316
    • Satterthwaite, F.E.1
  • 72
    • 84995317618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ® User Group International 26th Annual Conference, Long Beach, CA, April 22-25 2001.
  • 73
    • 0002968646 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional kinematics of bipedal locomotion
    • Schmid P., and Piaget A. Three-dimensional kinematics of bipedal locomotion. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 80 1 (1994) 79-87
    • (1994) Z. Morphol. Anthropol. , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-87
    • Schmid, P.1    Piaget, A.2
  • 74
    • 0032996976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compliant walking in primates
    • Schmitt D. Compliant walking in primates. J. Zool. 247 (1999) 149-160
    • (1999) J. Zool. , vol.247 , pp. 149-160
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 75
    • 0344951462 scopus 로고
    • The skeleton of the Hylobatidae and other observations on their morphology
    • Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Schultz A.H. The skeleton of the Hylobatidae and other observations on their morphology. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes vol. 2 (1973), Karger, Basel 1-54
    • (1973) Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes , vol.2 , pp. 1-54
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 78
    • 0010347687 scopus 로고
    • Postural, propulsive, and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes
    • Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Tuttle R.H. Postural, propulsive, and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia of chimpanzees and other great apes. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). The Chimpanzee vol. 2 (1970), Karger, Basel 167-253
    • (1970) The Chimpanzee , vol.2 , pp. 167-253
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 79
    • 0004603119 scopus 로고
    • Functional and evolutionary biology of hylobatid hands and feet
    • Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed), Karger, Basel
    • Tuttle R.H. Functional and evolutionary biology of hylobatid hands and feet. In: Rumbaugh D.M. (Ed). Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes vol. 1 (1972), Karger, Basel 136-206
    • (1972) Gibbon and Siamang: A Series of Volumes on the Lesser Apes , vol.1 , pp. 136-206
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 81
    • 0038520170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding brachiation: insight from a collisional perspective
    • Usherwood J.R., and Bertram J.E.A. Understanding brachiation: insight from a collisional perspective. J. Exp. Biol. 206 (2003) 1631-1642
    • (2003) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.206 , pp. 1631-1642
    • Usherwood, J.R.1    Bertram, J.E.A.2
  • 82
    • 0347296385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during terrestrial locomotion of bonobos (Pan paniscus)
    • Vereecke E., D'Août K., De Clercq D., Van Elsacker L., and Aerts P. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during terrestrial locomotion of bonobos (Pan paniscus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 120 (2003) 373-383
    • (2003) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.120 , pp. 373-383
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    De Clercq, D.3    Van Elsacker, L.4    Aerts, P.5
  • 83
    • 4444347898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between speed, contact time and peak plantar pressure in terrestrial walking of bonobos
    • Vereecke E., D'Août K., De Clercq D., Van Elsacker L., and Aerts P. The relationship between speed, contact time and peak plantar pressure in terrestrial walking of bonobos. Folia Primatol. 75 (2004) 266-278
    • (2004) Folia Primatol. , vol.75 , pp. 266-278
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    De Clercq, D.3    Van Elsacker, L.4    Aerts, P.5
  • 84
    • 19044395652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional analysis of the foot and ankle myology of gibbons and bonobos
    • Vereecke E., D'Août K., Payne R., and Aerts P. Functional analysis of the foot and ankle myology of gibbons and bonobos. J. Anat. 206 (2005) 453-476
    • (2005) J. Anat. , vol.206 , pp. 453-476
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Payne, R.3    Aerts, P.4
  • 85
    • 19044374033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional analysis of the gibbon foot during terrestrial bipedal walking: plantar pressure distributions and 3D ground reaction forces
    • Vereecke E., D'Août K., Van Elsacker L., De Clercq D., and Aerts P. Functional analysis of the gibbon foot during terrestrial bipedal walking: plantar pressure distributions and 3D ground reaction forces. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128 (2005) 659-669
    • (2005) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.128 , pp. 659-669
    • Vereecke, E.1    D'Août, K.2    Van Elsacker, L.3    De Clercq, D.4    Aerts, P.5
  • 86
    • 0024834317 scopus 로고
    • Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds?
    • Vilensky J.A. Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds?. Brain Behav. Evol. 34 (1989) 357-364
    • (1989) Brain Behav. Evol. , vol.34 , pp. 357-364
    • Vilensky, J.A.1
  • 88
    • 0002536046 scopus 로고
    • Coordination of symmetrical and asymmetrical human gait
    • Whitall J., and Caldwell G.E. Coordination of symmetrical and asymmetrical human gait. J. Mot. Behav. 24 (1992) 339-353
    • (1992) J. Mot. Behav. , vol.24 , pp. 339-353
    • Whitall, J.1    Caldwell, G.E.2
  • 90
    • 26044477739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning the Ropes: The Ontogeny of Locomotion in Red-Shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus), Delacour's (Trachypithecus delacouri), and Hatinh Langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) I. Positional Behavior.
    • Workman C., and Covert H.H. Learning the Ropes: The Ontogeny of Locomotion in Red-Shanked Douc (Pygathrix nemaeus), Delacour's (Trachypithecus delacouri), and Hatinh Langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) I. Positional Behavior. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128 2 (2005) 371-380
    • (2005) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.128 , Issue.2 , pp. 371-380
    • Workman, C.1    Covert, H.H.2
  • 92
    • 0021690071 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical study of vertical climbing and bipedal walking in gibbons
    • Yamazaki N., and Ishida H. A biomechanical study of vertical climbing and bipedal walking in gibbons. J. Hum. Evol. 13 (1984) 563-571
    • (1984) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.13 , pp. 563-571
    • Yamazaki, N.1    Ishida, H.2
  • 93
    • 0017912788 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal differences between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
    • Zihlman A.L., and Cramer D.L. Skeletal differences between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Folia Primatol. 29 (1978) 86-94
    • (1978) Folia Primatol. , vol.29 , pp. 86-94
    • Zihlman, A.L.1    Cramer, D.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.