Magnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric liver: Imaging of steatosis, iron deposition, and fibrosis

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 669-680

  Towbin, Alexander J ^a   Serai, Suraj D ^a   Podberesky, Daniel J ^a  

^a CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Fat fractionation; Hepatic fat quantification; Liver; Liver iron quantification; MR elastography

Indexed keywords

BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ELASTOGRAPHY; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; IRON METABOLISM; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER PARENCHYMA; LIVER STIFFNESS; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ELASTOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL DETECTION; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY;

FAT FRACTIONATION; HEPATIC FAT QUANTIFICATION; LIVER; LIVER IRON QUANTIFICATION; MR ELASTOGRAPHY;

ADOLESCENT; FATTY LIVER; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALE; PATIENT POSITIONING; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84886950113     PISSN: 10649689     EISSN: 15579786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2013.05.001     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Carter A.J., Greer M.L., Gray S.E., et al. Mock MRI: reducing the need for anaesthesia in children. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40:1368-1374.
2. Hallowell L.M., Stewart S.E., de Amorim E Silva C.T., et al. Reviewing the process of preparing children for MRI. Pediatr Radiol 2008, 38:271-279.
3. Rosenberg D.R., Sweeney J.A., Gillen J.S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of children without sedation: preparation with simulation. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997, 36:853-859.
4. Pressdee D., May L., Eastman E., et al. The use of play therapy in the preparation of children undergoing MR imaging. Clin Radiol 1997, 52:945-947.
5. Edwards A.D., Arthurs O.J. Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives?. Pediatr Radiol 2011, 41:1353-1364.
6. de Bie H.M., Boersma M., Wattjes M.P., et al. Preparing children with a mock scanner training protocol results in high quality structural and functional MRI scans. Eur J Pediatr 2010, 169:1079-1085.
7. Serai S.D., Towbin A.J., Podberesky D.J. Pediatric liver MR elastography. Dig Dis Sci 2012, 57:2713-2719.
8. Koch B.L. Avoiding sedation in pediatric radiology. Pediatr Radiol 2008, 38(Suppl 2):S225-S226.
9. Mitchell C.L., Vasanawala S.S. An approach to pediatric liver MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 196:W519-W526.
10. Vasanawala S.S. MRI of the liver: how to do it. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40:431-437.
11. Lindbäck S.M., Gabbert C., Johnson B.L., et al. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comprehensive review. Adv Pediatr 2010, 5:85-140.
12. Bravo A.A., Sheth S.G., Chopra S. Liver biopsy. NEngl J Med 2001, 344:495-500.
13. Liu C.Y., McKenzie C.A., Yu H., et al. Fat quantification with IDEAL gradient echo imaging: correction of bias from T1 and noise. Magn Reson Med 2007, 58:354-364.
14. Ma X., Holalkere N.S., Kambadakone R.A., et al. Imaging-based quantification of hepatic fat: methods and clinical applications. Radiographics 2009, 29:1253-1277.
15. Talwalkar J.A., Yin M., Fidler J.L., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic fibrosis: emerging clinical applications. Hepatology 2008, 47:332-342.
16. Hu H.H., Kim H.W., Nayak K.S., et al. Comparison of fat-water MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010, 18:841-847.
17. Reeder S.B., Cruite I., Hamilton G., et al. Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. JMagn Reson Imaging 2011, 34:729-749.
18. Dixon W.T. Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1984, 153:189-194.
19. Glover G.H., Schneider E. Three-point Dixon technique for true water/fat decomposition with B0 inhomogeneity correction. Magn Reson Med 1991, 18:371-383.
20. Levenson H., Greensite F., Hoefs J., et al. Fatty infiltration of the liver: quantification with phase-contrast MR imaging at 1.5 T vs biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991, 156:307-312.
21. Glover G.H. Multipoint Dixon technique for water and fat proton and susceptibility imaging. JMagn Reson Imaging 1991, 1:521-530.
22. Lodes C.C., Felmlee J.P., Ehman R.L., et al. Proton MR chemical shift imaging using double and triple phase contrast acquisition methods. JComput Assist Tomogr 1989, 13:855-861.
23. Fishbein M.H., Gardner K.G., Potter C.J., et al. Introduction of fast MR imaging in the assessment of hepatic steatosis. Magn Reson Imaging 1997, 15:287-293.
24. Fishbein M., Castro F., Cheruku S., et al. Hepatic MRIfor fat quantitation: its relationship to fat morphology, diagnosis, and ultrasound. JClin Gastroenterol 2005, 39:619-625.
25. Fishbein M.H., Stevens W.R. Rapid MRI using a modified Dixon technique: a non-invasive and effective method for detection and monitoring of fatty metamorphosis of the liver. Pediatr Radiol 2001, 31:806-809.
26. Kim H., Taksali S.E., Dufour S., et al. Comparative MR study of hepatic fat quantification using single-voxel proton spectroscopy, two-point Dixon and three-point IDEAL. Magn Reson Med 2008, 59:521-527.
27. Costa D.N., Pedrosa I., McKenzie C., et al. Body MRI using IDEAL. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 190:1076-1084.
28. Tang A., Tan J., Sun M., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: MR imaging of liver proton density fat fraction to assess hepatic steatosis. Radiology 2013, 267(2):422-431.
29. Sirlin C.B., Reeder S.B. Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of liver iron. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010, 18:359-381.
30. Crownover B.K., Covey C.J. Hereditary hemochromatosis. Am Fam Physician 2013, 87:183-190.
31. Camaschella C., Poggiali E. Inherited disorders of iron metabolism. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011, 23:14-20.
32. Kelly N. Thalassemia. Pediatr Rev 2012, 33:434-435.
33. Alústiza Echeverría J.M., Castiella A., Emparanza J.I. Quantification of iron concentration in the liver by MRI. Insights Imaging 2012, 3:173-180.
34. Gandon Y., Olivié D., Guyader D., et al. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic iron stores by MRI. Lancet 2004, 363:357-362.
35. Liver iron quantification by MRI (1.5 Tesla). Available at: Accessed April 15, 2013. http://radio.univ-rennes1.fr/Sources/EN/HemoCalc15.html.
36. * imaging of transfusional iron burden at 3T and comparison with 1.5T. JMagn Reson Imaging 2007, 25:540-547.
37. St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-anusorn W., et al. Noninvasive measurement and imaging of liver iron concentrations using proton magnetic resonance. Blood 2005, 105:855-861.
38. * mapping accurately estimates hepatic iron concentration in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease patients. Blood 2005, 10:1460-1465.
39. St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-Anusorn W. Measurement and mapping of liver iron concentrations using magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1054:379-385.
40. Friedman S.L. Hepatic fibrosis-overview. Toxicology 2008, 254:120-129.
41. Friedman S.L. Evolving challenges in hepatic fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010, 7:425-436.
42. Bortolotti F., Guido M. Reversal of liver cirrhosis: a desirable clinical outcome and its pathogenic background. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007, 44:401-406.
43. Binkovitz L.A., El-Youssef M., Glaser K.J., et al. Pediatric MR elastography of hepatic fibrosis: principles, technique and early clinical experience. Pediatr Radiol 2012, 42:402-409.
44. Yin M., Talwalkar J.A., Glaser K.J., et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5:1207-1213.
45. Yin M., Talwalkar J.A., Glaser K.J., et al. Dynamic postprandial hepatic stiffness augmentation assessed with MR elastography in patients with chronic liver disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 197:64-70.
46. Rustogi R., Horowitz J., Harmath C., et al. Accuracy of MR elastography and anatomic MR imaging features in the diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. JMagn Reson Imaging 2012, 35:1356-1364.
47. Wang Y., Ganger D.R., Levitsky J., et al. Assessment of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis: comparison of MR elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 196:553-651.
48. Kim B.H., Lee J.M., Lee Y.J., et al. MR elastography for noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: experience from a tertiary center in Asia. JMagn Reson Imaging 2011, 34:1110-1116.
49. Chen J., Talwalkar J.A., Yin M., et al. Early detection of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by using MR elastography. Radiology 2011, 259:749-756.
50. Huwart L., Sempoux C., Vicaut E., et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2008, 135:32-40.
51. Muthupillai R., Lomas D.J., Rossman P.J., et al. Magnetic resonance elastography by direct visualization of propagating acoustic strain waves. Science 1995, 269:1854-1857.
52. Menten R., Leonard A., Clapuyt P., et al. Transient elastography in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40:1231-1235.
53. Nobili V., Vizzutti F., Arena U., et al. Accuracy and reproducibility of transient elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis in pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2008, 48:442-448.