Indian ocean dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation impacts on regional chlorophyll anomalies in the Indian Ocean

Biogeosciences

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 6677-6698

  Currie, J C ^a,b   Lengaigne, M ^c   Vialard, J ^c   Kaplan, D M ^d   Aumont, O ^e   Naqvi, S W A ^f   Maury, O ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b SOUTH AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION NETWORK   (South Africa)

^c INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^d IFREMER   (France)

^e Centre Bretagne   (France)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; CARBON BUDGET; CHLOROPHYLL; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EUPHOTIC ZONE; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; REMOTE SENSING; SEASONAL VARIATION; THERMOCLINE; UPWELLING;

INDIA; INDIAN OCEAN; SOMALIA;

EID: 84886525991     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-6677-2013     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. K., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., and Hantoro, W. S.: Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires, Science, 301, 952-955, doi:10.1126/science.1083841, 2003. (Pubitemid 36994804)
2. Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. G., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., and Hantoro, W. S.: Response to comment on "Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires", Science, 303, 1297-1297, doi:10.1126/science.1094047, 2004.
3. Annamalai, H., Murtugudde, R., Potemra, J., Xie, S. P., Liu, P., and Wang, B.: Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: spring initiation of the Zonal Mode, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2305-2330, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00058-4, 2003. (Pubitemid 36738440)
4. Aumont, O. and Bopp, L.: Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2017, doi:10.1029/ 2005GB002591, 2006. (Pubitemid 44755540)
5. Aumont, O., Bopp, L., and Schulz, M.: What does temporal variability in aeolian dust deposition contribute to sea-surface iron and chlorophyll distributions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07607, doi:10.1029/2007GL031131, 2008. (Pubitemid 351858642)
6. Ballabrera-Poy, J., Murtugudde, R. G., Christian, J. R., and Busalacchi, A. J.: Signal-to-noise ratios of observed monthly tropical ocean color, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1645, doi:10.1029/2003GL016995, 2003.
7. Baquero-Bernal, A., Latif, M., and Legutke, S.: On dipolelike variability of sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 15, 1358-1368, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)0152.0.CO;2, 2002. (Pubitemid 34689988)
8. Behrenfeld, M. J., Westberry, T. K., Boss, E. S., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., Wiggert, J. D., Franz, B. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., Doney, S. C., Moore, J. K., Dall'Olmo, G., Milligan, A. J., Lima, I., and Mahowald, N.: Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton, Biogeosciences, 6, 779-794, doi:10.5194/bg-6-779-2009, 2009.
9. Bjerknes, J.: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1969)0972.3.CO;2, 1969.
10. Blanke, B. and Delecluse, P.: Variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean simulated by a general circulation model with two different mixed-Layer physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363-1388, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1993)0232.0.CO;2, 1993. (Pubitemid 24429521)
11. Boyer, T., Levitus, S., Garcia, H., Locarnini, R. A., Stephens, C., and Antonov, J.: Objective analyses of annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and salinity for theWorld Ocean on a 0.25-grid, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 931-945, doi:10.1002/joc.1173, 2005. (Pubitemid 40906766)
12. Claustre, H., Morel, A., Hooker, S. B., Babin, M., Antoine, D., Oubelkheir, K., Bricaud, A., Leblanc, K., Quéguiner, B., and Maritorena, S.: Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 107-1, doi:10.1029/2001GL014056, 2002.
13. Cleveland, R. B., Cleveland,W. S., McRae, J. E., and Terpenning, I.: STL: A seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on loess, J. Official Statist., 6, 3-73, 1990.
14. Cravatte, S., Madec, G., Izumo, T., Menkes, C., and Bozec, A.: Progress in the 3-D circulation of the eastern equatorial Pacific in a climate ocean model, Ocean Model., 17, 28-48, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.11.003, 2007. (Pubitemid 46296580)
15. Dandonneau, Y., Vega, A., Loisel, H., Du Penhoat, Y., and Menkes, C.: Oceanic Rossby Waves acting as a "hay rake" for ecosystem floating by-products, Science, 302, 1548-1551, doi:10.1126/science.1090729, 2003. (Pubitemid 37475694)
16. Djavidnia, S., Mélin, F., and Hoepffner, N.: Comparison of global ocean colour data records, Ocean Sci., 6, 61-76, doi:10.5194/os-6-61-2010, 2010.
17. Du, Y., Xie, S.-P., Huang, G., and Hu, K.: Role of air-sea interaction in the long persistence of El Niño-induced north Indian Ocean warming, J. Climate, 22, 2023-2038, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2590.1, 2009.
18. Falkowski, P. G., Barber, R. T., and Smetacek, V.: Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production, Science, 281, 200-206, doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.200, 1998. (Pubitemid 28334494)
19. Feng, M. and Meyers, G.: Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: a two-year time-scale of Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2263-2284, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00056-0, 2003. (Pubitemid 36738438)
20. Geider, R. J., MacIntyre, H. L., and Kana, T. M.: A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 679-694, 1998. (Pubitemid 28382177)
21. Goosse, H.: Modelling the large-scale behaviour of the coupled ocean-sea-ice system, Ph.D. thesis, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium, 1997.
22. Gordon, H. R. and McCluney, W. R.: Estimation of the depth of sunlight penetration in the sea for remote sensing, Appl. Opt., 14, 413-416, 1975.
23. Hastenrath, S.: Dipoles, temperature gradients, and tropical climate anomalies, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 735-738, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2002)0832. 3.CO;2, 2002. (Pubitemid 34732052)
24. Hermes, J. C. and Reason, C. J. C.: Annual cycle of the south Indian Ocean (Seychelles-Chagos) thermocline ridge in a regional ocean model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C04035, doi:10.1029/2007JC004363, 2008.
25. Hood, R. R., Wiggert, J. D., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: A New Basinwide, International Program in the Indian Ocean, Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, 3, 5-8, 2010.
26. Horii, T., Hase, H., Ueki, I., and Masumoto, Y.: Oceanic precondition and evolution of the 2006 Indian Ocean dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03607, doi:10.1029/2007GL032464, 2008. (Pubitemid 351492924)
27. Howden, S. D. and Murtugudde, R.: Effects of river inputs into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 19825-19843, doi:10.1029/2000JC000656, 2001.
28. Iskandar, I., Rao, S., and Tozuka, T.: Chlorophyll-a bloom along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra during 2006, Int. J. Remote. Sens., 30, 663-671, 2009.
29. Izumo, T., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., de Boyer Montégut, C., Behera, S. K., Luo, J.-J., Cravatte, S., Masson, S., and Yamagata, T.: Influence of the state of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the following year's El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 3, 168-172, doi:10.1038/ngeo760, 2010.
30. Jackett, D. R. and Mcdougall, T. J.: Minimal adjustment of hydrographic profiles to achieve static stability, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 12, 381-389, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1995)0122.0.CO;2, 1995.
31. Kao, H.-Y. and Yu, J.-Y.: Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO, J. Climate, 22, 615-632, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1, 2009.
32. Keerthi, M., Lengaigne, M., Vialard, J., de Boyer Montégut, C., and Muraleedharan, P.: Interannual variability of the Tropical Indian Ocean mixed layer depth, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1-17, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1295-2, 2012.
33. Klein, S. A., Soden, B. J., and Lau, N. C.: Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge, J. Climate, 12, 917-932, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)0122.0.CO;2, 1999. (Pubitemid 29346271)
34. Koné, V., Aumont, O., Levy, C., and Resplandy, L.: Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Indian Ocean: A modeling study, in: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, vol. 185, edited by: J. D. Wiggert, R. R. Hood, S. Wajih, A. Naqvi, K. H. Brink, and S. L. Smith, p. 350, 2009.
35. Lengaigne, M. and Vecchi, G.: Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models, Clim. Dynam., 35, 299-313, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0562-3, 2010.
36. Lengaigne, M., Boulanger, J.-P., Menkes, C., Masson, S., Madec, G., and Delecluse, P.: Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 8015, doi:10.1029/2001JC000841, 2002.
37. Lengaigne, M., Madec, G., Menkes, C., and Alory, G.: Impact of isopycnal mixing on the tropical ocean circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3345, doi:10.1029/2002JC001704, 2003.
38. Lengaigne, M., Boulanger, J.-P., Menkes, C., and Spencer, H.: Influence of the seasonal cycle on the termination of El Niño events in a coupled general circulation model, J. Climate, 19, 1850-1868, doi:10.1175/JCLI3706.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 43805489)
39. Lengaigne, M., Menkes, C., Aumont, O., Gorgues, T., Bopp, L., André, J.-M., and Madec, G.: Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical Pacific climate in a coupled general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 28, 503-516, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2, 2007. (Pubitemid 46277355)
40. Lengaigne, M., Hausmann, U., Madec, G., Menkes, C., Vialard, J., and Molines, J.: Mechanisms controlling warm water volume interannual variations in the equatorial Pacific: diabatic versus adiabatic processes, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1031-1046, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1051-z, 2012.
41. Lewis, M. R., Hebert, D., Harrison, W., Platt, T., and Oakey, N. S.: Vertical nitrate fluxes in the oligotrophic ocean, Science, 234, 870-873, 1986. (Pubitemid 17250897)
42. Madec, G., Delecluse, P., Imbard, M., and Lévy, C.: OPA 8.1 Ocean general circulation model reference manual, Note du Pôle de modélisation, IPSL, Paris, 1998.
43. Maritorena, S., D' Andon, O. H. F., Mangin, A., and Siegel, D. A.: Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1791-1804, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.002, 2010.
44. Marsac, F. and Le Blanc, J. L.: Oceanographic changes during the 1997-1998 El Niño in the Indian Ocean and their impact on the purse seine fishery, IOTC Proceedings, 2, 147-157, 1999.
45. Maury, O.: An overview of APECOSM, a spatialized mass balanced "Apex Predators ECOSystem Model" to study physiologically structured tuna population dynamics in their ecosystem, Prog. Oceanogr., 84, 113-117, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.09.013, 2010.
46. McClain, C. R., Signorini, S. R., and Christian, J. R.: Subtropical gyre variability observed by ocean-color satellites, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 281-301, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.08.002, 2004. (Pubitemid 38791454)
47. McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., and Glantz, M. H.: ENSO as an Integrating Concept in Earth Science, Science, 314, 1740-1745, doi:10.1126/science.1132588, 2006. (Pubitemid 44969078)
48. Ménard, F., Marsac, F., Bellier, E., and Cazelles, B.: Climatic oscillations and tuna catch rates in the Indian Ocean: a wavelet approach to time series analysis, Fish. Oceanogr., 16, 95-104, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006. 00415.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 44953445)
49. Messié, M. and Chavez, F. P.: A global analysis of ENSO synchrony: The oceans' biological response to physical forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C09001, doi:10.1029/2012JC007938, 2012.
50. Meyers, G., McIntosh, P., Pigot, L., and Pook, M.: The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 20, 2872-2880, doi:10.1175/JCLI4152.1, 2007. (Pubitemid 47099270)
51. Morel, A. and Maritorena, S.: Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 7163-7180, doi:10.1029/2000JC000319, 2001.
52. Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz, B. A.: Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 69-88, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.012, 2007. (Pubitemid 47449704)
53. Murtugudde, R. and Busalacchi, A. J.: Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 12, 2300-2326, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)0122.0.CO;2, 1999. (Pubitemid 30024927)
54. Murtugudde, R. G., Signorini, S. R., Christian, J. R., Busalacchi, A. J., McClain, C. R., and Picaut, J.: Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997-1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 18351-18366, 1999.
55. Murtugudde, R., Wang, L., Hackert, E., Beauchamp, J., Christian, J., and Busalacchi, A. J.: Remote sensing of the Indo-Pacific region: ocean colour, sea level, winds and sea surface temperatures, Int. J. Remote. Sens., 25, 1423-1435, doi:10.1080/01431160310001592391, 2004. (Pubitemid 38335513)
56. Nidheesh, A. G., Lengaigne, M., Vialard, J., Unnikrishnan, A. S., and Dayan, H.: Decadal and long-term sea level variability in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean, Clim. Dynam., 41, 381-402, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1463-4, 2013.
57. O'Reilly, J. E., Maritorena, S., Mitchell, B. G., Siegel, D. A., Carder, K. L., Garver, S. A., Kahru, M., and McClain, C.: Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 24937-24953, 1998.
58. Paulson, C. A. and Simpson, J. J.: Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952-956, 1977.
59. Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Ramaiah, N., Sardesai, S., Narvekar, J., Fernandes, V., and Paul, J. T.: Eddy-mediated biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal during fall and spring intermonsoons, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1619-1640, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.002, 2007. (Pubitemid 47268772)
60. Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Narvekar, J., Ramaiah, N., Sardessai, S., Gauns, M., Fernandes, V., Paul, J. T., Jyothibabu, R., and Jayaraj, K. A.: Seasonal cycle of physical forcing and biological response in the Bay of Bengal, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 39, 388-405, 2010.
61. R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: http://www. R-project.org, 2011.
62. Rao, S. A. and Behera, S. K.: Subsurface influence on SST in the tropical Indian Ocean: structure and interannual variability, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 39, 103-135, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2004.10.014, 2005. (Pubitemid 40553750)
63. Rao, S. A., Behera, S. K., Masumoto, Y. and Yamagata, T.: Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1549-1572, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8, 2002. (Pubitemid 34294450)
64. Rao, R. R., Girish Kumar, M. S., Ravichandran, M., Rao, A. R., Gopalakrishna, V. V. and Thadathil, P.: Interannual variability of Kelvin wave propagation in the wave guides of the equatorial Indian Ocean, the coastal Bay of Bengal and the southeastern Arabian Sea during 1993-2006, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1-13, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.008, 2010.
65. Reason, C. J. C., Allan, R. J., Lindesay, J. A., and Ansell, T. J.: ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ocean Basin in the global context: Part I, interannual composite patterns, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1285-1327, doi:10.1002/1097-0088(200009)20:113.0.CO;2-R, 2000.
66. Reverdin, G., Cadet, D. L., and Gutzler, D.: Interannual displacements of convection and surface circulation over the equatorial Indian Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 43-67, doi:10.1002/qj.49711247104, 1986.
67. Rodgers, K. B., Aumont, O., Menkes, C., and Gorgues, T.: Decadal variations in equatorial Pacific ecosystems and ferrocline/pycnocline decoupling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2019, doi:10.1029/2006GB002919, 2008.
68. Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360-363, 1999. (Pubitemid 29454955)
69. Sarma, V. V. S. S.: The influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on biogeochemistry of carbon in the Arabian Sea during 1997-1998, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 115, 433-450, doi:10.1007/BF02702872, 2006. (Pubitemid 44269878)
70. Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002, doi:10.1029/2007RG000245, 2009.
71. Song, Q., Vecchi, G. A., and Rosati, A. J.: Indian Ocean variability in the GFDL coupled climate model, J. Climate, 20, 2895-2916, doi:10.1175/JCLI4159. 1, 2007. (Pubitemid 47099272)
72. Song, Q., Vecchi, G. A., and Rosati, A. J.: Predictability of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies in the GFDL coupled model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02701, doi:10.1029/2007GL031966, 2008. (Pubitemid 351392170)
73. Spencer, T., Teleki, K. A., Bradshaw, C., and Spalding, M. D.: Coral Bleaching in the Southern Seychelles During the 1997-1998 Indian OceanWarm Event, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40, 569-586, doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00026-6, 2000. (Pubitemid 30447410)
74. Sprintall, J. and Tomczak, M.: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 7305-7316, doi:10.1029/92JC00407, 1992.
75. Susanto, R. D. and Marra, J.: Effects of the 1997/98 El Niño on chlorophyll a variability along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra, Oceanography, 18, 124-127, 2005. (Pubitemid 43153440)
76. Syroka, J. and Toumi, R.: On the withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 989-1008, doi:10.1256/qj.03.36, 2004. (Pubitemid 38546626)
77. Takahashi, T., Broecker, W. S., and Langer, S.: Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 90, 6907-6924, doi:10.1029/JC090iC04p06907, 1985.
78. Thadathil, P., Muraleedharan, P. M., Rao, R. R., Somayajulu, Y. K., Reddy, G. V., and Revichandran, C.: Observed seasonal variability of barrier layer in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C02009, doi:10.1029/2006JC003651, 2007. (Pubitemid 47260913)
79. Timmermann, R., Goosse, H., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Ethe, C., and Dulière, V.: On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM global coupled sea ice-ocean model, Ocean Model., 8, 175-201, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.009, 2005. (Pubitemid 38994781)
80. Trenberth, K. E.: The definition of El Niño, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2771-2777, 1997.
81. Trenberth, K. E., Olson, J. G., Large, W. G.: A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 1989.
82. Uppala, S. M., KÅllberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M., Beljaars, A., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Holm, E., Hoskins, B., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P., Jenne, R., Mc-Nally, A., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N., Saunders, R., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961-3012, 2005. (Pubitemid 43186171)
83. Van Woesik, R.: Comment on "Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires", Science, 303, 1297-1297, doi:10.1126/science.1091983, 2004.
84. Venzke, S., Latif, M., and Villwock, A.: Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part II: Indian ocean response to ENSO, J. Climate, 13, 1371-1383, 2000. (Pubitemid 30341886)
85. Vialard, J., Menkes, C., Boulanger, J.-P., Delecluse, P., Guilyardi, E., McPhaden, M. J., and Madec, G.: A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1649-1675, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)0312.0.CO;2, 2001. (Pubitemid 32787151)
86. Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., Mcphaden, M. J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B., Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C., Eymard, L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo, T., de Boyer Montégut, C., Masson, S., Marsac, F., Menkes, C., and Kennan, S.: Cirene: Air-Sea Interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45-61, 2009.
87. Vinayachandran, P. N. and Mathew, S.: Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1572, doi:10.1029/2002GL016717, 2003.
88. Vinayachandran, P. N., Masumoto, Y., Mikawa, T., and Yamagata, T.: Intrusion of the Southwest Monsoon Current into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 11077-11085, doi:10.1029/1999JC900035, 1999.
89. Vinayachandran, P. N., Iizuka, S., and Yamagata, T.: Indian Ocean dipole mode events in an ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1573-1596, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00157-6, 2002. (Pubitemid 34294451)
90. Vinueza, L. R., Branch, G. M., Branch, M. L., and Bustamante, R. H.: Top-down herbivory and bottom-up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky-shore communities, Ecol. Monogr., 76, 111-131, doi:10.1890/04-1957, 2006.
91. Wang, C. and Fiedler, P. C.: ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 69, 239-266, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03. 004, 2006. (Pubitemid 43816685)
92. Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98, Nature, 401, 356-60, doi:10.1038/43848, 1999. (Pubitemid 29454954)
93. Wiggert, J. D. and Murtugudde, R. G.: The sensitivity of the southwest monsoon phytoplankton bloom to variations in aeolian iron deposition over the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C05005, doi:10.1029/2006JC003514, 2007.
94. Wiggert, J., Murtugudde, R., and McClain, C.: Processes controlling interannual variations in wintertime (Northeast Monsoon) primary productivity in the central Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 2319-2343, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00039-5, 2002. (Pubitemid 34616899)
95. Wiggert, J. D., Hood, R. R., Banse, K., and Kindle, J. C.: Monsoondriven biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65, 176-213, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.008, 2005. (Pubitemid 40743047)
96. Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and Christian, J. R.: Annual ecosystem variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: Results of a coupled bio-physical ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 644-676, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.027, 2006. (Pubitemid 43866501)
97. Wiggert, J. D., Vialard, J., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Basinwide modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes by the positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole during the SeaWiFS era, in: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, vol. 185, edited by: J. D. Wiggert, R. R. Hood, S. Wajih, A. Naqvi, K. H. Brink, and S. L. Smith, p. 350, 2009.
98. Wilson, C. and Adamec, D.: A global view of bio-physical coupling from SeaWiFS and TOPEX satellite data, 1997-2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1257, doi:10.1029/2001GL014063, 2002.
99. Xavier, P. K., Marzin, C., and Goswami, B. N.: An objective definition of the Indian summer monsoon season and a new perspective on the ENSO-monsoon relationship, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 749-764, doi:10.1002/qj.45, 2007. (Pubitemid 46882068)
100. Xie, P. and Arkin, P. A.: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539-2558, 1997.
101. Xie, S. P., Annamalai, H., Schott, F. A., and McCreary, J. P.: Structure and mechanisms of south Indian Ocean climate variability, J. Climate, 15, 864-878, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)0152.0.CO;2, 2002. (Pubitemid 34497538)
102. Xie, S. P., Hafner, J., Tokinaga, H., Du, Y., Sampe, T., and Hu KaiMing, H. G.: Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño, J. Climate, 22, 730-747, doi:10.1175/ 2008JCLI2544.1, 2009.
103. Yamagata, T., Behera, S. K., Luo, J. J., Masson, S., Jury, M. R., and Rao, S. A.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geoph. Monog. Series, 147, 189-211, doi:10.1029/147GM12, 2004.
104. Yoder, J. A. and Kennelly, M. A.: Seasonal and ENSO variability in global ocean phytoplankton chlorophyll derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1112, doi:10.1029/2002GB001942, 2003.
105. Yokoi, T., Tozuka, T., and Yamagata, T.: Seasonal Variation of the Seychelles Dome, J. Climate, 21, 3740-3754, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1957.1, 2008.
106. Yu,W., Xiang, B., Liu, L., and Liu, N.: Understanding the origins of interannual thermocline variations in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 24706, doi:10.1029/2005GL024327, 2005. (Pubitemid 43239979)
107. Zhang, Y., Rossow,W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas, V., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 19105, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004457, 2004. (Pubitemid 40005275)