Hepatitis delta virus: A peculiar virus

Advances in Virology

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Alves, Carolina ^a   Branco, Cristina ^a   Cunha, Celso ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE HIGIENE E MEDICINA TROPICAL   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886467818     PISSN: 16878639     EISSN: 16878647     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/560105     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Rizzetto M., Hepatitis D: thirty years after. Journal of Hepatology 2009 50 5 1043 1050 2-s2.0-64749114179 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.004
2. Murphy F. A., Fields B. N., Knipe D. M., Howley P. M., Virus taxonomy. Fields Virology 1996 2 3rd 15 57
3. Rizzetto M., Ciancio A., Epidemiology of hepatitis D. Seminars in Liver Disease 2012 32 3 211 219 10.1055/s-0032-1323626
4. Radjef N., Gordien E., Ivaniushina V., Gault E., Anaïs P., Drugan T., Trinchet J.-C., Roulot D., Tamby M., Milinkovitch M. C., Dény P., Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of african hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a Deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades. Journal of Virology 2004 78 5 2537 2544 2-s2.0-10744229986 10.1128/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004 (Pubitemid 38228948)
5. Bahcecioglu I. H., Aygun C., Gozel N., Poyrazoglu O. K., Bulut Y., Yalniz M., Prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in chronic hepatitis B patients in eastern Turkey: still a serious problem to consider. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2011 18 7 518 524 2-s2.0-79959597255 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010. 01329.x
6. Tsatsralt-Od B., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Endo K., Inoue J., Okamoto H., High prevalence of dual or triple infection of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses among patients with chronic liver disease in Mongolia. Journal of Medical Virology 2005 77 4 491 499 2-s2.0-27744594243 10.1002/jmv.20482 (Pubitemid 41609588)
7. Paraná R., Kay A., Molinet F., Viana S., Silva L. K., Salcedo J. M., Tavares-Neto J., Lobato C., Rios-Leite M., Matteoni L., D'Oliveira A. Jr., Tauil P., Trépo C., HDV genotypes in the Western Brazilian Amazon region: a preliminary report. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006 75 3 475 479 2-s2.0-33750590459 (Pubitemid 46941308)
8. Farci P., Delta hepatitis: an update. Journal of Hepatology 2003 39 1 S212 S219 2-s2.0-0141526124 (Pubitemid 37222675)
9. Gaeta G. B., Stroffolini T., Smedile A., Niro G., Mele A., Hepatitis delta in Europe: vanishing or refreshing? Hepatology 2007 46 4 1312 1313 2-s2.0-36348932286 10.1002/hep.21816 (Pubitemid 350144805)
10. Wedemeyer H., Heidrich B., Manns M. P., Hepatitis D virus infection-not a vanishing disease in Europe. Hepatology 2007 45 5 1331 1332 2-s2.0-34248647633 10.1002/hep.21590 (Pubitemid 46775802)
11. Gish R. G., Yi D. H., Kane S., Clask M., Mangahas M., Coinfection with hepatitis B and D: epidemiology, prevalence and disease in patients in Northern California. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2013 28 9 1521 1525 10.1111/jgh.12217
12. Le Gal F., Gault E., Ripault M.-P., Serpaggi J., Trinchet J.-C., Gordien E., Dény P., Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006 12 9 1447 1450 2-s2.0-33749007973 (Pubitemid 44455228)
13. Su C.-W., Huang Y.-H., Huo T.-I., Shih H. H., Sheen I.-J., Chen S.-W., Lee P.-C., Lee S.-D., Wu J.-C., Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients. Gastroenterology 2006 130 6 1625 1635 2-s2.0-33646384374 10.1053/j.gastro.2006. 01.035 (Pubitemid 43668837)
14. Hughes S. A., Wedemeyer H., Harrison P. M., Hepatitis delta virus. The Lancet 2011 378 9785 73 85 2-s2.0-79960026730 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9
15. Gomes-Gouvêa M. S., Soares M. C. P., Bensabath G., de Carvalho-Mello I. M. V. G., Brito E. M. F., Souza O. S. C., Queiroz A. T. L., Carrilho F. J., Pinho J. R. R., Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis (Labrea black fever) in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Journal of General Virology 2009 90 11 2638 2643 2-s2.0-70350438583 10.1099/vir.0.013615-0
16. Wu J.-C., Chiang T.-Y., Sheen I.-J., Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis D virus strain discovered by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of General Virology 1998 79 5 1105 1113 2-s2.0-0031948696 (Pubitemid 28203851)
17. Watanabe H., Nagayama K., Enomoto N., Chinzei R., Yamashiro T., Izumi N., Yatsuhashi H., Nakano T., Robertson B. H., Nakasone H., Sakugawa H., Watanabe M., Chronic hepatitis delta virus infection with genotype IIb variant is correlated with progressive liver disease. Journal of General Virology 2003 84 12 3275 3289 2-s2.0-10744227781 10.1099/vir.0.19499-0 (Pubitemid 37540756)
18. Ottobrelli A., Marzano A., Smedile A., Recchia S., Salizzoni M., Cornu C., Lamy M. E., Otte J. B., De Hemptinne B., Geubel A., Grendele M., Colledan M., Galmarini D., Marinucci G., Di Giacomo C., Agnes S., Bonino F., Rizzetto M., Patterns of hepatitis delta virus reinfection and disease in liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1991 101 6 1649 1655 2-s2.0-0025931644
19. Govindarajan S., Chin K. P., Redeker A. G., Peters R. L., Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta agent. Gastroenterology 1984 86 6 1417 1420 2-s2.0-0021367665 (Pubitemid 14147932)
20. Farci P., Niro G., Clinical features of hepatitis D. Seminars in Liver Disease 2012 32 228 236
21. Smedile A., Verme G., Cargnel A., Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B. The Lancet 1982 2 8305 945 947 2-s2.0-0019992524 (Pubitemid 12030982)
22. Smedile A., Dentico P., Zanetti A., Infection with the delta (δ) agent in chronic HBsAg carriers. Gastroenterology 1981 81 6 992 997 2-s2.0-0019390645 (Pubitemid 11029676)
23. Farci P., Karayiannis P., Lai M. E., Marongiu F., Orgiana G., Balestrieri A., Thomas H. C., Acute and chronic hepatitis delta virus infection: direct or indirect effect on hepatitis B virus replication? Journal of Medical Virology 1988 26 3 279 288 2-s2.0-0023815517
24. Fattovich G., Boscaro S., Noventa F., Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1987 155 5 931 935 2-s2.0-0023176771 (Pubitemid 17062828)
25. Saracco G., Rosina F., Brunetto M. R., Amoroso P., Caredda F., Farci P., Piantino P., Bonino F., Rizzetto M., Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection. Journal of Hepatology 1987 5 3 274 281 2-s2.0-0023230471 (Pubitemid 17160366)
26. Fattovich G., Giustina G., Christensen E., Pantalena M., Zagni I., Realdi G., Schalm S. W., Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. Gut 2000 46 3 420 426 2-s2.0-0000452973 10.1136/gut.46.3.420 (Pubitemid 30313398)
27. Cross T. J. S., Rizzi P., Horner M., Jolly A., Hussain M. J., Smith H. M., Vergani D., Harrison P. M., The increasing prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in South London. Journal of Medical Virology 2008 80 2 277 282 2-s2.0-37549027271 10.1002/jmv.21078
28. Chen C.-J., Yang H.-I., Su J., Jen C.-L., You S.-L., Lu S.-N., Huang G.-T., Iloeje U. H., Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA Level. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 295 1 65 73 2-s2.0-29944436855 10.1001/jama.295.1.65 (Pubitemid 43042691)
29. Wedemeyer H., Manns M. P., Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of hepatitis D: update and challenges ahead. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2010 7 1 31 40 2-s2.0-74949139913 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.205
30. Zachou K., Yurdayin C., Dienes H., Dalekos G., Erhardt A., Significance of HDV-RNA and HBsAg levels in delta hepatitis: first data of the Hep-Net/international HDV intervention trial. Journal of Hepatology 2006 44 Supplement 2 S178
31. Olivero A., Smedile A., Hepatitis delta virus diagnosis. Seminars in Liver Disease 2012 32 220 227
32. Scholtes C., Icard V., Amiri M., Chevallier-Queyron P., Trabaud M. A., Standardized one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for universal detection and quantification of hepatitis delta virus from clinical samples in the presence of a heterologous internal-control RNA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2012 50 2126 2128
33. Ferns R. B., Nastouli E., Garson J. A., Quantitation of hepatitis delta virus using a single-step internally controlled real-time RT-qPCR and a full-length genomic RNA calibration standard. Journal of Virological Methods 2012 179 1 189 194 2-s2.0-84855211613 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.001
34. Wedemeyer H., Yurdaydìn C., Dalekos G. N., Erhardt A., Çakalolu Y., Deertekin H., Gürel S., Zeuzem S., Zachou K., Bozkaya H., Koch A., Bock T., Dienes H. P., Manns M. P., Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011 364 4 322 331 2-s2.0-79251490096 10.1056/NEJMoa0912696
35. Niro G. A., Rosina F., Rizzetto M., Treatment of hepatitis D. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2005 12 1 2 9 2-s2.0-13244291672 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00601. x (Pubitemid 40188768)
36. Wedemeyer H., Yurdaydin C., Dalekos G., Erhardt A., Cakaloglu Y., [4] 72 week data of the HIDIT-1 trial: a multicenter randomized study comparing peginterferon α -2a plus adefovir vs. peginterferon α -2a plus placebo vs. adefovir in chronic delta hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology 2007 46 Supplement 1 S4
37. Yurdaydin C., Bozkaya H., Gürel S., Tillmann H. L., Aslan N., Okçu-Heper A., Erden E., Yalçin K., Iliman N., Uzunalmolu Ö., Manns M. P., Bozdayi A. M., Famciclovir treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology 2002 37 2 266 271 2-s2.0-0036022878 10.1016/S0168-8278(02) 00162-9 (Pubitemid 34833090)
38. Niro G. A., Ciancio A., Gaeta G. B., Smedile A., Matrone A., Olivero A., Stanzione M., David E., Brancaccio G., Fontana R., Perri F., Andriulli A., Rizzetto M., Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology 2006 44 3 713 720 2-s2.0-33748947285 10.1002/hep.21296 (Pubitemid 44433728)
39. Rizzetto M., Rosina F., Saracco G., Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with α -2 recombinant interferon. Journal of Hepatology 1986 3 2 S229 S233 2-s2.0-0023017204 (Pubitemid 17063434)
40. Farci P., Chessa L., Balestrieri C., Serra G., Lai M. E., Treatment of chronic hepatitis D. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2007 14 1 58 63 2-s2.0-35448987322 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00917.x (Pubitemid 47624114)
41. Castelnau C., Le Gal F., Ripault M.-P., Gordien E., Martinot-Peignoux M., Boyer N., Pham B.-N., Maylin S., Bedossa P., Dény P., Marcellin P., Gault E., Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up. Hepatology 2006 44 3 728 735 2-s2.0-33748943782 10.1002/hep.21325 (Pubitemid 44433730)
42. Erhardt A., Gerlich W., Starke C., Wend U., Donner A., Sagir A., Heintges T., Häussinger D., Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon- α 2b. Liver International 2006 26 7 805 810 2-s2.0-33746791063 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01279.x (Pubitemid 44172032)
43. Bordier B. B., Ohkanda J., Liu P., Lee S.-Y., Salazar F. H., Marion P. L., Ohashi K., Meuse L., Kay M. A., Casey J. L., Sebti S. M., Hamilton A. D., Glenn J. S., In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003 112 3 407 414 2-s2.0-0042888958 10.1172/JCI200317704 (Pubitemid 38063769)
44. He L.-F., Ford E., Purcell P. H., London W. T., Phillips J., Gerin J. L., The size of the hepatitis delta agent. Journal of Medical Virology 1989 27 1 31 33 2-s2.0-0024522562 (Pubitemid 19070425)
45. Gudima S., Chang J., Moraleda G., Azvolinsky A., Taylor J., Parameters of human hepatitis delta virus genome replication: the quantity, quality, and intracellular distribution of viral proteins and RNA. Journal of Virology 2002 76 8 3709 3719 2-s2.0-0036199062 10.1128/JVI.76.8.3709-3719.2002 (Pubitemid 34250535)
46. Engelke M., Mills K., Seitz S., Simon P., Gripon P., Schnölzer M., Urban S., Characterization of a hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus receptor binding site. Hepatology 2006 43 4 750 760 2-s2.0-33645989987 10.1002/hep.21112
47. Glebe D., Urban S., Viral and cellular determinants involved in hepadnaviral entry. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007 13 1 22 38 2-s2.0-33846538587 (Pubitemid 46165460)
48. Taylor J. M., Han Z., Purinergic receptor functionality is necessary for infection of human hepatocytes by hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis b virus. PLoS ONE 2010 5 12 2-s2.0-78650968191 10.1371/journal.pone.0015784 e15784
49. Longarela O. L., Schmidt T. T., Schöneweis K., Romeo R., Wedemeyer H., Proteoglycans act as cellular hepatitis delta virus attachment receptors. PLoS ONE 2013 8 e58340 10.1371/journal.pone.0058340
50. Yan H., Zhong G., Xu G., He W., Jing Z., Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. ELife 2012 1 e00049 10.7554/eLife.00049
51. Dény P., Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability: from genotypes I, II, III to eight major clades? Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2006 307 151 171 2-s2.0-33748124296 (Pubitemid 47400313)
52. Kuo M. Y. P., Goldberg J., Coates L., Mason W., Gerin J., Taylor J., Molecular cloning of hepatitis delta virus RNA from an infected woodchuck liver: sequence, structure, and applications. Journal of Virology 1988 62 6 1855 1861 2-s2.0-0023941342
53. Chen P.-J., Kalpana G., Goldberg J., Structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis δ virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1986 83 22 8774 8778 2-s2.0-1542774842 (Pubitemid 17194948)
54. Hsieh S.-Y., Taylor J., Regulation of polyadenylation of hepatitis delta virus antigenomic RNA. Journal of Virology 1991 65 12 6438 6446 2-s2.0-0025889083
55. Gudima S., Wu S.-Y., Chiang C.-M., Moraleda G., Taylor J., Origin of hepatitis delta virus mRNA. Journal of Virology 2000 74 16 7204 7210 2-s2.0-0033852955 10.1128/JVI.74.16.7204-7210.2000 (Pubitemid 30613067)
56. Sharmeen L., Kuo M. Y. P., Dinter-Gottlieb G., Taylor J., Antigenomic RNA of human hepatitis delta virus can undergo self-cleavage. Journal of Virology 1988 62 8 2674 2679 2-s2.0-0023747377
57. Branch A. D., Benenfeld B. J., Baroudy B. M., Wells F. V., Gerin J. L., Robertson H. D., An ultraviolet-sensitive RNA structural element in a viroid-like domain of the hepatitis delta virus. Science 1989 243 4891 649 652 2-s2.0-0024550460 (Pubitemid 19064037)
58. Been M. D., HDV ribozymes. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2006 307 47 65 2-s2.0-33748108030 (Pubitemid 47400308)
59. Ferré-D'Amaré A. R., Zhou K., Doudna J. A., Crystal structure of a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. Nature 1998 395 6702 567 574 2-s2.0-0032497521 10.1038/26912 (Pubitemid 28475703)
60. Salehi-Ashtiani K., Lupták A., Litovchick A., Szostak J. W., A genomewide search for ribozymes reveals an HDV-like sequence in the human CPEB3 gene. Science 2006 313 5794 1788 1792 2-s2.0-33749034196 10.1126/science.1129308 (Pubitemid 44454155)
61. Webb C.-H. T., Riccitelli N. J., Ruminski D. J., Lupták A., Widespread occurrence of self-cleaving ribozymes. Science 2009 326 5955 953 2-s2.0-72449145407 10.1126/science.1178084
62. Taylor J. M., Hepatitis delta virus: cis and trans functions required for replication. Cell 1990 61 3 371 373 2-s2.0-0025339818 10.1016/0092-8674(90) 90516-H (Pubitemid 20168992)
63. Reid C. E., Lazinski D. W., A host-specific function is required for ligation of a wide variety of ribozyme-processed RNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 1 424 429 2-s2.0-0034602648 10.1073/pnas.97.1.424 (Pubitemid 30055847)
64. Sharmeen L., Kuo M. Y.-P., Taylor J., Self-ligating RNA sequences on the antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. Journal of Virology 1989 63 3 1428 1430 2-s2.0-0024551144 (Pubitemid 19061387)
65. Taylor J. M., Chapter 3 replication of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome. Advances in Virus Research 2009 74 103 121 2-s2.0-68649120681 10.1016/S0065-3527(09)74003-5
66. Chang J., Nie X., Ho E. C., Han Z., Taylor J., Transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA by RNA polymerase II. Journal of Virology 2008 82 3 1118 1127 2-s2.0-38349133687 10.1128/JVI.01758-07
67. Greco-Stewart V. S., Miron P., Abrahem A., Pelchat M., The human RNA polymerase II interacts with the terminal stem-loop regions of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome. Virology 2007 357 1 68 78 2-s2.0-33751430926 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.010 (Pubitemid 44820336)
68. Filipovska J., Konarska M. M., Specific HDV RNA-templated transcription by pol II in vitro. RNA 2000 6 1 41 54 2-s2.0-0033984806 10.1017/ S1355838200991167 (Pubitemid 30069035)
69. Macnaughton T. B., Shi S. T., Modahl L. E., Lai M. M. C., Rolling circle replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA is carried out by two different cellular RNA polymerases. Journal of Virology 2002 76 8 3920 3927 2-s2.0-0036200431 10.1128/JVI.76.8.3920-3927.2002 (Pubitemid 34250556)
70. Modahl L. E., Macnaughton T. B., Zhu N., Johnson D. L., Lai M. M. C., RNA-dependent replication and transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA involve distinct cellular RNA polymerases. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2000 20 16 6030 6039 2-s2.0-0033859778 10.1128/MCB.20.16.6030-6039.2000 (Pubitemid 30613051)
71. Tavanez J. P., Cunha C., Silva M. C. A., David E., Monjardino J., Carmo-Fonseca M., Hepatitis delta virus ribonucleoproteins shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA 2002 8 5 637 646 2-s2.0-0036252702 10.1017/S1355838202026432 (Pubitemid 34496582)
72. Greco-Stewart V. S., Schissel E., Pelchat M., The hepatitis delta virus RNA genome interacts with the human RNA polymerases I and III. Virology 2009 386 1 12 15 2-s2.0-61649127260 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.007
73. Chang J., Taylor J., In vivo RNA-directed transcription, with template switching, by a mammalian RNA polymerase. EMBO Journal 2002 21 1-2 157 164 2-s2.0-0037080833 10.1093/emboj/21.1.157 (Pubitemid 34087084)
74. Fu T.-B., Taylor J., The RNAs of hepatitis delta virus are copied by RNA polymerase II in nuclear homogenates. Journal of Virology 1993 67 12 6965 6972 2-s2.0-0027436027 (Pubitemid 23343819)
75. Taylor J., Virology of hepatitis D virus. Seminars in Liver Disease 2012 32 195 200
76. Lai M. M. C., RNA replication without RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: surprises from hepatitis delta virus. Journal of Virology 2005 79 13 7951 7958 2-s2.0-20744457353 10.1128/JVI.79.13.7951-7958.2005 (Pubitemid 40853499)
77. Polson A. G., Bass B. L., Casey J. L., Erratum: RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature 1996 381 6580 346 2-s2.0-0029993276 (Pubitemid 26156093)
78. Casey J. L., Handa H., Yamaguchi Y., Hepatitis delta virus RNA editing. Hepatitis Delta Virus 2006 Austin, Tex, USA Georgetown Landes Bioscience 52 65
79. Alves C., Freitas N., Cunha C., Characterization of the nuclear localization signal of the hepatitis delta virus antigen. Virology 2008 370 1 12 21 2-s2.0-36549049818 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.034 (Pubitemid 350179906)
80. Lee C.-Z., Lin J.-H., Chao M., McKnight K., Lai M. M. C., RNA-binding activity of hepatitis delta antigen involves two arginine- rich motifs and is required for hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. Journal of Virology 1993 67 4 2221 2227 2-s2.0-0027468751 (Pubitemid 23088398)
81. Lee C.-H., Chang S. C., Wu C. H. H., Chang M.-F., A novel chromosome region maintenance 1-independent nuclear export signal of the large form of hepatitis delta antigen that is required for the viral assembly. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001 276 11 8142 8148 2-s2.0-0035896539 10.1074/jbc.M004477200
82. Glenn J. S., Watson J. A., Havel C. M., White J. M., Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science 1992 256 5061 1331 1333 2-s2.0-0026653506
83. Otto J. C., Casey P. J., The hepatitis delta virus large antigen is farnesylated both in vitro and in animal cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 9 4569 4572 2-s2.0-0029965270 10.1074/jbc.271.9.4569 (Pubitemid 26074927)
84. Hwang S. B., Lai M. M. C., Isoprenylation masks a conformational epitope and enhances trans-dominant inhibitory function of the large hepatitis delta antigen. Journal of Virology 1994 68 5 2958 2964 2-s2.0-0028223322
85. Lee C.-Z., Chen P.-J., Lai M. M. C., Chen D.-S., Isoprenylation of large hepatitis delta antigen is necessary but not sufficient for hepatitis delta virus assembly. Virology 1994 199 1 169 175 2-s2.0-0028300412 10.1006/viro.1994.1109
86. Mu J.-J., Wu H.-L., Chiang B.-L., Chang R.-P., Chen D.-S., Chen P.-J., Characterization of the phosphorylated forms and the phosphorylated residues of hepatitis delta virus delta antigens. Journal of Virology 1999 73 12 10540 10545 2-s2.0-0032752852
87. Yeh T.-S., Lo S. J., Chen P.-J., Lee Y.-H. W., Casein kinase II and protein kinase C modulate hepatitis delta virus RNA replication but not empty viral particle assembly. Journal of Virology 1996 70 9 6190 6198 2-s2.0-0029791891 (Pubitemid 26266837)
88. Chen C.-W., Tsay Y.-G., Wu H.-L., Lee C.-H., Chen D.-S., Chen P.-J., The double-stranded RNA-activated kinase, PKR, can phosphorylate hepatitis D virus small delta antigen at functional serine and threonine residues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002 277 36 33058 33067 2-s2.0-0037031931 10.1074/jbc.M200613200 (Pubitemid 34984821)
89. Chen Y.-S., Huang W.-H., Hong S.-Y., Tsay Y.-G., Chen P.-J., ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of small hepatitis delta antigen at serine 177 enhances hepatitis delta virus antigenomic RNA replication. Journal of Virology 2008 82 19 9345 9358 2-s2.0-52649146432 10.1128/JVI.00656-08
90. Hong S.-Y., Chen P.-J., Phosphorylation of serine 177 of the small hepatitis delta antigen regulates viral antigenomic RNA replication by interacting with the processive RNA polymerase II. Journal of Virology 2010 84 6 1430 1438 2-s2.0-77649086968 10.1128/JVI.00128-10
91. Huang W.-H., Mai R.-T., Lee Y.-H. W., Transcription factor YY1 and its associated acetyltransferases CBP and p300 interact with hepatitis delta antigens and modulate hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. Journal of Virology 2008 82 15 7313 7324 2-s2.0-47749119994 10.1128/JVI.02581-07 (Pubitemid 352031200)
92. Mu J.-J., Tsay Y.-G., Juan L.-J., Fu T.-F., Huang W.-H., Chen D.-S., Chen P.-J., The small delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus is an acetylated protein and acetylation of lysine 72 may influence its cellular localization and viral RNA synthesis. Virology 2004 319 1 60 70 2-s2.0-1242270689 10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.024 (Pubitemid 38221055)
93. Tseng C.-H., Jeng K.-S., Lai M. M. C., Transcription of subgenomic mRNA of hepatitis delta virus requires a modified hepatitis delta antigen that is distinct from antigenomic RNA synthesis. Journal of Virology 2008 82 19 9409 9416 2-s2.0-52649148659 10.1128/JVI.00428-08
94. Li Y.-J., Stallcup M. R., Lai M. M. C., Hepatitis delta virus antigen is methylated at arginine residues, and methylation regulates subcellular localization and RNA replication. Journal of Virology 2004 78 23 13325 13334 2-s2.0-8644292540 10.1128/JVI.78.23.13325-13334.2004 (Pubitemid 39507837)
95. Tseng C.-H., Cheng T.-S., Shu C.-Y., Jeng K.-S., Lai M. M. C., Modification of small hepatitis delta virus antigen by SUMO protein. Journal of Virology 2010 84 2 918 927 2-s2.0-73849140875 10.1128/JVI.01034-09
96. Chao M., Hsieh S.-Y., Taylor J., Role of two forms of hepatitis delta virus antigen: evidence for a mechanism of self-limiting genome replication. Journal of Virology 1990 64 10 5066 5069 2-s2.0-0025088980 (Pubitemid 20329829)
97. Williams V., Brichler S., Radjef N., Lebon P., Goffard A., Hober D., Fagard R., Kremsdorf D., Dény P., Gordien E., Hepatitis delta virus proteins repress hepatitis B virus enhancers and activate the alpha/beta interferon-inducible MxA gene. Journal of General Virology 2009 90 11 2759 2767 2-s2.0-70350445562 10.1099/vir.0.011239-0
98. Wong S. K., Lazinski D. W., Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 23 15118 15123 2-s2.0-0037069441 10.1073/pnas.232416799 (Pubitemid 35334619)
99. Chou H.-C., Hsieh T.-Y., Sheu G.-T., Lai M. M. C., Hepatitis delta antigen mediates the nuclear import of hepatitis delta virus RNA. Journal of Virology 1998 72 5 3684 3690 2-s2.0-0031979772 (Pubitemid 28188665)
100. Polson A. G., Ley H. L. III, Bass B. L., Casey J. L., Hepatitis delta virus RNA editing is highly specific for the amber/W site and is suppressed by hepatitis delta antigen. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1998 18 4 1919 1926 2-s2.0-0031896636 (Pubitemid 28152640)
101. Jayan G. C., Casey J. L., Increased RNA editing and inhibition of hepatitis delta virus replication by high-level expression of ADAR1 and ADAR2. Journal of Virology 2002 76 8 3819 3827 2-s2.0-0036196462 10.1128/JVI.76.8.3819- 3827.2002 (Pubitemid 34250547)
102. Yamaguchi Y., Filipovska J., Yano K., Furuya A., Inukai N., Narita T., Wada T., Sugimoto S., Konarska M. M., Handa H., Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen. Science 2001 293 5527 124 127 2-s2.0-6644222520 10.1126/science.1057925 (Pubitemid 32625509)
103. Yamaguchi Y., Mura T., Chanarat S., Okamoto S., Handa H., Hepatitis delta antigen binds to the clamp of RNA polymerase II and affects transcriptional fidelity. Genes to Cells 2007 12 7 863 875 2-s2.0-34250698885 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01094.x (Pubitemid 46965400)
104. Lazinski D. W., Taylor J. M., Expression of hepatitis delta virus RNA deletions: cis And trans requirements for self-cleavage, ligation, and RNA packaging. Journal of Virology 1994 68 5 2879 2888 2-s2.0-0028301852 (Pubitemid 24129735)
105. Wang C.-C., Chang T.-C., Lin C.-W., Tsui H.-L., Chu P. B. C., Chen B.-S., Huang Z.-S., Wu H.-N., Nucleic acid binding properties of the nucleic acid chaperone domain of hepatitis delta antigen. Nucleic Acids Research 2003 31 22 6481 6492 2-s2.0-0344237409 10.1093/nar/gkg857 (Pubitemid 37508752)
106. Dan C., Haussecker D., Yong H., Kay M. A., Combined proteomic-RNAi screen for host factors involved in human hepatitis delta virus replication. RNA 2009 15 11 1971 1979 2-s2.0-70350114404 10.1261/rna.1782209
107. Casaca A., Fardilha M., Da Cruz E Silva E., Cunha C., The heterogeneous ribonuclear protein C interacts with the hepatitis delta virus small antigen. Virology Journal 2011 8, article 358 2-s2.0-79960564237 10.1186/1743-422X-8-358
108. Alves C., Cheng H., Roder H., Taylor J., Intrinsic disorder and oligomerization of the hepatitis delta virus antigen. Virology 2010 407 2 333 340 2-s2.0-77957664779 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.019