Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agents

Biological Control

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 380-389

  Vemmer, Marina ^a   Patel, Anant V ^a  

^a BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biological control; Biopesticide; Encapsulation; Formulation; Microbial pesticide

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885930194     PISSN: 10499644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.09.003     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Audet P., Lacroix C. Two-phase dispersion process for the production of biopolymer gel beads: effect of various parameters on bead size and their distribution. Process Biochemistry 1989, 24:217-226.
2. Avnir D., Coradin T., Lev O., Livage J. Recent bio-applications of sol-gel materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2006, 16:1013.
3. Bashan Y. Alginate beads as synthetic inoculant carriers for slow release of bacteria that affect plant growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1986, 51:1089-1098.
4. Bashan Y. Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture. Biotechnology Advances 1998, 16:729-770.
5. Bernhard K., Holloway P., Burges H.D. A catalogue of formulation additives: function, nomenclature, properties and suppliers. Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes, and Seed Treatments 1998, Springer. H.D. Burges (Ed.).
6. Buchholz K., Kasche V., Bornscheuer U.T. Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
7. Bungenberg de Jong H.G., Kruyt H.R. Koazervation. Colloid & Polymer Science 1930, 50:39-48.
8. Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial Microorganisms, Nematodes, and Seed Treatments 1998, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. H.D. Burges (Ed.).
9. Camelin I., Lacroix C., Paquin C., Prevost H., Cachon R., Divies C. Effect of chelatants on gellan gel rheological properties and setting temperature for immobilization of living bifidobacteria. Biotechnology Progress 1993, 9:291-297.
10. Campàs M., Marty J.-L. Encapsulation of enzymes using polymers and sol-gel techniques. Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells, Methods in Biotechnology 2006, 77-86. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. J.M. Guisán (Ed.).
11. Caruso F., Trau D., Möhwald H., Renneberg R. Enzyme encapsulation in layer-by-layer engineered polymer multilayer capsules. Langmuir 2000, 16:1485-1488.
12. Cassidy M.B., Lee H., Trevors J.T. Environmental applications of immobilized microbial cells: a review. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 1996, 16:79-101.
13. Chandra R., Rustgi R. Biodegradable polymers. Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford) 1998, 23:1273-1335.
14. Connick W.J. Formulation of Living Biological Control Agents with Alginate. Pesticide Formulations, ACS Symposium Series 1988, 241-250. American Chemical Society.
15. Dautzenberg H., Arnold G., Lukanoff B., Eckert U., Tiersch B. Polyelectrolyte complex formation at the interface of solutions. Interfaces, Surfactants and Colloids in Engineering 1996, 149-156. Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. H. Jacobasch (Ed.).
16. Dautzenberg H., Loth F., Fechner K., Mehlis B., Pommerening K. Preparation and performance of symplex capsules. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1985, 9:203-210.
17. De Alteriis E., Parascandola P., Scardi V. Oxidized starch as a hardening agent in the gelatin-immobilization of living yeast cells. Starch-Stärke 1990, 42:57-60.
18. Decher G., Schlenoff J. Multilayer Thin Films: Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials 2012, John Wiley & Sons.
19. Del Valle E.M. Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review. Process Biochemistry 2004, 39:1033-1046.
20. Dhulster P., Parascandola P., Scardi V. Improved method for immobilizing invertase-active whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gelatin. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1983, 5:65-69.
21. Digat B. A new bioencapsulation technology for microbial inoculants. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology 1993, 21:299-306.
22. Donath E., Sukhorukov G.B., Caruso F., Davis S.A., Möhwald H. Novel hollow polymer shells by colloid-templated assembly of polyelectrolytes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 1998, 37:2201-2205.
23. Donath, E., Sukhorukov, G.B., Lerche, K.-H., Voigt, A., Bäumler, H., Caruso, F., Möhwald, H., 2006. Production of nanocapsules and microcapsules by layer-wise polyelectrolyte self-assembly. US 7101575 B2.
24. Dulieu C., Poncelet D., Neufeld R.J. Encapsulation and immobilization techniques. Cell Encapsulation Technology and Therapeutics 1999, 3-17. Birkhäuser, Boston. W.M. Kühtreiber, R.P. Lanza, W.L. Chick (Eds.).
25. Endres H.-J., Siebert-Raths A. Technische Biopolymere: Rahmenbedingungen, Marktsitutation, Herstellung 2009, Aufbau und Eigenschaften, Hanser Verlag, München.
26. Fakirov S. Gelatin and gelatin-based biodegradable composites: manufacturing, properties, and biodegration behavior. Handbook of Engineering Biopolymers: Homopolymers 2007, Hanser Verlag, Blends and Composites. S. Fakirov, D. Bhattacharyya (Eds.).
27. Frost & Sullivan, 2002. European Microencapsulation Technologies (No. B059).
28. Gianfreda L., Parascandola P., Scardi V. A new method of whole microbial cell immobilization. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1980, 11:6-7.
29. Gibbs B.F., Kermasha S., Inteaz A. Encapsulation in the food industry: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1999, 50:213-224.
30. Grasdalen H., Smidsrød O. Gelation of gellan gum. Carbohydrate Polymers 1987, 7:371-393.
31. Green, B.K., 1955. Pressure sensitive record material. US Patent 2,712,507.
32. Groboillot A., Boadi D.K., Poncelet D., Neufeld R.J. Immobilization of cells for application in the food industry. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 1994, 14:75-107.
33. Guiseley K.B. Chemical and physical properties of algal polysaccharides used for cell immobilization. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1989, 11:706-716.
34. Hackel U., Klein J., Megnet R., Wagner F. Immobilisation of microbial cells in polymeric matrices. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1975, 1:291-293.
35. Hatakeyama H., Hatakeyama T. Lignin structure, properties, and applications. Biopolymers: Lignin, Proteins, Bioactive Nanocomposites 2010, Springer. S. Kobayashi (Ed.).
36. Hunt N., Grover L. Cell encapsulation using biopolymer gels for regenerative medicine. Biotechnology Letters 2010, 32:733-742.
37. Isman M.B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection 2000, 19:603-608.
38. Jekel M., Buhr A., Willke T., Vorlop K.-D. Neuartige Geleinschlußimmobilisate (LentiKats) in der biotechnologie. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 1998, 70:438-441.
39. Jekel M., Buhr A., Willke T., Vorlop K.-D. Immobilization of biocatalysts in LentiKats. Chemical Engineering & Technology 1998, 21:275-278.
40. John R.P., Tyagi R.D., Brar S.K., Surampalli R.Y., Prévost D. Bio-encapsulation of microbial cells for targeted agricultural delivery. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 2011, 31:211-226.
41. Kierstan M., Bucke C. The immobilization of microbial cells, subcellular organelles, and enzymes in calcium alginate gels. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1977, 19:387-397.
42. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2000. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
43. Klein J., Vorlop K.D. Immobilized cells: catalyst preparation and reaction performance. ACS Sympos Series 1983, 207:377-392.
44. Klein, J., Vorlop, K.-D., Steinert, H.-J., 1986. Biokatalysator und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung. DE000003432923A1.
45. Knorr D. Technology aspects related to microorganisms in functional foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology 1998, 9:295-306.
46. Leonhardt Controlled release systems for dilivery of insect pheromones. Controlled Delivery of Crop-protection Agents 1990, 169-192. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London. R.M. Wilkins (Ed.).
47. Lim F., Sun A.M. Microencapsulated Islets as Bioartificial Endocrine Pancreas. Science 1980, 210:908-910.
48. Lin S.P., Chen J.N. Theory of Micro- and Macro- Encapsulation. Presented at the Sixth Microgravity Fluid Physics and Transport Phenomena Conference: Exposition Topical Areas 1-6 2002, vol. 2:543-544. Cleveland, OH.
49. Livage J., Coradin T. Living cells in oxide glasses. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006, 64:315-332.
50. Livage J., Coradin T., Roux C. Encapsulation of biomolecules in silica gels. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2001, 13:R673-R691.
51. Lozinsky V.I., Domotenko L.V., Vainerman E.S., Mamtsis A.M., Rogozhin S.V. On the possibility of mechanodestruction of poly(vinyl alcohol) molecules under moderate freezing of its concentrated water solutions. Polymer Bulletin 1986, 15:333-340.
52. Martinsen A., Skjåk-Bræk G., Smidsrød O. Alginate as immobilization material: I. Correlation between chemical and physical properties of alginate gel beads. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1989, 33:79-89.
53. Martinsen A., Storrø I., Skjårk-Bræk G. Alginate as immobilization material: III diffusional properties. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1992, 39:186-194.
54. McGuire M.R., Shasha B.S., Eastman C.E., Oloumi-Sadeghi H. Starch-and flour-based spray able formulations: effect on rainfastness and solar stability of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology 1996, 89:863-869.
55. McLoughlin A.J. Controlled release of immobilized cells as a strategy to regulate ecological competence of inocula. Biotechnics/Wastewater, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 1994, 1-45. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
56. Meng X.C., Stanton C., Fitzgerald G.F., Daly C., Ross R.P. Anhydrobiotics: the challenges of drying probiotic cultures. Food Chemistry 2008, 106:1406-1416.
57. Menshutina N.V., Gordienko M.G., Voinovskiy A.A., Zbicinski I. Spray drying of probiotics: process development and scale-up. Drying Technology 2010, 28:1170-1177.
58. Meunier C.F., Rooke J.C., Léonard A., Xie H., Su B.-L. Living hybrid materials capable of energy conversion and CO2 assimilation. Chemical Communications 2010, 46:3843.
59. Mnyone L.L., Kirby M.J., Lwetoijera D.W., Mpingwa M.W., Knols B.G., Takken W., Russell T.L. Infection of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, with two species of entomopathogenic fungi: effects of concentration, co-formulation, exposure time and persistence. Malaria Journal 2009, 8:309.
60. Moretti M.D.L., Sanna-Passino G., Demontis S., Bazzoni E. Essential oil formulations useful as a new tool for insect pest control. AAPS PharmSciTech 2002, 3:64-74.
61. Moslemy P., Guiot S.R., Neufeld R.J. Production of size-controlled gellan gum microbeads encapsulating gasoline-degrading bacteria. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2002, 30:10-18.
62. Müller C., Kraushaar K., Doebbe A., Mussgnug J.H., Kruse O., Kroke E., Patel A.V. Chem. Commun 2013, 10.1039/c3cc45023f.
63. Muñoz-Celaya A.L., Ortiz-García M., Vernon-Carter E.J., Jauregui-Rincón J., Galindo E., Serrano-Carreón L. Spray-drying microencapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum conidias in carbohydrate polymers matrices. Carbohydrate Polymers 2012, 88:1141-1148.
64. Murano E. Use of natural polysaccharides in the microencapsulation techniques. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 1998, 14:245-249.
65. Nedović V., Willaert R. Applications of Cell Immobilisation Biotechnology 2005, Springer.
66. Nilsson K., Birnbaum S., Flygare S., Linse L., Schröder U., Jeppsson U., Larsson P.-O., Mosbach K., Brodelius P. A general method for the immobilization of cells with preserved viability. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1983, 17:319-326.
67. Nilsson K., Mosbach K. Preparation of Immobilized animal cells. FEBS Letters 1980, 118:145-150.
68. Norton S., Lacroix C. Gellan gum gel as entrapment matrix for high temperature fermentation processes: a rheological study. Biotechnology Techniques 1990, 4:351-356.
69. Obst M., Steinbüchel A. Microbial Degradation of Poly(amino acid)s. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5:1166-1176.
70. Onwulata C.I. Encapsulation of new active ingredients. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 2012, 3:183-202.
71. Orive G., Maria Hernández R., Rodríguez Gascón A., Calafiore R., Swi Chang T.M., de Vos P., Hortelano G., Hunkeler D., Lacík I., Luis Pedraz J. History, challenges and perspectives of cell microencapsulation. Trends in Biotechnology 2004, 22:87-92.
72. Overbeek J.T.G., Voorn M.J. Phase separation in polyelectrolyte solutions. Theory of complex coacervation. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 1957, 49:7-26.
73. Patel A. Verkapselungsverfahren für die biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung und zur Konstruktion von "vegetativen Samen" 1998, Dissertation Techn. Univ. Braunschweig, Landbauforschung Völkenrode (Sonderheft), 188.
74. Patel A.V., Jakobs-Schönwandt D., Rose T., Vorlop K.-D. Fermentation and microencapsulation of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in a novel type of hollow beads. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 2011, 89:1751-1760.
75. Patel A.V., Vorlop K.-D. Entrapment of biological control agents applied to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biotechnology Techniques 1994, 8:569-574.
76. Paula A.R., Carolino A.T., Paula C.O., Samuels R.I. The combination of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae with the insecticide Imidacloprid increases virulence against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2011, 4.
77. Pérez S., Mazeau K. Conformations, structures, and morphologies of celluloses. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility 2005, 41-68. Marcel Dekker, New York. S. Dumitriu (Ed.).
78. Peteu S.F., Oancea F., Sicuia O.A., Constantinescu F., Dinu S. Responsive Polymers for Crop Protection. Polymers 2010, 2:229-251.
79. Poncelet D., Boh B. Microcapsules deliver. Chemistry and industry 2008, 2:23-25.
80. Poncelet D., Desobry S., Jahnz U., Vorlop K.-D. Immobilization at Large Scale by Dispersion. Immobilized Cells 2001, 139-149. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. R.H. Wijffels (Ed.).
81. Poncelet D., Dulieu C., Jacquot M. Description of the Immobilization Procedures. Immobilized Cells 2001, 15-30. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. R.H. Wijffels (Ed.).
82. Poncelet D., Dulieu C., Jacquot M. Description of the Support Material. Immobilized Cells 2001, Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. R.H. Wijffels (Ed.).
83. Poncelet, D., Neufeld, R.J., 1996. Fundamentals of dispersion in encapsulation technology, in: Immobilized Cells - Basics and Applications: Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized Under Auspices of The Working Party on Applied Biocatalysis of the European Federation of Biotechnology Noordwijkerhout. Elsevier, pp. 47-54.
84. Poncelet D., Poncelet De Smet B., Beaulieu C., Huguet M.L., Fournier A., Neufeld R.J. Production of alginate beads by emulsification/internal gelation II. Physicochemistry. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1995, 43:644-650.
85. Prabakaran G., Hoti S.L. Immobilization of alginate-encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis containing different multivalent counterions for mosquito control. Current Microbiology 2008, 57:111-114.
86. Prokop A., Hunkeler D., DiMari S., Haralson M.A., Wang T.G. Water soluble polymers for immunoisolation I: complex coacervation and cytotoxicity. Microencapsulation-Microgels-Iniferters 1998, 136:1-51.
87. Prokop A., Hunkeler D., Powers A.C., Whitesell R.R., Wang T.G. Water soluble polymers for immunoisolation II: Evaluation of multicomponent microencapsulation systems. Microencapsulation - Microgels - Iniferters 1998, 136:53-73.
88. Prüsse U., Bilancetti L., Bučko M., Bugarski B., Bukowski J., Gemeiner P., Lewińska D., Manojlovic V., Massart B., Nastruzzi C., Nedovic V., Poncelet D., Siebenhaar S., Tobler L., Tosi A., Vikartovská A., Vorlop K.-D. Comparison of different technologies for alginate beads production. Chemical Papers 2008, 62:364-374.
89. Prüsse U., Dalluhn J., Breford J., Vorlop K.D. Production of spherical beads by JetCutting. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2000, 23:1105-1110.
90. Puoci F., Iemma F., Spizzirri U.G., Cirillo G., Curcio M., Picci N. Polymer in agriculture: a review. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 2008, 3:299-314.
91. Ratajska M., Boryniec S. Biodegradation of some natural polymers in blends with polyolefines. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 1999, 10:625-633.
92. Ravensberg W. A roadmap to the successful development and commercialization of microbial pest control products for control of arthropods 2011, Springer.
93. Raymond M.C., Neufeld R.J., Poncelet D. Encapsulation of brewers yeast in chitosan coated carrageenan microspheres by emulsification/thermal gelation. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology 2004, 32:275-291.
94. Renken A., Hunkeler D. Microencapsulation: a review of polymers and technologies with a focus on bioartificial organs. Polimery 1998, 43:530-539.
95. Rooke J.C., Meunier C., Léonard A., Su B.L. Energy from photobioreactors: Bioencapsulation of photosynthetically active molecules, organelles, and whole cells within biologically inert matrices. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2008, 80:2345-2376.
96. Rose T., Neumann B., Thielking H., Koch W., Vorlop K.-D. Hollow beads of sulfoethyl cellulose (SEC) on the basis of polyelectrolyte complexes. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2000, 23:769-772.
97. Rubner M.F., Cohen R.E. Layer-by-layer processed multilayers: challenges and opportunities. Multilayer Thin Films; Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials 2012, John Wiley & Sons. G. Decher, J. Schlenoff (Eds.).
98. Scher H.B. Controlled-release delivery systems for pesticides 1999, Dekker.
99. Shahidi F., Han X. Encapsulation of food ingredients. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1993, 33:501-547.
100. Sheldon R.A. Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2007, 349:1289-1307.
101. Smidsrød O., Skjårk-Bræk G. Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends in Biotechnology 1990, 8:71-78.
102. Spiekermann P., Vorlop K.D., Klein J. Animal cells encapsulated within Ca-alginate hollow spheres. Proceedings of the 4th European Congress on Biotechnology 1987, 590-593.
103. Sun A.M. Microencapsulation of cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997, 831:271-279.
104. Takata I., Tosa T., Chibata I. Screening of matrix suitable for immobilization of microbial cells. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1977, 2:225-236.
105. Tamez-Guerra P., McGuire M.R., Medrano-Roldan H., Galan-Wong L.J., Shasha B.S., Vega F.E. Sprayable granule formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology 1996, 89:1424-1430.
106. Tanaka N., Takino S., Utsumi I. A new oral gelatinized sustained-release dosage form. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1963, 52:664-667.
107. Thiele H., Andersen G. Ionotrope Gele von Polyuronsäuren. Colloid & Polymer Science 1955, 140:76-102.
108. Thiele H., Cordes J. Zur Theorie der Bildung von Gelen. Colloid & Polymer Science 1967, 216:361-370.
109. Tosa T., Sato T., Mori T., Yamamoto K., Takata I., Nishida Y., Chibata I. Immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells using carrageenan as matrix. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1979, 21:1697-1709.
110. Varona, S., Kareth, S., Cocero, M.J., 2009. Encapsulation of essentials oils using biopolymers for their use in ecological agriculture, In: Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids; Arcachon, International Society for Advancement of Supercritical Fluids.
111. Vassilev N., Vassileva M., Azcon R., Medina A. Interactions of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus with free or co-encapsulated cells of Rhizobium trifoli and Yarowia lipolytica inoculated into a soil-plant system. Biotechnology Letters 2001, 23:149-151.
112. Vassilev N., Vassileva M., Azcon R., Medina A. Application of free and Ca-alginate-entrapped Glomus deserticola and Yarowia lipolytica in a soil-plant system. Journal of Biotechnology 2001, 91:237-242.
113. Vassilev N., Vassileva M., Azcon R., Medina A. Preparation of gel-entrapped mycorrhizal inoculum in the presence or absence of Yarowia lipolytica. Biotechnology Letters 2001, 23:907-909.
114. 2 releasing beads to control soil borne insect pests-first results 2011, Presented at the XIX International Conference on Bioencapsulation, Amboise, pp. 240-241.
115. Vidhyalakshmi R., Bhakyaraj R., Subhasree R. Encapsulation "The future of probiotics"-A review. Advanced Biological Research 2009, 3:96-103.
116. Vorlop K.-D., Muscat A., Beyersdorf J. Entrapment of microbial cells within polyurethane hydrogel beads with the advantage of low toxicity. Biotechnology Techniques 1992, 6:483-488.
117. Vorlop K.D., Steinert H.J., Klein J. Cell immobilization within coated alginate beads or hollow fibers formed by ionotropic gelation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1987, 501:339-342.
118. Vroman I., Tighzert L. Biodegradable Polymers. Materials 2009, 2:307-344.
119. Wan L.S.C., Heng P.W.S., Chan L.W. Drug encapsulation in alginate microspheres by emulsification. Journal of Microencapsulation 1992, 9:309-316.
120. Wandrey C., Bartkowiak A., Harding S.E. Materials for encapsulation. Encapsulation Technologies for Active Food Ingredients and Food Processing 2010, 31-100. Springer Science; New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg. N. Zuidam, V. Nedović (Eds.).
121. Wang C.-S., Li Z.-Z., Butt T. Molecular studies of co-formulated strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 2002, 80:29-34.
122. Whelehan, M., 2011. Microencapsulation by dripping and jet break up. Bioencapsulation Research Group September 2011, 4-10.
123. Whistler R.L. Industrial gums: polysaccharides and their derivatives 1993, Academic Press.
124. Wijffels R.H. Immobilized cells 2001, Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin.
125. Wilkins, R.M., 1990. Controlled delivery of crop-protection agents.
126. Willaert R.G., Baron G.V. Gel entrapment and micro-encapsulation: methods, applications and engineering principles. Reviews in Chemical Engineering 1996, 12:5-205.
127. Yi S., Neufeld R.J., Poncelet D. Immobilization of cells in polysaccharide gels. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility 2005, 867-891. Marcel Dekker, New York. S. Dumitriu (Ed.).