Contrast agents for MRI

Materials Science and Engineering C

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 4485-4497

  Shokrollahi, H ^a  

^a SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Biomaterials; Chemical synthesis; Inorganic compounds; Magnetic materials

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIALS; CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; DIAGNOSIS; GADOLINIUM COMPOUNDS; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; IRON COMPOUNDS; IRON OXIDES; MAGNETIC MATERIALS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETISM; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NANOPARTICLES; PARAMAGNETISM; PROBES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

CELLULAR LEVELS; CLINICAL APPLICATION; FERRITE NANOPARTICLES; MAGNETIC NANO-PARTICLES; PARAMAGNETIC COMPOUNDS; RELAXATION PROPERTY; RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEMS; SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS;

NANOMAGNETICS;

CONTRAST MEDIUM; GADOLINIUM; LANTHANIDE; MAGNETITE; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLE; MANGANESE; NANOPARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT;

CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC USE; HUMAN; NEOPLASMS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARTICLE SIZE; BIOMATERIALS; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; MAGNETIC MATERIALS; NEOPLASM; REVIEW; SYNTHESIS;

CONTRAST MEDIA; FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES; MANGANESE; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; PARTICLE SIZE;

BIOMATERIALS; CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; MAGNETIC MATERIALS;

EID: 84885188796     PISSN: 09284931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.012     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. S. Laurent, Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications, Chem. Rev. 108 (2008) 2064-2110.
2. Q.A. Pankhurst, J. Connolly, S.K. Jones, J. Dobson, Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine, Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R167-R179.
3. P. Tartaj, M.D.P. Morales, S.V. Verdaguer, T. Gonzalez-Carreno, C.J. Serna, The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine, Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R182-R196.
4. C.C. Berry, A.S.G. Curtis, Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine, Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R198-R206.
5. Y.W. Jun, J.W. Seo, J. Cheon, Nanoscaling laws of magnetic nanoparticles and their applicabilities in biomedical sciences, Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (2008) 179-189.
6. P. Caravan, J.J. Ellison, T.J. McMurry, R.B. Lauffer, Gadolinium (III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: structure, dynamics, and applications, Chem. Rev. 99 (1999) 2293-2352.
7. M.M. Lin, D.K. Kim, A.J. El Haj, J. Dobson, Development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS) for translation to clinical applications, IEEE Nanobioscience 7 (2008) 298-305.
8. J. Dobson, Magnetic nano particles for drug delivery, Dev. Res. 67 (2006) 55-60.
9. A.K. Gupta, M. Gupta, Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications, Biomaterials 26 (2005) 3995-4021.
10. C. Sun, J.S.H. Lee, M.Q. Zhang, Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60 (2008) 1252-1265.
11. H.B. Na, I.C. Song, T. Hyeon, Superhydrophobic coatings: bioinspired degradable substrates with extreme wettability properties, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 2133.
12. H.B. Na, I.C. Song, T. Hyeon, Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents, Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 2133-2148.
13. D.E. Sosnovik, R. Weissleder, Emerging concepts in molecular MRI, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18 (2007) 4-10.
14. W.J. Mulder, A.W. Griffioen, G.J. Strijkers, D.P. Cormode, K. Nicolay, Z.A. Fayad, Magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles for multimodality imaging, Nano Med 2 (2007) 307-324.
15. L.E. Jennings, N.J. Long, Two is better than one' probes for dual-modality molecular imaging, Chem. Commun. 28 (2009) 3511-3524.
16. X. Wang, L.H. Liu, O. RamstrÖm, M. Yang, Engineering nanomaterial surfaces for biomedical applications, Exp. Biol. Med. 234 (2009) 1128-1139.
17. H.F. Wehrl, M.S. Judenhofer, S. Wiehr, B.J. Pichler, E.J. Nucl, Pre-clinical PET/MR: technological advances and new perspectives in biomedical research, Med. Mol. Imaging 36 (2009) S56-S68.
18. S.K. Nune, P. Gunda, P.K. Thallapally, Y.Y. Lin, M.L. Forrest, C.J. Berkland, Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 6 (2009) 1175-1194.
19. D. Kozlowska, P. Foran, P. MacMahon, M.J. Shelly, S. Eustace, R. O'Kennedy, Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging: the value of immunoliposomes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61 (2009) 1402-1411.
20. S. Aime, W. DastrÙ, R. Gobetto, D. Santelia, A. Viale, Agents for polarization enhancement in MRI, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 185/I, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, 2008, pp. 247-272.
21. L. SchrÖder, Xenon for NMR biosensing-inert but alert, Physica Med. 29 (1) (2013) 3-16.
22. M. Fardis, I. Rabias, G. Diamantopoulos, N. Boukos, D. Tsitourli, G. Papavassiliou, D. Niarchos, Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 9 (2007) 527-531.
23. J.F. Schenck, The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds, Med. Phys. 23 (1996) 815-851.
24. S. Mornet, S. Vasseur, F. Grasset, P. Veverka, G. Goglio, A. Demourgues, J. Portier, E. Pollert, T.E. Dugue, Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical applications, Prog. Solid State Chem. 34 (2006) 237-247.
25. M. Shinkai, A. Ito, Functional magnetic particles for medical application, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 91 (2004) 191-220.
26. P.A. Gowland, Present and future magnetic resonance sources for exposure to static fields, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 87 (2005) 175-183.
27. J.F. Schenck, J. Magn, Safety of strong, static magnetic fields, Reson. Imaging 12 (2000) 2-19.
28. J.F. Schenck, Physical interactions of static magnetic fields with living tissues, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 87 (2005) 185-204.
29. F.G. Shellock, Magnetic Resonance Procedures: Health Effects and Safety, CRC Press, New York, 2001.
30. F. Schic, Whole-body MRI, at high field: technical limits and clinical potential, Eur. Radiol. 15 (2005) 946-959.
31. G. Marrow, Progress in MRI magnets, Trans. Appl. Supercond. 10 (2000) 744-751.
32. M. Longmire, P.L. Choyke, H. Kobayashi, Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: considerations and caveats, Future Med. 3 (2008) 703-717.
33. T.D. Tran, S.D. Caruthers, M. Hughes, J.N. Marsh, T. Cyrus, P.M. Winter, A.M. Neubauer, S.A. Wickline, G.M. Lanza, Clinical applications of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics, Int. J. Nanomed. 2 (2007) 515-526.
34. A. Saraste, N.G. Stephan, M. Schwaiger, Cardiovascular molecular imaging: an overview, Cardiovasc. Res. 83 (2009) 643-652.
35. T. Islam, M.G. Harisinghani, Overview of nanoparticle use in cancer imaging, Cancer Biomark. 5 (2009) 61-67.
36. D.W. McRobbie, E.A. Moore, M.J. Graves, M.R. Prince, MRI: From Picture to Proton, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
37. S. Lee, J. Xie, X. Chen, Activatable molecular probes for cancer imaging, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 10 (2010) 1135-1144.
38. 19F Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 70 (2005) 57-76.
39. S. Dandamudi, R.B. Campbell, Development and characterization of magnetic cationic liposomes for targeting tumor microvasculature, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768 (2007) 427-438.
40. D. Pan, G.M. Lanza, S.A. Wickline, S.D. Caruthers, Nanomedicine: perspective and promises with ligand-directed molecular imaging, Eur. J. Radiol. 70 (2009) 274-285.
41. J. Huang, X. Zhong, L. Wang, L. Yang, H. Mao, Improving the magnetic resonance imaging contrast and detection methods with engineered magnetic nanoparticles, Theranostics 2 (2012) 86-102.
42. L. Yang, X.-H. Peng, Y.A. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Cao, C. Ni, P. Karna, X. Zhang, W.C. Wood, X. Gao, S. Nie, H. Mao, Receptor-targeted nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of breast cancer, Clin. Cancer Res. 15 (2009) 4722-4732.
43. A. Jedlovszky-Hajdú, E. Tombácz, I. Bányai, M. Babos, A. Palkó, Carboxylated magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents: relaxation measurements at different field strengths, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 3173-3180.
44. M. Cortia, A. Lascialfari, E. Micottia, A. Castellanod, M. Donativid, A. Quartae, P.D. Cozzolie, L. Mannae, T. Pellegrinoe, C. Sangregorio, Magnetic properties of novel superparamagnetic MRI contrast agents based on colloidal nanocrystals, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 (2008) e320-e323.
45. E. Schopf, J. Sankaranarayanan, M. Chan, R. Mattrey, A. Almutairi, An extracellular MRI polymeric contrast agent that degrades at physiological pH, Mol. Pharmaceutics 9 (7) (2012) 1911-1918.
46. 2-shortening by weakly magnetized particles: the chemical exchange model, Magn. Reson. Med. 45 (2001) 1014-1020.
47. Y.M. Huh, J.S. Choi, J.H. Lee, H.T. Song, S. Kim, S. Yoon, K.S. Kim, J.S. Shin, J.S. Suh, J. Cheon, Nanoscale size effect of magnetic nanocrystals and their utilization for cancer diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 5732-5733.
48. K. Chen, J. Huang, S. Lee, J. Wang, J. Gao, X. Li, X. Chen, PET/NIRF/MRI triple functional iron oxide nanoparticles, Biomaterials 31 (2010) 3016-3022.
49. Maria F. Casula, P. Floris, C. Innocenti, A. Lascialfari, M. Marinone, M. Corti, R.A. Sperling, X.W.J. Parak, C. Sangregorio, Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents based on iron oxide superparamagnetic ferrofluids, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 1739-1748.
50. W. Xiao, H. Gu, D. Li, D. Chen, X. Deng, Z. Jiao, J. Lin, Microwave-assisted synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles for MR blood pool contrast agents, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 488-494.
51. H. Chen, J. Yeh, L. Wang, H. Khurshid, N. Peng, A.Y. Wang, H. Mao, Preparation and control of the formation of single core and clustered nanoparticles for biomedical applications using a versatile amphiphilicdiblock copolymer, Nano Res 3 (2010) 852-862.
52. H. Shokrollahi, I. Sharifi, ferrite-based magnetic nanofluids used in hyperthermia applications, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 903-915.
53. M.K. Yu, J. Park, S. Jon, Targeting strategies for multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy, Theranostics 2 (2012) 3-44.
54. J.H. Lee, Y.M. Huh, SeoJw Jun Yw, Jang Jt, H.T. Song, S. Kim, E.J. Cho, H.G. Yoon, J.S. Suh, J. Cheon, Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging, Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 95-99.
55. C.G. Hacliipanayis, M.J. Bonder, S. Balakrishanan, X. Wang, H. Mao, G.C. Hadjipanayis, Metallic iron nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and local hyperthermia, Small 4 (2008) 1925-1929.
56. W.S. Seo, J.H. Lee, X. Sun, Y. Suzuki, D. Mann, Z. Liu, M. Terashima, P.C. Yang, M.V. McConnell, D.G. Nishimura, H. Dai, FeCo/graphitic-shell nanocrystals as advanced magnetic-resonance-imaging and near-infrared agents, Nat. Mater. 5 (2006) 971-976.
57. R. Hao, R. Xing, Z. Xu, Y. Hou, S. Gao, S. Sun, Synthesis, functionalization, and bio-medical applications of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles, Adv. Mater. 22 (2010) 2729-2742.
58. C. Burtea, S. Laurent, L.V. Elst, R.N. Muller, Contrast agents: magnetic resonance, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 185/I, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, 2008.
59. R. Alford, M. Ogawa, P.L. Choyke, H. Kobayashi, Molecular probes for the in vivo imaging of cancer, Mol. Biosyst. 5 (2009) 1279-1291.
60. M. Hoehn, U. Himmelreich, K. Kruttwig, D. Wiedermann, Molecular and cellular MR imaging: potentials and challenges for neurological applications, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 27 (2008) 941-954.
61. K.B. Holt, Diamond at the nanoscale: applications of diamond nanoparticles from cellular biomarkers to quantum computing, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 365 (2007) 2845-2861.
62. S. Lee, K. Park, K. Kim, K. Choi, L.C. Kwon, Activatable imaging probes with amplified fluorescent signals, Chem. Commun. 36 (2008) 4250-4260.
63. C. Bouzigues, T. Gacoin, A. Alexandrou, Biological applications of rare-earth based nanoparticles, Am. Chem. Soc. 5 (2011) 8488-8505.
64. M. Longmire, P.L. Choyke, H. Kobayashi, Dendrimer-based contrast agents for molecular imaging, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 8 (2008) 1180-1186.
65. P.M. Winter, S.D. Caruthers, Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in nascent Vx-2 rabbit tumors using a novel alpha(nu)beta3-targeted nanoparticle and 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging, Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 5838-5843.
66. T. Ivanusa, K. Beravs, J. Medic, I. Sersa, G. Sersa, V. Jevtic, F. Demsar, U. Mikac, Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of mouse fibrosarcoma using small-molecular and novel macromolecular contrast agents, Phys. Med. 23 (2007) 85-90.
67. H. Gupta, R. Weissleder, Targeted contrast agents in MR imaging, Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am. 4 (1996) 171-184.
68. G.J. Stanisz, R.M. Henkelman, Gd-DTPA relaxivity depends on macromolecular content, Magn. Reson. Med. 44 (2000) 665-667.
69. A.M. Morawski, P.M. Winter, Targeted nanoparticles for quantitative imaging of sparse molecular epitopes with MRI, Magn. Reson. Med. 51 (2004) 480-486.
70. S. Aime, D.D. Castelli, S.G. Crich, E. Gianolio, E. Teerreno, Pushing the sensitivity envelope of lanthanide-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for molecular imaging applications, Am. Chem. Soc. 42 (2009) 822-831.
71. 2 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents through the conjugation of an esteramide dendrimer to high-water-coordination Gd(III) hydroxy-pyridinone complexes, Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 7 (2012) 95-99.
72. E. Terreno, Castelli DDi, A. Viale, S. Aime, Challenges for molecular magnetic resonance imaging, Chem. Rev. 110 (2010) 3019-3042.
73. P. Beseniusa, J.L.M. Heynens, R. Straathof, M.M.L. Nieuwenhuizen, P.H.H. Bomans, E. Terrenod, S. Aimed, G.J. Strijkers, K. Nicolay, E.W. Meijer, Paramagnetic self-assembled nanoparticles as supramolecular MRI contrast agents, Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 7 (2012) 356-361.
74. P.V. Baptista, P. Quaresma, R. Franco, Nanoparticles in molecular diagnostics, Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 104 (2011) 427-488.
75. J. Ripoll, V. Ntziachristos, C. Cannet, A.L. Babin, R. Kneuer, H.U. Gremlich, N. Beckmann, Investigating pharmacology in vivo using magnetic resonance and optical imaging, Drugs R D 5 (2008) 277-306.
76. T. Sato, T. Ijima, M. Seki, N. Inagaki, Magnetic properties of ultrafine ferrite particles, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 65 (1987) 252-256.
77. 1-xZnxFe2O4) doped with low melting point oxides, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 (2008) 463-474.
78. X.H. Peng, X. Qian, H. Mao, A.Y. Wang, Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy, Int. J. Nanomedicine 3 (2008) 311-321.
79. H. Shokrollahi, The magnetic and structural properties of the most important alloys of iron produced by mechanical alloying, Mater. Des. 30 (2009) 3374-3387.
80. 2O4 synthesized by Co-precipitation, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 2397-2403.
81. I. Sharifi, H. Shokrollahi, Magnetic and structural studies of the Mn-doped Mg-Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by the glycine nitrate process, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 3741-3747.
82. Q.A. Pankhurst, N.K.T. Thanh, S.K. Jones, J. Dobson, Progress in applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42 (2009) 1.
83. CG. Hadjipanayis, M.J. Bonder, S. Balakrishnan, X. Wang, H. Mao, G.C Hadjipanayis, Metallic iron nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and local hyperthermia, Small 4 (2008) 1925-1929.
84. Y.W. Jun, J.S. Choi, J. Cheon, Heterostructured magnetic nanoparticles: their versatility and high performance capabilities, Chem. Commun. 12 (2007) 1203-1214.
85. D.A. Fulton, M. O'Halloran, D. Parker, K. Senanayake, M. Botta, S. Aime, Efficient relaxivity enchancement in dendritic gadolinium conjugates: effective motional coupling in medium molecular weight conjugates, Chem. Commun. 61 (2005) 474-476.
86. M.G. Harisinghani, J. Barentsz, P.F. Hahn, Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer, N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (2003) 2491-2499.
87. M.A. Funovics, B. Kapeller, C. Hoeller, MR imaging of the her2/neu and 9.2.27 tumor antigens using immunospecific contrast agents, Magn. Reson. Imaging 22 (2004) 843-850.
88. T.K. Jain, M.A. Morales, S.K. Sahoo, Iron oxide nanoparticles for sustained delivery of anticancer agents, Mol. Pharm 2 (2005) 194-205
89. M. Bradbury, H. Hricak, Molecular MR imaging in oncology, Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am. 13 (2005) 225-240.
90. X. Montet, K. Montet-Abou, F. Reynolds, Nanoparticle imaging of integrins on tumor cells, Neoplasia 8 (2006) 214-222.
91. N. Singh, G.J.S. Jenkins, R. Asadi, S.H. Doak, Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), Nano Rev. 1 (2010) 1-15.
92. S.Y. Shim, D.K. Lim, J.M. Nam, Ultrasensitive optical biodiagnostic methods using metallic nanoparticles, Nano Med 2 (2008) 215-232.
93. N.J. Wittenberg, C.L Haynes, Using nanoparticles to push the limits of detection, John Wiley & Sons Press, 2009.
94. V. Mailänder, K. Landfester, Interaction of nanoparticles with cells, Bio. Macro. Mol. 10 (2009) 2379-2400.
95. B.H. Eisner, A.S. Feldman, Nanoparticle imaging for genitourinary cancers, Cancer Biomark. 5 (2009) 75-79.
96. H.J. Lee, J.M. Lee, Y. Chang, S.T. Wood, Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides enhanced MR imaging in rats with experimentally induced endometriosis, Magn. Reson. Imaging 30 (2012) 860-868.
97. 2 MRI contrast agents, Biomaterials 33 (2012) 3254-3261.
98. W.R. Bauer, K. Schulten, Theory of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging: coupling of spin relaxation and transport, Magn. Reson. Med. 26 (1992) 16-39.
99. 3 particles, J. Appl. Phys. 39 (1968) 1261-1264.
100. T. Indira, P. Lakshmi, Magnetic nanoparticles-a review, Int J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotechnol. 3 (2010) 1035-1042.
101. S. Gyergyek, D. Makovec, A. Kodre, I. Arcon, M. Jagodic, M. Drofenik, J. Nanopart, Influence of synthesis method on structural and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, Research 12 (2010) 1263-1273.
102. 4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn) nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 273-279.
103. I. Sharifi, H. Shokrollahi, S. Amiri, Ferrite-based magnetic nanofluids used in hyperthermia applications, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 903-915.
104. Y.W. Jun, J.H. Lee, J. Cheon, Chemical design of nanoparticle probes for high-performance magnetic resonance imaging, Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 47 (2008) 5122-5135.
105. Y.W.Jun, Y.M. Huh, J.S. Choi, Nanoscale size effect of magnetic nanocrystals and their utilization for cancer diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 16 (2005) 5732-5733.
106. T. Islam, L. Josephson, Current state and future applications of active targeting in malignancies using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Cancer Biomark. 5 (2009) 99-107.
107. M.D. Shultz, S. Calvin, P.P. Fatouros, S.A. Morrison, E.E. Carpenter, Enhanced ferrite nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 311 (2007) 464-468.
108. E.A. Schultz-Sikma, H.M. Joshi, Q. Ma, K.W. MacRenaris, A.L. Eckermann, V.P. Dravid, T.J. Meade, Probing the Chemical Stability of Mixed Ferrites: Implications for Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent Design, Chem. Mater. 23 (2011) 2657-2664.
109. 2+) Inverse spinel ferrites for potential use as phase-contrast agents in medical MRI, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321 (2009) 3899-3904.
110. S. Maenosono, T. Suzuki, S. Saita, Super-paramagnetic FePt nanoparticles as excellent MRI contrast agents, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 (2008) L79-L83.
111. J.H. Lee, Dual mode nanoparticle probes for high performance magnetic resonance and flourecense of neuroblastoma, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 8160-8162.
112. L.M. Lacroix, D. Ho, S. Sun, Magnetic nanoparticles as both imaging probes and therapeutic agents, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 10 (2010) 1184-1197.
113. N. Lee, T. Hyeon, Designed synthesis of uniformly sized iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2012) 2575-2589.
114. C.F. Geraldes, S. Laurent, Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 4 (2009) 1-23.
115. D.W. Hwang, H. Youn, D.S. Lee, Molecular imaging using PET/MRI particle, Open Nucl. Med. J. 2 (2010) 186-191.
116. 4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery, Materials 3 (2010) 4051-4065.
117. 4 nanoparticles with Amphiphilic PEG-lipid micelles a novel MRI probes, Int. J. Magn. Reson Imaging 2 (2010) 50-55.
118. G.J. Strijkers, W.J. Mulder, G.A. Van Tilborg, K. Nicolay, MRI contrast agents: current status and future perspectives, Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 7 (3) (2007) 291-305.
119. X. Fan, D. Mustafi, M. Zamora, J.N. River, S. Foxley, G.S. Karczmar, Can DCEMRI assess the effect of green tea on the angiogenic properties of rodent prostate tumors? Phys. Med. 26 (2010) 111-116.
120. 1 contrast, Magn. Reson. Med. 53 (2005) 640-648.
121. 1 contrast agent for MRI using MnO, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (2007) 1-6.
122. D.A. Fulton, E.M. Elemento, S. Aime, L. Chabanne, M. Botta, D. Parker, Glycoconjugates of gadolinium complexes for MRI applications, Chem. Commun. (2006) 1064-1066.
123. Lee N, Kim H, Choi SH, Park M, Kim D. Magnetosome-like ferrimagnetic iron oxidenanocubes for highly sensitive MRI of single cells and transplanted pancreatic islets. PNAS Early Edition 2662-2667.
124. 4 nanoparticles embedded in living magnetotactic bacteria for potential use as carriers for in vivo applications, Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2007 (2007) 1463-1466.
125. J. Sun, Y. Li, X.J. Liang, P.C. Wang, Bacterial magnetosome: a novel biogenetic magnetic targeted drug carrier with potential multifunctions, J. Nanomater. 13 (2011).
126. 4 nanoparticles embedded in living magnetotactic bacteria for potential use as carriers for in vivo applications, Conf Proc IEEE-EMBS, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC' 07), 2007, pp. 1463-1466.
127. A. Scheffel, A. Gardes, K. Grunberg, G. Wanner, D. Schuler, The major magnetosome proteins MamGFDC are not essential for magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense but regulate the size of magnetosome crystals, J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 377-386.
128. T. Matsunaga, T. Suzuki, M. Tanaka, A. Arakaki, Molecular analysis of magnetotactic bacteria and development of functional bacterial magnetic particles for nano-biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol. 25 (2007) 182-188.
129. D.A. Bazylinski, T.J. Williams, Ecophysiology of magnetotactic bacteria in magnetoreception and magnetosomesinbacteria, Micro. Monogr.3 (2007) 37-75.
130. S. Zhang, L. Yan, H. Li, H. Liu, Optimal conditions for growth and magnetosome formation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 6 (2012) 6142-6151.
131. M.M. Lin, H.H. Kim, H. Kim, M. Muhammed, D.K. Kim, Iron oxide-based nanomagnets in nanomedicine: fabrication and applications, Nano Rev 1 (2010) 4883-4891.
132. V.I. Shubayev, T.R. Pisanic, S. Jin, Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61 (2009) 467-477.
133. M.M. Mady, M.M. Fathy, T. Youssef, W.M. Khalil, Biophysical characterization of gold nanoparticles-loaded liposomes, Phys. Med. 28 (2012) 288-295.
134. O. Veiseh, J.W. Gunn, M. Zhang, Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62 (2009) 284-304.
135. C.M. Sayes, J.D. Fortner, W. Guo, D. Lyon, A.M. Boyd, K.D. Ausman, Y.J. Tao, B. Sitharaman, L.J. Wilson, J.B. Hughes, J.L. West, V.L. Colvin, The differential cyto-toxicity of water soluble fullerenes, Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 1881-1887.
136. D.R. Elias, D.L.J. Thorek, A.K. Chen, J. Czupryna, A. Tsourkas, In vivo imaging of cancer biomarkers using activatable molecular probes, Cancer Biomark. 4 (2008) 287-305.
137. H. Lee, E. Lee, D.K. Kim, Antibiofouling polymer-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as potential magnetic resonance contrast agents for in vivo cancer imaging, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 7383-7389.
138. 3 hybrid magnetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery of peptides, Nano Med 3 (2007) 132-137.
139. X. Shi, T.P. Thomas, L.A. Myc, Synthesis, characterization, and intracellular uptake of carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (2007) 5712-5720.
140. A. Masoudi, H.R. Madaah Hosseini, M.A. Shokrgozar, R. Ahmadi, M.A. Oghabian, The effect of poly(ethylene glycol) coating on colloidal stability of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as potential MRI contrast agent, Int. J. Pharm. 433 (2012) 129-141.
141. Y.W. Jun, J.T. Jang, J. Cheon, Magnetic nanoparticle assisted molecular MR imaging bio-applications of nanoparticles, Landes Bioscience, Springer Science and Business Media, 2007.
142. E. Toth, R.D. Bolskar, A. Borel, G. Gonzalez, L. Helm, A.E. Merbach, B. Sitharaman, L.J. Wilson, Water-soluble gadofullerenes: toward high-relaxivity, pH-Responsive MRI contrast agents, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 799-805.
143. 4 nanoparticles, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323 (2011) 133-137.
144. B. Sitharaman, R.D. Bolskar, I. Rusakova, L.J. Wilson, Gd@C60[C(COOH)2]10 and Gd@C60(OH)x: nanoscale aggregation studies of two metallofullerene MRI contrast agents in aqueous solution, Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 2373-2378.
145. D. Langevin, Micelles and microemulsions, Annu. Rev. Chem. Sect. 43 (1992) 341-369.
146. J. Park, K. An, Y. Hwang, J.G. Park, H.J. Noh, J.Y. Kim, J.H. Park, N.M. Hwang, T. Hyeon, Ultra-large-scale syntheses of mono-disperse nanocrystals, Nat. Mater. 3 (2004) 891-895.
147. K. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Chen, X. Chen, L. Zheng, J. Zhang, B. Yang, Hollow titania spheres with movable silica spheres inside, Langmuir 20 (2004) 11312-11341.
148. X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, Y. Li, A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis, Nature 437 (2005) 121-124.
149. S. Sun, H. Zeng, Size-controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 8204-8205.
150. J. Rockenberger, E.C. Scher, A.P. Alivisatos, A new nonhydrolytic single-precursor approach to surfactant-capped nanocrystals of transition metal oxides, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 11595-11596.
151. T. Hyeon, Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, Chem. Commun. 8 (2003) 927-934.
152. In: A.E. Merbach, E. Toth (Eds.), The chemistry of contrast agents in medical magnetic resonance imaging, JohnWiley and Sons, Chichester 2001.
153. T. Hyeon, S.S. Lee, J. Park, Y. Chung, Synthesis of highly crystalline and mono-disperse maghemite nanocrystallites without a size selection process, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 12798-12801.
154. J. Park, E. Lee, N.M. Hwang, M.S. Kang, S.C. Kim, Y. Hwang, J.G. Park, H.J. Noh, J.Y. Kini, J.H. Park, T. Hyeon, One-nanometerscale size-controlled synthesis of mono-disperse magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (2005) 2872-2877.
155. D.A. Fulton, M. O'Halloran, D. Parker, K. Senanayake, M. Botta, S. Aime, Efficient relaxivity enchancement in dendritic gadolinium conjugates: effective motional coupling in medium molecular weight conjugates, Chem. Commun. (2005) 474-476.
156. Z. Li, L. Wei, M. Gao, H. Lei, One-pot reaction to synthesize biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles, Adv. Mater. 7 (2005) 1001-1005.
157. A.K. Gupta, S. Wells, Surface-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: preparation, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 3 (2004) 66-73.
158. Y. Deng, L. Wang, W. Yang, S. Fu, A. Elaissari, Preparation of magnetic polymeric particles via inverse microemulsion polymerization process, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 257 (2003) 69-78.
159. M.M. Lin, D.K. Kim, A.J.E. Haj, J. Dobson, Development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS) for translation to clinical applications, IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience 7 (2008) 298-305.