Electrical resistance tomography (ert) applications to chemical engineering

Chemical Engineering Research and Design

Volumn 91, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1625-1645

  Sharifi, Mohadeseh ^a   Young, Brent ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Chemical Engineering; Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT); Process media, Milk processing; Unit operations

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS; CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTIONS; DESIGN AND OPERATIONS; ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY; MILK PROCESSING; MULTIDIMENSIONAL FLOW; PROCESS EQUIPMENTS; PROCESS UNDERSTANDING;

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS; ELECTRIC RESISTANCE; RESEARCH; TAXONOMIES; TOMOGRAPHY;

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING;

EID: 84884974951     PISSN: 02638762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.05.026     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Abdullah B., Dave C., Nguyen T.H., Cooper C.G., Adesina A.A. Electrical resistance tomography-assisted analysis of dispersed phase hold-up in a gas-inducing mechanically stirred vessel. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66(22):5648-5662.
2. Baltopoulos, A., Polydorides, N., Vavouliotis, A., Kostopoulos, V., Pambaguian, L., 2010. Sensing capabilities of multifunctional composite materials using carbon nanotubes, Prague.
3. Bhole M.R., Bennington C.P.J. Performance of four axial flow impellers for agitation of pulp suspensions in a laboratory-scale cylindrical stock chest. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2010, 49(9):4444-4451.
4. Bhole M.R., Hui L.K., Gomez C., Bennington C.P.J., Dumont G.A. The effect of off-wall clearance of a side-entering impeller on the mixing of pulp suspensions in a cylindrical stock chest. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2011, 89(5):985-995.
5. Binley A., Shaw B., Henry-Poulter S. Flow pathways in porous media: Electrical resistance tomography and dye staining image verification. Measurement Science and Technology 1996, 7(3):384-390.
6. Bolton, G.T., Bennett, M., Wang, M., Qiu, C., Wright, M., Rhodes, D., 2006. On the development of an electrical tomographic system for monitoring the performance of a heavy metal precipitation step during nuclear fuel reprocessing, Orlando, FL.
7. Bolton G.T., Hooper C.W., Mann R., Stitt E.H. Flow distribution and velocity measurement in a radial flow fixed bed reactor using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Science 2004, 59(10):1989-1997.
8. Bolton G.T., Primrose K.M. Flow distribution and velocity measurement in a radial flow fixed bed reactor using electrical resistance tomography. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005, 6(2).
9. Chao, T., Feng, D., 2009. Gas-water two-phase flow regime identification with feature fusion from an ERT system and a VCone meter, Hong Kong.
10. Chaouki, J., Lavachi, F., Dudokovics, M.P., 1997. Non-invasive monitoring of multiphase flows.
11. Chen D.Y., Zhang H., Zhu B., Yu X.Y., Zhang J.P. Flow regime identification for oil/water two flows electrical resistance tomography system. Dianji yu Kongzhi Xuebao/Electric Machines and Control 2007, 11(6):639-643.
12. Chun, F., Feng, D., 2010. Characteristic analysis of gas/liquid two-phase flow regimes based on wavelet packet entropy, Qingdao.
13. Deng X., Dong F., Xu L.J., Liu X.P., Xu L.A. The design of a dual-plane ERT system for cross correlation measurement of bubbly gas/liquid pipe flow. Measurement Science and Technology 2001, 12(8):1024-1031.
14. Deng X., Li G., Wei Z., Yan Z., Yang W. Theoretical study of vertical slug flow measurement by data fusion from electromagnetic flowmeter and electrical resistance tomography. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2011, 22(4):272-278.
15. Deng X., Peng L., Yao D., Zhang B. Velocity distribution measurement using pixel-pixel cross correlation of electrical tomography. Chinese Journal of Electronics 2004, 13(3):548-551.
16. Deng, X., Wei, Z., Yan, Z., 2009. Study on fusion of electromagnetic flowmeter and ERT system in slug flow, Beijing.
17. Dong, F., Jiang, Z.X., 2003. Application of electrical resistance tomography to identification two-phase flow regime, Xi'an.
18. Dong F., Jiang Z.X., Qiao X.T., Xu L.A. Application of electrical resistance tomography to two-phase pipe flow parameters measurement. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2003, 14(4-5):183-192.
19. Dong F., Qiao X.T., Jiang Z.X., Xu L.A. Void fraction measurement of the gas-liquid two-phase flows in vertical pipes using electrical resistance tomography. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology 2004, 37(6):510-514.
20. Dong F., Tan C., Liu J., Xu Y., Wang H. Development of single drive electrode electrical resistance tomography system. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2006, 55(4):1208-1214.
21. Dong F., Xu Y., Hua L., Wang H. Two methods for measurement of gas-liquid flows in vertical upward pipe using dual-plane ERT system. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2006, 55(5):1576-1586.
22. Dong F., Xu Y.B. Application of electrical resistance tomography in two-phase flow measurement. Kung Cheng Je Wu Li Hsueh Pao/Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 2006, 27(5):791-794.
23. Dong F., Xu Y.B., Xu L.J., Hua L., Qiao X.T. Application of dual-plane ERT system and cross-correlation technique to measure gas-liquid flows in vertical upward pipe. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2005, 16(2-3):191-197.
24. Edwards I., Axon S.A., Barigou M., Stitt E.H. Combined use of PEPT and ERT in the study of aluminum hydroxide precipitation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009, 48(2):1019-1028.
25. Fangary Y.S., Williams R.A., Neil W.A., Bond J., Faulks I. Application of electrical resistance tomography to detect deposition in hydraulic conveying systems. Powder Technology 1998, 95(1):61-66.
26. Fransolet E., Crine M., L'Homme G., Toye D., Marchot P. Analysis of electrical resistance tomography measurements obtained on a bubble column. Measurement Science and Technology 2001, 12(8):1055-1060.
27. Fransolet E., Crine M., Marchot P., Toye D. Analysis of gas holdup in bubble columns with non-Newtonian fluid using electrical resistance tomography and dynamic gas disengagement technique. Chemical Engineering Science 2005, 60(22):6118-6123.
28. Fu-Sheng, Z., Feng, D., Chao, T., Dong, L., 2008. Regime recognition of two-phase pipe flow based on D-S evidengce theory, Kunming.
29. Fu C., Dong F. Wavelet Packet Entropy Feature Extraction and Characteristics Analysis for Gas/Liquid Two-phase Flow Regimes 2011, Hangzhou, Binjiang.
30. Giguere R., Fradette L., Mignon D., Tanguy P.A. Characterization of slurry flow regime transitions by ERT. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2008, 86(9):989-996.
31. Giguere R., Fradette L., Mignon D., Tanguy P.A. ERT algorithms for quantitative concentration measurement of multiphase flows. Chemical Engineering Journal 2008, 141(1-3):305-317.
32. Giguère R., Fradette L., Mignon D., Tanguy P.A. Analysis of slurry flow regimes downstream of a pipe bend. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009, 87(7):943-950.
33. Gumery F., Ein-Mozaffari F., Dahman Y. Macromixing hydrodynamic study in draft-tube airlift reactors using electrical resistance tomography. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 2011, 34(2):135-144.
34. Han, J., Dong, F., Xu, Y., 2008. Gas/liquid two-phase flow regime recognition based on adaptive wavelet-based neural network, Jinan.
35. Han Y.H., Jin H.B. Experimental study on phase holdup in three-phase external loop airlift reactors using electrical resistance tomography. Guocheng Gongcheng Xuebao/The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering 2009, 9(3):431-436.
36. Han Y.H., Yang S.H., Jin H.B., Zhu J.H. Distribution characteristics of phase holdups and flow structure of gas-liquid in a three-phase external loop airlift reactor. Guocheng Gongcheng Xuebao/The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering 2010, 10(5):862-867.
37. Harrison S.T.L., Stevenson R., Cilliers J.J. Assessing solids concentration homogeneity in Rushton-agitated slurry reactors using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). Chemical Engineering Science 2012, 71:392-399.
38. He C.L., Zhu S.R., Zhang X.Y. Study on electrical resistance tomography simulation of carbon fiber smart layers on two-dimensional curved surface. Guilin 2011, 189-193:2185-2190.
39. Henningsson M., Östergren K., Dejmek P. Plug flow of yoghurt in piping as determined by cross-correlated dual-plane electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Food Engineering 2006, 76(2):163-168.
40. Henningsson M., Regner M., Östergren K., Trägårdh C., Dejmek P. CFD simulation and ERT visualization of the displacement of yoghurt by water on industrial scale. Journal of Food Engineering 2007, 80(1):166-175.
41. Holden P.J., Wang M., Mann R., Dickin F.J., Edwards R.B. Imaging stirred-vessel macromixing using electrical resistance tomography. AIChE Journal 1998, 44(4):780-790.
42. Holden P.J., Wang M., Mann R., Dickin F.J., Edwards R.B. On detecting mixing pathologies inside a stirred vessel using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 1999, 77(8):709-712.
43. Hosseini S., Patel D., Ein-Mozaffari F., Mehrvar M. Study of solid-liquid mixing in agitated tanks through electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Science 2010, 65(4):1374-1384.
44. Hua, L., Dong, F., Qiao, X., Cui, X., 2004. Research on electrical resistance tomography and cross-correlation technique to measure the two-phase flows, Como.
45. Hua, S., Dong, F., 2006. Flowrate measurement with characteristic value cross-correlation by ERT in two-phase vertical pipe flows, Dalian.
46. Hua, S., Zhao, F.L., Xu, Y.B., Dong, F., 2005. A method of two-phase flow recognitionbased on dynamic cluster in horizontal pipe, Guangzhou.
47. Hui L.K., Bennington C.P.J., Dumont G.A. Cavern formation in pulp suspensions using side-entering axial-flow impellers. Chemical Engineering Science 2009, 64(3):509-519.
48. Ijaz U.Z., Chung S.I., Khambampati A.K., Kim K.Y., Kim S. Electrical resistance imaging of a time-varying interface in stratified flows using an unscented Kalman filter. Measurement Science and Technology 2008, 19(6).
49. Ijaz, U.Z., Khambampati, A.K., Lee, J.S., Kim, K.Y., Kim, M.C., Kim, S., 2007. Electrical resistance imaging of two-phase flow through rod bundles, Macau.
50. Ishkintana L.K., Bennington C.P.J. Gas holdup in pulp fibre suspensions: Gas voidage profiles in a batch-operated sparged tower. Chemical Engineering Science 2010, 65(8):2569-2578.
51. Jin H., Han Y., Yang S., He G. Electrical resistance tomography coupled with differential pressure measurement to determine phase hold-ups in gas-liquid-solid outer loop bubble column. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2010, 21(3):228-232.
52. Jin H., Wang M., Williams R.A. Effect of sparger geometry on gas bubble flow behaviors using electrical resistance tomography. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2006, 14(1):127-131.
53. Jin H., Wang M., Williams R.A. Analysis of bubble behaviors in bubble columns using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Journal 2007, 130(2-3):179-185.
54. Jin H., Yang S., He G., Wang M., Williams R.A. The effect of gas-liquid counter-current operation on gas hold-up in bubble columns using electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2010, 85(9):1278-1283.
55. Jin H., Yang S., Wang M., Williams R.A. Measurement of gas holdup profiles in a gas liquid cocurrent bubble column using electrical resistance tomography. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2007, 18(5-6):191-196.
56. Jin, H., Yang, S., Wang, M., Williams, R.A., 2007c. Measurement of gas holdup profiles in a gas liquid cocurrent bubble column using electrical resistance tomography, Macau.
57. Kagoshima M., Mann R. Interactions of precipitation and fluid mixing with model validation by electrical tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2005, 83(7A):806-810.
58. Kaminoyama M., Kato K., Misumi R., Nishi K. Measurements of the phase inversion phenomenon in a suspension polymerization reactor with an electrical resistance tomography system. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 2010, 43(1 Suppl.):52-55.
59. Kaminoyama M., Taguchi S., Misumi R., Nishi K. Monitoring stability of reaction and dispersion states in a suspension polymerization reactor using electrical resistance tomography measurements. Chemical Engineering Science 2005, 60(20):5513-5518.
60. Kim S., Ijaz U.Z., Khambampati A.K., Kim K.Y., Kim M.C., Chung S.I. Moving interfacial boundary estimation in stratified flow of two immiscible liquids using electrical resistance tomography. Measurement Science and Technology 2007, 18(5):1257-1269.
61. Kim S., Nkaya A.N., Dyakowski T. Measurement of mixing of two miscible liquids in a stirred vessel with electrical resistance tomography. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2006, 33(9):1088-1095.
62. Kourunen J., Heikkinen L.M., Paananen P., Peltonen K., Käyhkö J., Vauhkonen M. Electrical resistance tomography for evaluating a medium consistency mixer. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal 2011, 26(2):179-185.
63. Kourunen J., Niitti T., Heikkinen L.M. Application of three-dimensional electrical resistance tomography to characterize gas holdup distribution in laboratory flotation cell. Minerals Engineering 2011, 24(15):1677-1686.
64. Kowalski A., Davidson J., Flanagan M., York T. Electrical resistance tomography for characterisation of physical stability in liquid compositions. Chemical Engineering Journal 2010, 158(1):69-77.
65. Lee Q.F., Bennington C.P.J. Measuring flow velocity and uniformity in a model batch digester using electrical resistance tomography. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2007, 85(1):55-64.
66. Lee, Q.F., Bennington, C.P.J., 2007b. Spatial distribution of kappa number in batch digesters: 2D model.
67. Lee Q.F., Bennington C.P.J. Liquor flow in a model kraft batch digester. Chemical Engineering Journal 2010, 158(1):51-60.
68. Li L., Wei J. Three-dimensional image analysis of mixing in stirred vessels. AIChE Journal 1999, 45(9):1855-1865.
69. Li R.F., Liu L., Wang X.Z., Tweedie R., Primrose K., Corbett J., McNeil-Watson F. Multivariate statistical control of emulsion and nanoparticle slurry processes based on process tomography, dynamic light scattering, and acoustic sensor data. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 2009, 27:1317-1322.
70. Lin L., Shi H.T., Wang X.G. Application of optimized DDS based on FPGA in the two-phase flow. Guangzhou 2011, 268-270:2066-2071.
71. Liu L., Li R.F., Collins S., Wang X.Z., Tweedie R., Primrose K. Ultrasound spectroscopy and electrical resistance tomography for online characterisation of concentrated emulsions in crossflow membrane emulsifications. Powder Technology 2011, 213(1):123-131.
72. Lucas G.P., Cory J., Waterfall R.C., Loh W.W., Dickin F.J. Measurement of the solids volume fraction and velocity distributions in solids-liquid flows using dual-plane electrical resistance tomography. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 1999, 10(4):249-258.
73. Lucas G.P., Cory J.C., Waterfall R.C. A six-electrode local probe for measuring solids velocity and volume fraction profiles in solids-water flows. Measurement Science and Technology 2000, 11(10):1498-1509.
74. Lv Y., Zhang X., Li Z. Study on ERT system of smart layer of carbon fiber composite. Shanghai 2011, 48-49:1154-1157.
75. Ma Y., Zheng Z., Liu X., Wu Y. Application of electrical resistance tomography system to monitor gas/liquid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2001, 12(4):259-265.
76. Madupu, A., Mazumdar, A., Zhang, J., Roelant, D., Srivastava, R., 2005. Electrical resistance tomography for real-time mapping of the solid-liquid interface in tanks containing optically opaque fluids, San Jose, CA.
77. Mann, R., 2009. ERT imaging and linkage to CFD for stirred vessels in the chemical process industry, Hong Kong.
78. Mann R., Dickin F.J., Wang M., Dyakowski T., Williams R.A., Edwards R.B., Forrest A.E., Holden P.J. Application of electrical resistance tomography to interrogate mixing processes at plant scale. Chemical Engineering Science 1997, 52(13):2087-2097.
79. Mann R., Stanley S., Vlaev D., Wabo E., Primrose K. Augmented-reality visualization of fluid mixing in stirred chemical reactors using electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2001, 10(3):620-629.
80. Mann, R., Stanley, S.J., Vlaev, D., Wabo, E., Primrose, K., 2001b. Augmented-reality visualisation of fluid mixing in stirred chemical reactors using electrical resistance tomography (ERT), Boston, MA.
81. Mann R., Stephenson D.R., Bolton G.T. Recent developments in electrical resistance tomography for the pharmaceutical industries. Chimica Oggi 2008, 26(1 Suppl. Pat.):6-8.
82. Mann R., Wang M., Forrest A.E., Holden P.J., Dickin F.J., Dyakowski T., Edwards R.B. Gas-liquid and miscible liquid mixing in a plant-scale vessel monitored using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Communications 1999, 175:39-48.
83. Mann R., Williams R.A., Dyakowski T., Dickin F.J., Edwards R.B. Development of mixing models using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Science 1997, 52(13):2073-2085.
84. McKee S.L., Williams R.A., Boxman A. Development of solid-liquid mixing models using tomographic techniques. The Chemical Engineering Journal and The Biochemical Engineering Journal 1995, 56(3):101-107.
85. McKee S.L., Wlliams R.A., Dyakowski T., Bell T.A. Industrial application of electrical tomography to conveying processes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 1993, 71(A3):347-349.
86. Meng, Z., Huang, Z., Wang, B., Ji, H., Li, H., 2009. Flowrate measurement of air-water two-phase flow using an Electrical Resistance Tomography sensor and a Venturi meter, Singapore.
87. Meng Z., Huang Z., Wang B., Ji H., Li H., Yan Y. Air-water two-phase flow measurement using a Venturi meter and an electrical resistance tomography sensor. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2010, 21(3):268-276.
88. Miettinen T., Laakhonen M., Aittamaa J. Comparison of various flow visualisation techniques in a gas-liquid mixed tank. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 2003, 14:773-778.
89. Norman J.T., Bonnecaze R.T. Measurement of solids distribution in suspension flows using electrical resistance tomography. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005, 83(1):24-36.
90. Pachowko A.D., Poole C., Wang M., Rhodes D. Measurement of slurry density profiles in horizontal pipes by using electrical resistance tomography. Hydrotransport 16th International Conference 2 2004, 481-495.
91. Pakzad L., Ein-Mozaffari F., Chan P. Measuring mixing time in the agitation of non-Newtonian fluids through electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2008, 31(12):1838-1845.
92. Pakzad L., Ein-Mozaffari F., Chan P. Using electrical resistance tomography and computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the formation of cavern in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress. Chemical Engineering Science 2008, 63(9):2508-2522.
93. Pakzad L., Ein-Mozaffari F., Upreti S.R., Lohi A. Characterisation of the mixing of non-newtonian fluids with a scaba 6SRGT impeller through ert and CFD. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012.
94. Park B.G., Moon J.H., Lee B.S., Kim S. An electrical resistance tomography technique for the monitoring of a radioactive waste separation process. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2008, 35(10):1307-1310.
95. Parvareh A., Rahimi M., Alizadehdakhel A., Alsairafi A.A. CFD and ERT investigations on two-phase flow regimes in vertical and horizontal tubes. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2010, 37(3):304-311.
96. Pinheiro P.A.T., Loh W.W., Wang M., Mann R., Waterfall R.C. Three-dimensional electrical resistance tomography in a stirred mixing vessel. Chemical Engineering Communications 1999, 175:25-38.
97. Podd F.J.W., Schlaberg H.I., Hoyle B.S. Model-based parameterization of a hydrocyclone air-core. Ultrasonics 2000, 38(1):804-808.
98. PTL, 2012. Process Tomography Ltd. Retrieved 24/5/2012, 2012, from. http://www.tomography.com/aboutptl.htm.
99. Qi, G.H., Dong, F., Xu, V.B., Wu, M.M., Hu, J., 2005. Gas/liquid two-phase flow regime identification in horizontal pipe using support vector machines, Guangzhou.
100. Ramskill N.P., Wang M. Boolean logic analysis for flow regime recognition of gas-liquid horizontal flow. Measurement Science and Technology 2011, 22(10).
101. Razzak, S., Barghi, S., Zhu, J., 2007a. Measurement of holdup and propagation velocities in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed using Electrical Resistance Tomography, Salt Lake City, UT.
102. Razzak S.A., Barghi S., Zhu J.X. Electrical resistance tomography for flow characterization of a gas-liquid-solid three-phase circulating fluidized bed. Chemical Engineering Science 2007, 62(24):7253-7263.
103. Razzak, S.A., Barghi, S., Zhu, J.X., 2008. Local holdups and phase propagation velocity measurement in GLSCFB riser using electrical resistance tomography and optical fibre probe, Philadelphia, PA.
104. Razzak S.A., Barghi S., Zhu J.X. Application of electrical resistance tomography on liquid-solid two-phase flow characterization in an LSCFB riser. Chemical Engineering Science 2009, 64(12):2851-2858.
105. Razzak S.A., Barghi S., Zhu J.X. Axial hydrodynamic studies in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser. Powder Technology 2010, 199(1):77-86.
106. Razzak S.A., Barghi S., Zhu J.X. Phase distributions in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010, 88(4):579-585.
107. Razzak S.A., Barghi S., Zhu J.X., Mi Y. Phase holdup measurement in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB) riser using electrical resistance tomography and optical fibre probe. Chemical Engineering Journal 2009, 147(2-3):210-218.
108. Razzak S.A., Zhu J.X., Barghi S. Particle shape, density, and size effects on the distribution of phase holdups in an LSCFB riser. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2009, 32(8):1236-1244.
109. Razzak S.A., Zhu J.X., Barghi S. Radial distributions of phase holdups and phase propagation velocities in a three-phase gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed (GLSCFB) riser. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009, 48(1):281-289.
110. Razzak S.A., Zhu J.X., Barghi S. Effects of particle shape, density, and size on a distribution of phase holdups in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2010, 49(15):6998-7007.
111. Regner M., Henningsson M., Wiklund J., Östergren K., Trägårdh C. Predicting the displacement of Yoghurt by water in a pipe using CFD. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2007, 30(7):844-853.
112. Ricard F., Brechtelsbauer C., Xu X.Y., Lawrence C.J. Monitoring of multiphase pharmaceutical processes using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2005, 83(7 A):794-805.
113. Rodgers T.L., Cooke M., Siperstein F.R., Kowalski A. Mixing and dissolution times for a cowles disk agitator in large-scale emulsion preparation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009, 48(14):6859-6868.
114. Rodgers T.L., Gangolf L., Vannier C., Parriaud M., Cooke M. Mixing times for process vessels with aspect ratios greater than one. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66(13):2935-2944.
115. Rodgers T.L., Kowalski A. An electrical resistance tomography method for determining mixing in batch addition with a level change. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2010, 88(2):204-212.
116. Rodgers T.L., Siperstein F.R., Mann R., York T.A., Kowalski A. Comparison of a networks-of-zones fluid mixing model for a baffled stirred vessel with three-dimensional electrical resistance tomography. Measurement Science and Technology 2011, 22(10).
117. Ruzinsky F., Bennington C.P.J. Aspects of liquor flow in a model chip digester measured using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Journal 2007, 130(2-3):67-74.
118. Schlaberg H.I., Baas J.H., Wang M., Best J.L., Williams R.A., Peakall J. Electrical Resistance Tomography for suspended sediment measurements in open channel flows using a novel sensor design. Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2006, 23(3-4):313-320.
119. Scott D.M., McCann H. Process Imaging for Automatic Control 2005, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group.
120. Sharifi M., Young B. The potential utilisation of ERT for monitoring and control in milk powder processing. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of Industrial Process Tomography 2010.
121. Sharifi M., Young B. 3-Dimensional spatial monitoring of tanks for the milk processing industry using electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Food Engineering 2011, 105(2):312-319.
122. Sharifi M., Young B. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) for flow and velocity profile measurement of a single phase liquid in a horizontal pipe. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2012, 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.02.004.
123. Sharifi M., Young B. Milk total solids and fat content soft sensing via electrical resistance tomography and temperature measurement. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2012, 90(4):659-666.
124. Sharifi M., Young B. Qualitative visualization and quantitative analysis of milk flow using electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Food Engineering 2012, 112:227-242.
125. Sharifi M., Young B. Towards an online milk concentration sensor using ERT: correlation of conductivity, temperature and composition. Journal of Food Engineering 2013, 116:86-96.
126. Simmons M.J.H., Edwards I., Hall J.F., Fan X., Parker D.J., Stitt E.H. Techniques for visualization of cavern boundaries in opaque industrial mixing systems. AIChE Journal 2009, 55(11):2765-2772.
127. Stanley S., Bolton G., Bolton L., Featonby P. Seeing is believing. Chemical Engineer 2009, 812:38-40.
128. Stanley S.J. Tomographic imaging during reactive precipitation in a stirred vessel: Mixing with chemical reaction. Chemical Engineering Science 2006, 61(24):7850-7863.
129. Stanley S.J., Bolton G.T. A review of recent electrical resistance tomography (ERT) applications for wet particulate processing. Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2008, 25(3):207-215.
130. Stanley S.J., Hristov H., Mann R., Primrose K. Reconciling electrical resistance tomography (ERT) measurements with a fluid mixing model for semi-batch operation of a stirred vessel. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005, 83(1):48-54.
131. Stanley S.J., Mann R., Primrose K. Tomographic imaging of fluid mixing in three dimensions for single-feed semi-batch operation of a stirred vessel. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2002, 80(8):903-909.
132. Stanley S.J., Mann R., Primrose K. Interrogation of a precipitation reaction by electrical resistance tomography (ERT). AIChE Journal 2005, 51(2):607-614.
133. Stephenson D.R., Cooke M., Kowalski A., York T.A. Determining jet mixing characteristics using electrical resistance tomography. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2007, 18(5-6):204-210.
134. Stephenson, D.R., Cooke, M., Kowalski, A., York, T.A., 2007b. Investigating jet mixing using electrical resistance tomography, Macau.
135. Stevenson R., Harrison S.T.L., Mantle M.D., Sederman A.J., Moraczewski T.L., Johns M.L. Analysis of partial suspension in stirred mixing cells using both MRI and ERT. Chemical Engineering Science 2010, 65(4):1385-1393.
136. Stevenson R., Harrison S.T.L., Miles N., Cilliers J.J. Examination of swirling flow using electrical resistance tomography. Powder Technology 2006, 162(2):157-165.
137. Sutherland A.P.N., Long T.M., Randall E.W., Wilkinson A.J. Determining concentration and velocity profiles of non-Newtonian settling slurries using electrical resistance tomography. SIAMM-Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2008, 108(10):583-590.
138. Tahvildarian P., Ng H., D'Amato M., Drappel S., Ein-Mozaffari F., Upreti S.R. Using electrical resistance tomography images to characterize the mixing of micron-sized polymeric particles in a slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal 2011, 172(1):517-525.
139. Takriff M.S., Hamzah A.A., Kamarudin S.K., Abdullah J. Electrical resistance tomography investigation of gas dispersion in gas-liquid mixing in an agitated vessel. Journal of Applied Sciences 2009, 9(17):3110-3115.
140. Tan, C., Dong, F., 2006a. Two-phase flow measurement by dual-plane ERT system with drift-flux modeland cross correlation thechnique, Dalian.
141. Tan, C., Dong, F., 2006b. Two-phase flow regime recognition in horizontal pipe based on positional information of measured data of ERT, Sorrento.
142. Tan, C., Dong, F., 2009. Gas-water two-phase flow regime recognition with data and feature fusion from a dual-plane ert system, Tianjian.
143. Tan, C., Dong, F., Hua, S., Qi, G., 2007a. Gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement with dual-plane ERT system in vertical pipes, Macau.
144. Tan C., Dong F., Wu M. Identification of gas/liquid two-phase flow regime through ERT-based measurement and feature extraction. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2007, 18(5-6):255-261.
145. Tan C., Dong F., Xu Y.Y. An information fusion method of ERT data for gas-water two-phase flow regime recognition. Kung Cheng Je Wu Li Hsueh Pao/Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 2010, 31(5):785-788.
146. Tomoflow, 2012. Tomoflow. Retrieved 24/5/2012, from. http://www.tomoflow.com/about.htm.
147. Toye D., Fransolet E., Simon D., Crine M., L'Homme G., Marchot P. Possibilities and limits of application of Electrical Resistance Tomography in hydrodynamics of bubble columns. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005, 83(1):4-10.
148. Vijayan M., Schlaberg H.I., Wang M. Effects of sparger geometry on the mechanism of flow pattern transition in a bubble column. Chemical Engineering Journal 2007, 130(2-3):171-178.
149. Vlaev D., Wang M., Dyakowski T., Mann R., Grieve B.D. Detecting filter-cake pathologies in solid-liquid filtration: Semi-tech scale demonstrations using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). Chemical Engineering Journal 2000, 77(1-2):87-91.
150. Vlaev D.S., Bennington C.P.J. Using electrical resistance tomography to image liquor flow in a model digester. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 2004, 30(1):15-21.
151. Vlaev D.S., Bennington C.P.J. Flow uniformity in a model digester measured with electrical resistance tomography. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005, 83(1):42-47.
152. Vlaev D.S., Bennington C.P.J. Flow of liquor through wood chips in a model digester. Chemical Engineering Communications 2006, 193(7):879-890.
153. Wabo E., Kagoshima M., Mann R. Batch stirred vessel mixing evaluated by visualized reactive tracers and electrical tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2004, 82(9 (special issue)):1229-1236.
154. Wang M., Cilliers J.J. Detecting non-uniform foam density using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Science 1999, 54(5):707-712.
155. Wang M., Dorward A., Vlaev D., Mann R. Measurements of gas-liquid mixing in a stirred vessel using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). Chemical Engineering Journal 2000, 77(1-2):93-98.
156. Wang, M., Jia, X., Bennet, M., Williams, R.A., 2001. Electrical tomographic imaging for bubble column measurement and control, Boston, MA.
157. Wang M., Jones T.F., Williams R.A. Visualization of asymmetric solids distribution in horizontal swirling flows using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2003, 81(8):854-861.
158. Wang M., Lucas G., Dai Y., Panayotopoulos N., Williams R.A. Visualisation of bubbly velocity distribution in a swirling flow using Electrical Resistance Tomography. Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 2006, 23(3-4):321-329.
159. Wang, M., Ma, Y., Williams, R.A., Wu, Y., Li, D., Li, H., Zheng, Z., 2003b. Characterization of gas-water flow using electrical resistance imaging, San Remo.
160. Wang M., Yin W. Measurements of the concentration and velocity distribution in miscible liquid mixing using electrical resistance tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2001, 79(8):883-886.
161. Wang R., Lee B.A., Lee J.S., Kim K.Y., Kim S. Analytical estimation of liquid film thickness in two-phase annular flow using electrical resistance measurement. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2012, 36(7):2833-2840.
162. Wang X.Z., Liu L., Li R., Tweedie R.J., Primrose K., Corbett J., McNeil-Watson F. Online monitoring of nanoparticle suspensions using dynamic light scattering, ultrasound spectroscopy and process tomography. Computer Aided Chemical Enginnering 2009, 26:351-356.
163. Wang X.Z., Liu L., Li R.F., Tweedie R.J., Primrose K., Corbett J., McNeil-Watson F.K. Online characterisation of nanoparticle suspensions using dynamic light scattering, ultrasound spectroscopy and process tomography. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009, 87(6):874-884.
164. Wei Y., Wang S., Yang G., Liu K.-x. Simulation study for the measurement of two-phase flow based on Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT). Dongbei Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northeastern University 2000, 21(5):494-497.
165. West R.M., Jia X., Williams R.A. Quantification of solid-liquid mixing using electrical resistance and positron emission tomography. Chemical Engineering Communications 1999, 175:71-97.
166. Williams R.A., Beck M.S. Process Tomography; Principles, Techniques and Applications 1995, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
167. Williams R.A., Ilyas O.M., Dyakowski T. Air core imaging in cyclonic coal separators using electrical resistance tomography. Coal Preparation 1995, 15(3-4):149-163.
168. Williams R.A., Ilyas O.M., Dyakowski T., Dickin F.J., Gutierrez J.A., Wang M., Beck M.S., Shah C., Rushton A. Air core imaging in cyclonic separators: implications for separator design and modelling. The Chemical Engineering Journal and The Biochemical Engineering Journal 1995, 56(3):135-141.
169. Williams R.A., Jia X., McKee S.L. Development of slurry mixing models using resistance tomography. Powder Technology 1996, 87(1):21-27.
170. Williams R.A., Jia X., West R.M., Wang M., Cullivan J.C., Bond J., Faulks I., Dyakowski T., Wang S.J., Climpson N., Kostuch J.A., Payton D. Industrial monitoring of hydrocyclone operation using electrical resistance tomography. Minerals Engineering 1999, 12(10):1245-1252.
171. Wood R.J.K., Jones T.F. Investigations of sand-water induced erosive wear of AISI 304L stainless steel pipes by pilot-scale and laboratory-scale testing. Wear 2003, 255(1-6):206-218.
172. Wood R.J.K., Jones T.F., Ganeshalingam J. Erosion in swirl-inducing pipes 2002, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Montreal, Que./United states.
173. Wood R.J.K., Jones T.F., Ganeshalingam J., Miles N.J. Comparison of predicted and experimental erosion estimates in slurry ducts. Wear 2004, 256(9-10):937-947.
174. Wu, M.M., Dong, F., Qi, G.H., 2006. Feature extraction method for gas/liquid two-phase flow based on wavelets transform, Dalian.
175. Wu Y., Li H., Wang M., Williams R.A. Characterization of air-water two-phase vertical flow by using electrical resistance imaging. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2005, 83(1):37-41.
176. Xu J.Y., Wang M., Wu Y.X., Schlaberg H.I., Zheng Z.C., Williams R.A. An experimental study of in-situ phase fraction in jet pump using electrical resistance tomography technique. Chinese Physics Letters 2007, 24(2):512-515.
177. Xu, J.Y., Wang, M., Wu, Y.X., Zheng, Z.C., Schlaberg, H.I., Williams, R.A., 2007b. In-situ measurement of two-phase fraction in jet-pump using the ERT technique, Macau.
178. Xu J.y.Y., Wu x.Z., Zheng c., Wang M., Munir B., Oluwadarey H.I., Schlaberg H.I., Williams R.A. Measurement of solid slurry flow via correlation of Electromagnetic Flow Meter, electrical resistance tomography and mechanistic modelling. Journal of Hydrodynamics 2009, 21(4):557-563.
179. Xu Y., Cui Z., Wang H., Dong F., Chen X., Yang W. Independent component analysis of interface fluctuation of gas/liquid two-phase flows - experimental study. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2009, 20(6):220-229.
180. Xu Y., Wang H., Cui Z. Phase information extraction of gas/liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipe based on independent component analysis. Huagong Xuebao/CIESC Journal 2009, 60(12):3012-3018.
181. Xu, Y., Wang H., Cui, Z., Dong, F., 2009d. Application of electrical resistance tomography for slug flow measurement in gas/liquid flow of horizontal pipe, Hong Kong.
182. Xu, Y., Wang H., Cui, Z., Dong, F., Yin, W., 2010a. Cyclostationarity in electrical resistance tomography data from gas/liquid two-phase flow, Austin, TX.
183. Xu Y.B., Wang H.X., Cui Z.Q. Phase interface identification of gas/water two-phase flow in horizontal pipe. Tianjin Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue yu Gongcheng Jishu Ban)/Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology 2010, 43(8):743-748.
184. Yenjaichon, W., Grace, J.R., Lim, J.C., Bennington, C.P.J., 2011a. Characterization of liquid-pulp fiber suspension mixing at tee mixers based on electrical resistance tomography, Minneapolis, MN.
185. Yenjaichon W., Pageau G., Bhole M., Bennington C.P.J., Grace J.R. Assessment of mixing quality for an industrial pulp mixer using electrical resistance tomography. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2011, 89(5):996-1004.
186. Yin, W., Wang, H., 2003. Quantification of Swirling Flow in Hydraulic Conveying from Resistance Tomography Images. Vail, CO.
187. Yu J. Study on a Voidage Measurement Method Based on ERT System and Otsu Algorithm 2008, Yantai, Shandong.
188. Zhang, F., Dong, F., 2008. Application of D-S evidence theory in flow regime identification of two-phase horizontal pipe flow, Kunming, Yunnan.
189. Zhang X., Zhu S., Li Z. Electrical resistance tomography experiment of carbon fiber smart layers. Huazhong Keji Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition) 2010, 38(5):121-123.
190. Zhao X., Lucas G.P. Use of a novel dual-sensor probe array and electrical resistance tomography for characterization of the mean and time-dependent properties of inclined, bubbly oil-in-water pipe flows. Measurement Science and Technology 2011, 22(10).
191. Zhao Z.F., Mehrvar M., Ein-Mozaffari F. Mixing time in an agitated multi-lamp cylindrical photoreactor using electrical resistance tomography. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2008, 83(12):1676-1688.