Biologic agents in islet transplantation

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 713-722

  Gala Lopez, Boris ^a   Pepper, Andrew R ^a   Shapiro, A M James ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute rejection; Antibodies; Biologic agents; Graft survival; Immune response; Immunosuppression; Induction strategies; Islet transplantation; Maintenance schemes

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ALEMTUZUMAB; ATACICEPT; BASILIXIMAB; BELATACEPT; BELIMUMAB; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1S INHIBITOR; CYCLOSPORIN; DACLIZUMAB; ECULIZUMAB; EFALIZUMAB; ETANERCEPT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; INSULIN; LUCATUMUMAB; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB; TACROLIMUS; TEPLIZUMAB; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; TORALIZUMAB; VACCINE;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ALLOIMMUNITY; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CELL CULTURE; CELL ISOLATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENGRAFTMENT; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LONG TERM CARE; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS ISLET CELL; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PSORIASIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVASCULARIZATION; SIDE EFFECT; STEROID THERAPY; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL FACTORS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 84884596423     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0414-8     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Ryan EA, Korbutt GS, Toth E, Warnock GL, et al. Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. The New England journal of medicine. 2000;343(4):230-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007273430401.
2. Kaufman DB, Shapiro R, Lucey MR, Cherikh WS RTB, Dyke DB. Immunosuppression: practice and trends. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2004;4 Suppl 9:38-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6135. 2004.00397.x.
3. Shapiro AM. A historical perspective on experimental and clinical islet transplantation. In: Shapiro AM, Shaw JA, editors. Islet transplantation and beta cell replacement therapy. New York, London: Informa Healthcare; 2007.
4. Gabardi S, Martin ST, Roberts KL, Grafals M. Induction immunosuppressive therapies in renal transplantation. American journal of health-system pharmacy: AJHP: official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2011;68(3):211-8. doi: 10.2146/ajhp090636.
5. Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ, Auchincloss H, Lindblad R, Robertson RP, et al. International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 2006;355(13):1318-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061267.
6. Ryan EA, Paty BW, Senior PA, Bigam D, Alfadhli E, Kneteman NM, et al. Five-year follow-up after clinical islet transplantation. Diabetes. 2005;54(7):2060-9.
7. Jahansouz C, Kumer SC, Brayman KL. Evolution of beta-Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Islet Cell Transplantation. Journal of transplantation. 2011;2011:247959. doi: 10.1155/2011/247959.
8. Arora S, Tangirala B, Osadchuk L, Sureshkumar KK. Belatacept: a new biological agent for maintenance immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2012;12(7):965-79. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.683522.
9. •• Page EK, Dar WA, Knechtle SJ. Biologics in organ transplantation. Transpl Int. 2012;25(7):707-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012. 01456.x. This is a comprehensive systematic review on the use of biologics in the field of organ transplantation.
10. Kantha SS. A centennial review; the 1890 tetanus antitoxin paper of von Behring and Kitasato and the related developments. Keio J Med. 1991;40(1):35-9.
11. Bristow AF. Assignment of quantities to biological medicines: an old problem re-discovered. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011;369(1953):4004-13. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0175.
12. Bristow AF, Barrowcliffe T, Bangham DR. Standardization of biological medicines: the first hundred years, 1900-2000. Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 2006;60(3):271-89.
13. Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256(5517):495-7.
14. • Cooper JE, Wiseman AC. Novel immunosuppressive agents in kidney transplantation. Clin Nephrol. 2010;73(5):333-43. This inclusive review outlines novel immunosuppressive agents currently utilized in kidney transplantation; however, these therapeutic strategies may be relevant to islet transplantation.
15. Reichert JM. Metrics for antibody therapeutics development. MAbs. 2010;2(6):695-700.
16. Reichert JM. Next generation and biosimilar monoclonal antibodies: essential considerations towards regulatory acceptance in Europe. February 3-4, 2011. Freiburg, Germany MAbs. 2011;3(3):223-40.
17. Reichert JM. Which are the antibodies to watch in 2012? MAbs. 2012;4(1):1-3. doi: 10.4161/mabs.4.1.18719.
18. Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ. Formulation and delivery issues for monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(5-6):686-706. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.011.
19. Reichert JM. Which are the antibodies to watch in 2013? MAbs. 2013;5(1):1-4. doi: 10.4161/mabs.22976.
20. Tabrizi MA, Roskos LK. Preclinical and clinical safety of monoclonal antibodies. Drug Discov Today. 2007;12(13-14):540-7. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007. 05.010.
21. Wadhwa M, Bird C, Dilger P, Gaines-Das R, Thorpe R. Strategies for detection, measurement and characterization of unwanted antibodies induced by therapeutic biologicals. J Immunol Methods. 2003;278(1-2):1-17.
22. Weir AB. Hazard identification and risk assessment for biologics targeting the immune system. J Immunotoxicol. 2008;5(1):3-10. doi: 10.1080/15476910801897409.
23. Weclawiak H, Kamar N, Ould-Mohamed A, Cardeau-Desangles I, Rostaing L. Rationale for using belatacept in combination with sirolimus. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(9 Suppl):S29-31. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.003.
24. Weclawiak H, Kamar N, Ould-Mohamed A, Cardeau-Desangles I, Rostaing L. Biological agents in kidney transplantation: belatacept is entering the field. Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2010;10(10):1501-8. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2010.514901.
25. Huurman VA, Kalpoe JS, van de Linde P, Vaessen N, Ringers J, Kroes AC, et al. Choice of antibody immunotherapy influences cytomegalovirus viremia in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):842-7.
26. Beiras-Fernandez A, Thein E, Hammer C. Induction of immunosuppression with polyclonal antithymocyte globulins: an overview. Experimental and clinical transplantation: official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation. 2003;1(2):79-84.
27. • Bellin MD, Barton FB, Heitman A, Harmon JV, Kandaswamy R, Balamurugan AN, et al. Potent induction immunotherapy promotes long-term insulin independence after islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2012;12(6):1576-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03977.x. This is an important study using Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data to demonstrate the significant benefits of potent induction with biologics to achieve long-term insulin independence after islet transplant.
28. Webster AC, Pankhurst T, Rinaldi F, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody therapy for treating acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized trial data. Transplantation. 2006;81(7):953-65. doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000215178.72344.9d.
29. Begum S, Chen W, Herold KC, Papaioannou VE. Remission of type 1 diabetes after anti-CD3 antibody treatment and transplantation of embryonic pancreatic precursors. Endocrinology. 2009;150(10):4512-20. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0287.
30. Hering BJ, Kandaswamy R, Harmon JV, Ansite JD, Clemmings SM, Sakai T, et al. Transplantation of cultured islets from two-layer preserved pancreases in type 1 diabetes with anti-CD3 antibody. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2004;4(3):390-401.
31. Baeke F, Van Belle TL, Takiishi T, Ding L, Korf H, Laureys J, et al. Low doses of anti-CD3, ciclosporin A and the vitamin D analogue, TX527, synergise to delay recurrence of autoimmune diabetes in an islet-transplanted NOD mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012;55(10):2723-32. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012- 2630-1.
32. Narang AS, Mahato RI. Biological and biomaterial approaches for improved islet transplantation. Pharmacological reviews. 2006;58(2):194-243. doi: 10.1124/pr.58.2.6.
33. Mottershead M, Neuberger J. Daclizumab. Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2007;7(10):1583-96. doi: 10.1517/14712598.7.10.1583.
34. Boettler T, von Herrath M. Immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes-how to rationally prioritize combination therapies in T1D. International immunopharmacology. 2010;10(12):1491-5. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.008.
35. Shapiro AM. State of the art of clinical islet transplantation and novel protocols of immunosuppression. Current diabetes reports. 2011;11(5):345-54. doi: 10.1007/s11892-011-0217-8.
36. Oberholzer J, Triponez F, Mage R, Andereggen E, Buhler L, Cretin N, et al. Human islet transplantation: lessons from 13 autologous and 13 allogeneic transplantations. Transplantation. 2000;69(6):1115-23.
37. Terasaki PI. A personal perspective: 100-year history of the humoral theory of transplantation. Transplantation. 2012;93(8):751-6. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3182483713.
38. Froud T, Baidal DA, Faradji R, Cure P, Mineo D, Selvaggi G, et al. Islet transplantation with alemtuzumab induction and calcineurin-free maintenance immunosuppression results in improved short- and long-term outcomes. Transplantation. 2008;86(12):1695-701. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31819025e5.
39. Tan J, Yang S, Cai J, Guo J, Huang L, Wu Z, et al. Simultaneous islet and kidney transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen with alemtuzumab induction. Diabetes. 2008;57(10):2666-71. doi: 10.2337/db08-0358.
40. Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Paty BW, Senior PA, Bigam DL, Ryan EA. Strategic opportunities in clinical islet transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;79(10):1304-7.
41. Martin ST, Tichy EM, Gabardi S. Belatacept: a novel biologic for maintenance immunosuppression after renal transplantation. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(4):394-407. doi: 10.1592/phco.31.4.394.
42. Weisman MH, Durez P, Hallegua D, Aranda R, Becker JC, Nuamah I, et al. Reduction of inflammatory biomarker response by abatacept in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2006;33(11):2162-6.
43. Latek R, Fleener C, Lamian V, Kulbokas 3rd E, Davis PM, Suchard SJ, et al. Assessment of belatacept-mediated costimulation blockade through evaluation of CD80/86-receptor saturation. Transplantation. 2009;87(6):926-33. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31819b5a58.
44. Durrbach A, Pestana JM, Pearson T, Vincenti F, Garcia VD, Campistol J, et al. A phase III study of belatacept versus cyclosporine in kidney transplants from extended criteria donors (BENEFIT-EXT study). American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2010;10(3):547-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03016.x.
45. Lowe MC, Badell IR, Turner AP, Thompson PW, Leopardi FV, Strobert EA, et al. Belatacept and sirolimus prolong nonhuman primate islet allograft survival: adverse consequences of concomitant alefacept therapy. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2013;13(2):312-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04341.x.
46. • Posselt AM, Szot GL, Frassetto LA, Masharani U, Tavakol M, Amin R, et al. Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients using calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocols based on T-cell adhesion or costimulation blockade. Transplantation. 2010;90(12):1595-601. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181fe1377. This study describes two novel immunosuppressive strategies for achieving insulin independence after islet transplantation that do not rely on CNIs or other nephrotoxic and cell toxic immunosuppressive agents.
47. Turgeon NA, Avila JG, Cano JA, Hutchinson JJ, Badell IR, Page AJ, et al. Experience with a novel efalizumab-based immunosuppressive regimen to facilitate single donor islet cell transplantation. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2010;10(9):2082-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143. 2010.03212.x.
48. Schwab N, Ulzheimer JC, Fox RJ, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Kieseier BC, Monoranu CM, et al. Fatal PML associated with efalizumab therapy: insights into integrin alphaLbeta2 in JC virus control. Neurology. 2012;78(7):458-67. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182478d4b. discussion 65.
49. Kothary N, Diak IL, Brinker A, Bezabeh S, Avigan M, Dal PG. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with efalizumab use in psoriasis patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2011;65(3):546-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.05.033.
50. Rewers M, Gottlieb P. Immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes: human trials and a look into the future. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(10):1769-82. doi: 10.2337/dc09-0374.
51. Bhatt S, Fung JJ, Lu L, Qian S. Tolerance-inducing strategies in islet transplantation. International journal of endocrinology. 2012;2012:396524. doi: 10.1155/2012/396524.
52. Halloran PF. Immunosuppressive drugs for kidney transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 2004;351(26):2715-29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra033540.
53. Hilgert I, Franek F, Stefanova I, Kaslik J, Jirka J, Kristofova H, et al. Therapeutic in vivo use of the A1-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Transplantation. 1993;55(2):435-8.
54. Kirk AD, Turgeon NA, Iwakoshi NN. B cells and transplantation tolerance. Nature reviews. Nephrology. 2010;6(10):584-93. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.111.
55. Faye A, Van Den Abeele T, Peuchmaur M, Mathieu-Boue A, Vilmer E. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Lancet. 1998;352(9136):1285. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70493-1.
56. Fischer A, Blanche S, Le Bidois J, Bordigoni P, Garnier JL, Niaudet P, et al. Anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of severe B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome following bone marrow and organ transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(21):1451-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199105233242102.
57. Porcheray F, Wong W, Saidman SL, De Vito J, Girouard TC, Chittenden M, et al. B-cell immunity in the context of T-cell tolerance after combined kidney and bone marrow transplantation in humans. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(9):2126-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02738.x.
58. Sarantopoulos S, Stevenson KE, Kim HT, Cutler CS, Bhuiya NS, Schowalter M, et al. Altered B-cell homeostasis and excess BAFF in human chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 2009;113(16):3865-74. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-177840.
59. Xu H, He X, Liu Q, Shi D, Chen Y, Zhu Y, et al. Abnormal high expression of B-cell activating factor belonging to the TNF superfamily (BAFF) associated with long-term outcome in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(5):1552-6. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.024.
60. Xu H, He X, Sun J, Shi D, Zhu Y, Zhang X. The expression of B-cell activating factor belonging to tumor necrosis factor superfamily (BAFF) significantly correlated with C4D in kidney allograft rejection. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(1):112-6. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.037.
61. Zarkhin V, Li L, Sarwal MM. BAFF may modulate the rate of B-cell repopulation after rituximab therapy for acute renal transplant rejection. Transplantation. 2009;88(10):1229-30. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181bbba1a.
62. Vivek K, Mustafa MM, Rodriguez E, Redfield 3rd RR, Parsons RF, Rostami S, et al. Strategies for B-lymphocyte repertoire remodeling in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Res. 2011;51(1):1-4. doi: 10.1007/s12026-011-8246-6.
63. Biglarnia AR, Nilsson B, Nilsson T, von Zur-Muhlen B, Wagner M, Berne C, et al. Prompt reversal of a severe complement activation by eculizumab in a patient undergoing intentional ABO-incompatible pancreas and kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2011;24(8):e61-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011. 01290.x.
64. Locke JE, Magro CM, Singer AL, Segev DL, Haas M, Hillel AT, et al. The use of antibody to complement protein C5 for salvage treatment of severe antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(1):231-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02451.x.
65. Kirschfink M. C1-inhibitor and transplantation. Immunobiology. 2002;205(4-5):534-41. doi: 10.1078/0171-2985-00152.
66. Mohacsi P, Rieben R, Sigurdsson G, Tschanz H, Schaffner T, Nydegger UE, et al. Successful management of a B-type cardiac allograft into an O-type man with 3(1/2)-year clinical follow-up. Transplantation. 2001;72(7):1328-30.
67. Shapiro AM, Nanji SA, Lakey JR. Clinical islet transplant: current and future directions towards tolerance. Immunological reviews. 2003;196:219-36.
68. Aoyagi T, Yamashita K, Suzuki T, Uno M, Goto R, Taniguchi M, et al. A human anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, 4D11, for kidney transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys: induction and maintenance therapy. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(8):1732-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02693.x.
69. Badell IR, Thompson PW, Turner AP, Russell MC, Avila JG, Cano JA, et al. Nondepleting anti-CD40-based therapy prolongs allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(1):126-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011. 03736.x.
70. Gibly RF, Graham JG, Luo X, Lowe Jr WL, Hering BJ, Shea LD. Advancing islet transplantation: from engraftment to the immune response. Diabetologia. 2011;54(10):2494-505. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2243-0.
71. Farney AC, Xenos E, Sutherland DE, Widmer M, Stephanian E, Field MJ, et al. Inhibition of pancreatic islet beta cell function by tumor necrosis factor is blocked by a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. Transplant Proc. 1993;25(1 Pt 2):865-6.
72. Bottino R, Fernandez LA, Ricordi C, Lehmann R, Tsan MF, Oliver R, et al. Transplantation of allogeneic islets of Langerhans in the rat liver: effects of macrophage depletion on graft survival and microenvironment activation. Diabetes. 1998;47(3):316-23.
73. Hering BJ, Kandaswamy R, Ansite JD, Eckman PM, Nakano M, Sawada T, et al. Single-donor, marginal-dose islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Jama. 2005;293(7):830-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.7.830.
74. Faradji RN, Tharavanij T, Messinger S, Froud T, Pileggi A, Monroy K, et al. Long-term insulin independence and improvement in insulin secretion after supplemental islet infusion under exenatide and etanercept. Transplantation. 2008;86(12):1658-65. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31818fe448.
75. Bellin MD, Kandaswamy R, Parkey J, Zhang HJ, Liu B, Ihm SH, et al. Prolonged insulin independence after islet allotransplants in recipients with type 1 diabetes. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(11):2463-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143. 2008.02404.x.
76. Takita M, Matsumoto S, Shimoda M, Chujo D, Itoh T, Sorelle JA, et al. Safety and tolerability of the T-cell depletion protocol coupled with anakinra and etanercept for clinical islet cell transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2012;26(5):E471-84. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12011.
77. Froud T, Ricordi C, Baidal DA, Hafiz MM, Ponte G, Cure P, et al. Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes mellitus using cultured islets and steroid-free immunosuppression: Miami experience. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(8):2037-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00957.x.
78. Shapiro AM. Strategies toward single-donor islets of Langerhans transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2011;16(6):627-31. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32834cfb84.
79. Hering BJ. Repurification: rescue rather than routine remedy. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2005;5(1):1-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00760.x.
80. Hering BJ, Kandaswamy R, Ansite JD, Eckman PM, Nakano M, Sawada T, et al. Single-donor, marginal-dose islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2005;293(7):830-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.7.830.
81. Koh A, Senior P, Salam A, Kin T, Imes S, Dinyari P, et al. Insulin-heparin infusions peritransplant substantially improve single-donor clinical islet transplant success. Transplantation. 2010;89(4):465-71. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181c478fd.
82. Matsumoto S, Takita M, Chaussabel D, Noguchi H, Shimoda M, Sugimoto K, et al. Improving Efficacy of Clinical Islet Transplantation with Iodixanol Based Islet Purification, Thymoglobulin Induction and Blockage of IL-1-beta and TNF-alpha. Cell transplantation. 2011. doi: 10.3727/096368910X564058.
83. Shapiro AM, Ricordi C. Unraveling the secrets of single donor success in islet transplantation. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2004;4(3):295-8.
84. Xenos ES, Farney AC, Widmer MB, Casanova D, Stevens RB, Blazar BR, et al. Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor on insulin secretion of isolated islets of Langerhans. Transplant Proc. 1992;24(6):2863-4.
85. McCall M, Pawlick R, Kin T, Shapiro AM. Anakinra potentiates the protective effects of etanercept in transplantation of marginal mass human islets in immunodeficient mice. American journal of transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2012;12(2):322-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03796.x.
86. Cechin SR, Perez-Alvarez I, Fenjves E, Molano RD, Pileggi A, Berggren PO, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Exenatide in Human Pancreatic Islets. Cell transplantation. 2011. doi: 10.3727/096368911X576027.
87. Faradji RN, Froud T, Messinger S, Monroy K, Pileggi A, Mineo D, et al. Long-term metabolic and hormonal effects of exenatide on islet transplant recipients with allograft dysfunction. Cell transplantation. 2009;18(10):1247-59. doi: 10.3727/096368909X474456.
88. Ghofaili KA, Fung M, Ao Z, Meloche M, Shapiro RJ, Warnock GL, et al. Effect of exenatide on beta cell function after islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes. Transplantation. 2007;83(1):24-8. doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000251379.46596. 2d.