Kaposi' s sarcoma in HIV-positive patients: The state of art in the HAART-era

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 17, Issue 17, 2013, Pages 2354-2365

  La Ferla, L ^a   Pinzone, M R ^a   Nunnari, G ^a   Martellotta, F ^b   Lleshi, A ^b   Tirelli, U ^b   De Paoli, P ^c   Berretta, M ^b   Cacopardo, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO ONCOLOGICO   (Italy)

^c Aviano National Cancer Institute   (Italy)

Author keywords

HAART; Herpesvirus; HHV 8; HIV; Kaposi

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ATAZANAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; BEVACIZUMAB; BLEOMYCIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GANCICLOVIR; IMATINIB; INCYCLINIDE; INDINAVIR; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 12; IRINOTECAN; LOPINAVIR; NAVELBINE; NELFINAVIR; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PACLITAXEL; RITONAVIR; TENIPOSIDE; THALIDOMIDE; VALGANCICLOVIR; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ALOPECIA; ARTICLE; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CRYOTHERAPY; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY; FEVER; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; KAPOSI SARCOMA; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOCAL THERAPY; MIXED INFECTION; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATHOGENESIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PROGNOSIS; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STOMATITIS; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TOPICAL TREATMENT;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DRUG DESIGN; HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; SARCOMA, KAPOSI;

EID: 84884229775     PISSN: 11283602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. PALELLA FJ, BAKER RK, MOORMAN AC, CHMIEL JS, WOOD KC, BROOKS JT, HOLMBERG SD; HIV OUTPATIENT STUDY INVESTIGATORS. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43: 27-34.
2. PINZONE MR, DI ROSA M, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G. HIV RNA suppression and immune restoration: can we do better? Clin Develop Immunol 2012; 2012: 515962.
3. NUNNARI G, OTERO M, DORNADULA G, VANELLA M, ZHANG H, FRANK I, POMERANTZ RJ. Residual HIV-1 disease in seminal cells of HIV-1-infected men on suppressive HAART: latency without on-going cellular infections. AIDS 2002; 16: 39-45.
4. NUNNARI G, LETO D, SULLIVAN J, XU Y, MEHLMAN KE, KULKOSKY J, POMERANTZ RJ. Seminal reservoirs during an HIV type 1 eradication trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21: 768-775.
5. NUNNARI G, SULLIVAN J, XU Y, NYIRJESY P, KULKOSKY J, CAVERT W, FRANK I, POMERANTZ RJ. HIV type 1 cervicovaginal reservoirs in the era of HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21: 714-718.
6. NUNNARI G, GUSSIO M, PINZONE MR, MARTELLOTTA F, COSENTINO S, CACOPARDO B, CELESIA BM. Cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-1-infected person: relapses or IRIS? Case report and review of the literature. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 1555-1559.
7. PINZONE MR, DI ROSA M, CELESIA BM, CONDORELLI F, MALAGUARNERA M, MADEDDU G, MARTELLOTTA F, CASTRONUOVO D, GUSSIO M, COCO C, PALERMO F, COSENTINO S, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G. LPS and HIV gp120 modulate monocyte/macrophage CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 expression leading to vitamin D consumption and hypovitaminosis D in HIV-infected individuals. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 1938-1950.
8. DORNADULA G, NUNNARI G, VANELLA M, ROMAN J, BABINCHAK T, DE SIMONE J, STERN J, BRAFFMAN M, ZHANG H, POMERANTZ RJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons with residual disease and virus reservoirs on suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy can be stratified into relevant virologic and immunologic subgroups. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1682-1687.
9. OTERO M, NUNNARI G, LETO D, SULLIVAN J, WANG FX, FRANK I, XU Y, PATEL C, DORNADULA G, KULKOSKY J, POMERANTZ RJ. Peripheral blood Dendritic cells are not a major reservoir for HIV type 1 in infected individuals on virally suppressive HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19: 1097-1103.
10. NUNNARI G, ARGYRIS E, FANG J, MEHLMAN KE, POMERANTZ RJ, DANIEL R. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by caffeine and caffeine-related methylxanthines. Virology 2005; 335: 177-184.
11. SMITH JA, NUNNARI G, PREUSS M, POMERANTZ RJ, DANIEL R. Pentoxifylline suppresses transduction by HIV-1-based vectors. Intervirology 2007; 50: 377-386.
12. PINZONE MR, CACOPARDO B, CONDORELLI F, DI ROSA M, NUNNARI G. Sirtuin-1 and HIV-1: An Overview. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14: 648-652.
13. WANG FX, XU Y, SULLIVAN J, SOUDER E, ARGYRIS EG, ACHEAMPONG EA, FISHER J, SIERRA M, THOMSON MM, NAJERA R, FRANK I, KULKOSKY J, POMERANTZ RJ, NUNNARI G. IL-7 is a potent and proviral strain-specific inducer of latent HIV-1 cellular reservoirs of infected individuals on virally suppressive HAART. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 128-137.
14. NUNNARI G, COCO C, PINZONE MR, PAVONE P, BERRETTA M, DI ROSA M, SCHNELL M, CALABRESE G, CACOPARDO B. The role of micronutrients in the diet of HIV-1-infected individuals. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4: 2442-2456.
15. ZANET E, BERRETTA M, DI BENEDETTO F, TALAMINI R, BALLARIN R, NUNNARI G, BERRETTA S, RIDOLFO A, LLESHI A, ZANGHÌ A, CAPPELLANI A, TIRELLI U. Pancreatic Cancer in HIV-Positive Patients: A Clinical Case-Control Study. Pancreas 2012; 41: 1331-1335.
16. BERRETTA M, GARLASSI E, CACOPARDO B, CAPPELLANI A, GUARALDI G, COCCHI S, DE PAOLI P, LLESHI A, IZZI I, TORRESIN A, DI GANGI P, PIETRANGELO A, FERRARI M, BEARZ A, BERRETTA S, NASTI G, DI BENEDETTO F, BALESTRERI L, TIRELLI U, VENTURA P. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Infected Patients: Check Early, Treat Hard. Oncologist 2011; 16: 1258-1269.
17. DI BENEDETTO F, TARANTINO G, ERCOLANI G, BACCARANI U, MONTALTI R, DE RUVO N, BERRETTA M, ADANI GL, ZANELLO M, TAVIO M, CAUTERO N, TIRELLI U, PINNA AD, GERUNDA GE, GUARALDI G. Multicenter Italian Experience in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Infected Patients. Oncologist 2013; 18: 592-599.
18. BIONDI A, MALAGUARNERA G, VACANTE M, BERRETTA M, D'AGATA V, MALAGUARNERA M, BASILE F, DRAGO F, BERTINO G. Elevated serum levels of Chromogranin A in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Surg 2012; 12(Suppl 1): S7.
19. TAVIO M, GROSSI P, BACCARANI U, SCUDELLER L, PEA F, BERRETTA M, ADANI G, VIVARELLI M, RIVA A, TIRELLI U, BRESADOLA V, VIALE P, RISALITI A. HIV-infected patients and liver transplantation: who, when and why. Curr HIV Res 2011; 9: 120-127.
20. MARTELLOTTA F, BERRETTA M, VACCHER E, SCHIOPPA O, ZANET E, TIRELLI U. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: state of the art and therapeutic strategies. Curr HIV Res 2009; 7: 634-638.
21. BERRETTA M, ZANET E, TAIBI R, MARTELLOTTA F, PAVONE P, BEARZ A, GOBITTI C, CIANCIA EM, CANZONIERI V, TIRELLI U. Leiomyosarcoma of the parotid gland in an HIV-positive patient: therapeutic approach, clinical course and review of the literature. J Chemother 2009; 21: 215-218.
22. SIMONELLI C, TEDESCHI R, GLOGHINI A, TALAMINI R, BORTOLIN MT, BERRETTA M, SPINA M, MORASSUT S, VACCHER E, DE PAOLI P, CARBONE A, TIRELLI U. Plasma HHV-8 viral load in HHV-8-related lymphoproliferative disorders associated with HIV infection. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 888-896.
23. BERRETTA M, ZANET E, DI BENEDETTO F, SIMONELLI C, BEARZ A, MORRA A, BONANNO S, BERRETTA S, TIRELLI U. Unusual presentation of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an HIV/HCV coinfected patient: case report and review of the literature. Tumori 2008; 94: 589-591.
24. DI BENEDETTO F, DI SANDRO S, DE RUVO N, BERRETTA M, MONTALTI R, GUERRINI GP, BALLARIN R, DE BLASIIS MG, SPAGGIARI M, SMERIERI N, IEMMOLO RM, GUARALDI G, GERUNDA GE. Human immunodeficiency virus and liver transplantation: our point of view. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 1965-1971.
25. DI BENEDETTO F, DI SANDRO S, DE RUVO N, BERRETTA M, MASETTI M, MONTALTI R, BALLARIN R, COCCHI S, POTENZA L, LUPPI M, GERUNDA GE. Kaposi's sarcoma after liver transplantation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134: 653-658.
26. DI BENEDETTO F, DE RUVO N, BERRETTA M, MASETTI M, MONTALTI R, DI SANDRO S, BALLARIN R, CODELUPPI M, GUARALDI G, GERUNDA GE. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV patients treated by liver transplantation. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 422-427.
27. BERRETTA M, MARTELLOTTA F, SIMONELLI C, DI BENEDETTO F, DE RUVO N, DRIGO A, BEARZ A, SPINA M, ZANET E, BERRETTA S, TIRELLI U. Cetuximab/targeted chemotherapy in an HIV-positive patient with metastatic colorectal cancer in the HAART era: a case report. J Chemother 2007; 19: 343-346.
28. DI BENEDETTO F, DE RUVO N, BERRETTA M, MASETTI M, MONTALTI R, DI SANDRO S, BALLARIN R, CODELUPPI M, GUARALDI G, GERUNDA GE. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV patients treated by liver transplantation. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 422-427.
29. NASTI G, MARTELLOTTA F, BERRETTA M, MENA M, FASAN M, DI PERRI G, TALAMINI R, PAGANO G, MONTRONI M, CINELLI R, VACCHER E, D'ARMINIO MONFORTE A, TIRELLI U; GICAT; ICONA. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the presenting features and outcome of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer 2003; 98: 2440-2446.
30. BERRETTA M, CINELLI R, MARTELLOTTA F, SPINA M, VACCHER E, TIRELLI U. Therapeutic approaches to AIDS-related malignancies. Oncogene 2003; 22: 6646-6659.
31. SPINA M, BERRETTA M, TIRELLI U. Hodgkin's disease in HIV. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17: 843-858.
32. BUCCISANO F, ROSSI FM, VENDITTI A, DEL POETA G, COX MC, ABBRUZZESE E, RUPOLO M, BERRETTA M, DEGAN M, RUSSO S, TAMBURINI A, MAURILLO L, DEL PRINCIPE MI, POSTORINO M, AMADORI S, GATTEI V. CD90/Thy-1 is preferentially expressed on blast cells of high risk acute myeloid leukaemias. J Haematol 2004; 125: 203-212.
33. BERRETTA M, DI BENEDETTO F, SIMONELLI C, BEARZ A, BERRETTA S, MAUGERI D, TIRELLI U. Multidisciplinary approach in a HIV/HCV-positive patient with liver metastases by colorectal cancer in the HAART era. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1333-1334.
34. BERRETTA M, LLESHI A, CAPPELLANI A, BEARZ A, SPINA M, TALAMINI R, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G, MONTESARCHIO V, IZZI I, LANZAFAME M, NASTI G, BASILE F, BERRETTA S, FISICHELLA R, SCHIANTARELLI C, GARLASSI E, RIDOLFO A, GUELLA L, TIRELLI U. Oxaliplatin based chemotherapy and concomitant highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of 24 patients with colorectal cancer and HIV infection. Curr HIV Res 2010; 8: 218-222.
35. BERRETTA M, CAPPELLANI A, DI BENEDETTO F, LLESHI A, TALAMINI R, CANZONIERI V, ZANET E, BEARZ A, NASTI G, LACCHIN T, BERRETTA S, FISICHELLA R, BALESTRERI L, TORRESIN A, IZZI I, ORTOLANI P, TIRELLI U. Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Colorectal Cancer in HIVPositive Patients: A Clinical Case-Control Study. Onkologie 2009; 32: 319-324.
36. BERRETTA M, ZANET E, BASILE F, RIDOLFO AL, DI BENEDETTO F, BEARZ A, BERRETTA S, NASTI G, TIRELLI U. HIV-Positive Patients With Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer Deserve The Same Therapeutic Approach As The General Population. Onkologie 2010; 33: 203-204.
37. ZANET E, BERRETTA M, MARTELLOTTA F, CACOPARDO B, FISICHELLA R, TAVIO M, BERRETTA S, TIRELLI U. Anal Cancer: Focus on HIV-Positive Patients in the HAART Era. Curr HIV Res 2011; 9: 70-81.
38. NUNNARI G, XU Y, ACHEAMPONG EA, FANG J, DANIEL R, ZHANG C, ZHANG H, MUKHTAR M, POMERANTZ RJ. Exogenous IL-7 induces Fas-mediated human neuronal apoptosis: potential effects during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Neurovirol 2005; 11: 319-328.
39. NUNNARI G, POMERANTZ RJ. IL-7 as a potential therapy for HIV-1-infected individuals. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5: 1421-1426.
40. NUNNARI G, BERRETTA M, PINZONE MR, DI ROSA M, CAPPELLANI A, BERRETTA S, TIRELLI U, MALAGUARNERA M, SCHNELL JM, CACOPARDO B. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV positive patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 1257-1270.
41. MARTELLOTTA F, BERRETTA M, CACOPARDO B, FISICHELLA R, SCHIOPPA O, ZANGHÌ A, SPARTÀ D, CAPPELLANI A, TALAMINI R, IZZI I, RIDOLFO A, TORRESIN A, FIORICA F, TIRELLI U. Clinical presentation and outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in HIV-infected patients in the HAART-era: a GICAT experience. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 1283-1291.
42. BERRETTA M, DI BENEDETTO F, DAL MASO L, CACOPARDO B, NASTI G, FACCHINI G, BEARZ A, SPINA M, GARLASSI E, DE RE V, FIORICA F, LLESHI A, TIRELLI U. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-positive patients. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24: 212-218.
43. DI ROSA M, MALAGUARNERA G, DE GREGORIO C, PALUMBO M, NUNNARI G, MALAGUARNERA L. Immuno-modulatory effects of vitamin D3 in human monocyte and macrophages. Cell Immunol 2012; 280: 36-43.
44. DI ROSA M, MALAGUARNERA L, NICOLOSI A, SANFILIPPO C, MAZZARINO C, PAVONE P, BERRETTA M, COSENTINO S, CACOPARDO B, PINZONE MR, NUNNARI G. Vitamin D3: an ever green molecule. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5: 247-260.
45. PINZONE MR, FIORICA F, DI ROSA M, MALAGUARNERA G, MALAGUARNERA L, CACOPARDO B, ZANGHÌ G, NUNNARI G. Non-AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-infected people. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 1377-1388.
46. BEARZ A, VACCHER E, TALAMINI R, BERRETTA M, TIRELLI U. Comment on 'Lung cancer in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: role of smoking, immunodeficiency and pulmonary infection'. Br J Cancer 2012; 106: 1899-1900.
47. NUNNARI G, SMITH JA, DANIEL R. HIV-1 Tat and AIDSassociated cancer: targeting the cellular anti-cancer barrier. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27: 3.
48. CELESIA BM, CASTRONUOVO D, PINZONE MR, BELLISSIMO F, MUGHINI MT, LUPO G, SCARPINO MR, GUSSIO M, PALERMO F, COSENTINO S, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G. Late presentation of HIV infection: predictors of delayed diagnosis and survival in eastern Sicily Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 2218-2224.
49. PINZONE MR, DI ROSA M, MALAGUARNERA M, MADEDDU G, FOCÀ E, CECCARELLI G, D'ETTORRE G, VULLO V, FISICHELLA R, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV infection: an underestimated and undertreated epidemic. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17: 1218-1232.
50. MARTELLOTTA F, BERRETTA M, VACCHER E, SCHIOPPA O, ZANET E, TIRELLI U. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: state of the art and therapeutic strategies. Curr HIV Res 2009; 7: 634-638.
51. LUCIA MB, ANU R, HANDLEY M, GILLET JP, WU CP, DE DONATIS GM, CAUDA R, GOTTESMAN MM. Exposure to HIV-protease inhibitors selects for increased expression of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 513-522.
52. ULDRICK TS, WHITBY D. Update on KSHV-Epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 305: 150-162.
53. CAI Q, VERMA SC, LU J, ROBERTSON ES. Molecular biology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related oncogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2010; 78: 87-142.
54. DE SANJOSE S, MBISA G, PEREZ-ALVAREZ S, BENAVENTE Y, SUKVIRACH S, HIEU NT, SHIN HR, ANH PT, THOMAS J, LAZCANO E, MATOS E, HERRERO R, MUÑOZ N, MOLANO M, FRANCESCHI S, WHITBY D. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and risk factors for transmission. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1449-1456.
55. MESRI EA, CESARMAN E, BOSHOFF C. Kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: 707-719.
56. GANEM D. KSHV and the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma: listening to human biology and medicine. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 939-949.
57. SATHISH N, YUAN Y. Evasion and subversion of interferon-mediated antiviral immunity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: an overview. J Virol 2011; 85: 10934-10944.
58. SAKAKIBARA S, TOSATO G. Viral interleukin-6: role in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: associated malignancies. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31: 791-801.
59. SAHA A, KAUL R, MURAKAMI M, ROBERTSON ES. Tumor viruses and cancer biology: Modulating signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10: 961-978.
60. KROWN SE. Treatment strategies for Kaposi sarcoma in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 2: 463-468.
61. SEMEERE AS, BUSAKHALA N, MARTIN JN. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24: 522-530.
62. BRAMBILLA L, BELLINVIA M, TOURLAKI A, SCOPPIO B, GAIANI F, BONESCHI V. Intralesional vincristine as firstline therapy for nodular lesions in classic Kaposi sarcoma: a prospective study in 151 patients. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162: 854-859.
63. HOUSRI N, YARCHOAN R, KAUSHAL A. Radiotherapy for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus: are special precautions necessary? Cancer 2010; 116: 273-283.
64. LATINI A, BONADIES A, TRENTO E, BULTRINI S, COTA C, SOLIVETTI FM, FERRARO C, ARDIGÒ M, AMOROSI B, PALAMARA G, BUCHER S, GIULIANI M, CORDIALI-FEI P, ENSOLI F, DI CARLO A. Effective treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma by electrochemotherapy and intravenous bleomycin administration. Dermatol Ther 2012; 25: 214-218.
65. CURATOLO P, QUAGLINO P, MARENCO F, MANCINI M, NARDÒ T, MORTERA C, ROTUNNO R, CALVIERI S, BERNENGO MG. Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma cutaneous lesions: a two-center prospective phase II trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 192-198.
66. TESTORI A, TOSTI G, MARTINOLI C, SPADOLA G, CATALDO F, VERRECCHIA F, BALDINI F, MOSCONI M, SOTELDO J, TEDESCHI I, PASSONI C, PARI C, DI PIETRO A, FERRUCCI PF. Electrochemotherapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor lesions: a novel therapeutic approach. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23: 651-661.
67. SEMEERE AS, BUSAKHALA N, MARTIN JN. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24: 522-530.
68. MOSAM A, SHAIK F, ULDRICK TS, ESTERHUIZEN T, FRIEDLAND GH, SCADDEN DT, ABOOBAKER J, COOVADIA HM. A randomized controlled trial of highly active antiretroviral therapy versus highly active antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy in therapy-naive patients with HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60: 150-157.
69. SULLIVAN RJ, PANTANOWITZ L. New drug targets in Kaposi sarcoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14: 1355-1366.
70. LUCIA MB, ANU R, HANDLEY M, GILLET JP, WU CP, DE DONATIS GM, CAUDA R, GOTTESMAN MM. Exposure to HIV-protease inhibitors selects for increased expression of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 513-522.
71. DUGGAN ST, KEATING GM. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: a review of its use in metastatic breast cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Drugs 201; 71: 2531-2558.
72. CIANFROCCA M, LEE S, VON ROENN J, TULPULE A, DEZUBE BJ, ABOULAFIA DM, AMBINDER RF, LEE JY, KROWN SE, SPARANO JA. Randomized trial of paclitaxel versus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for advanced human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma: evidence of symptom palliation from chemotherapy. Cancer 2010; 116: 3969-3977.
73. RICHARDS C, PANTANOWITZ L, DEZUBE BJ. Antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial tetracyclines in human cancer trials. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63: 151-156.
74. CHEN M, DOHERTY SD, HSU S. Innovative uses of thalidomide. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28: 577-586.
75. DEEKEN JF, PANTANOWITZ L, DEZUBE BJ. Targeted therapies to treat non-AIDS-defining cancers in patients with HIV on HAART therapy: treatment considerations and research outlook. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21: 445-454.
76. ULDRICK TS, WYVILL KM, KUMAR P, O'MAHONY D, BERNSTEIN W, ALEMAN K, POLIZZOTTO MN, STEINBERG SM, PITTALUGA S, MARSHALL V, WHITBY D, LITTLE RF, YARCHOAN R. Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 1476-1483.
77. CATTAMANCHI A, SARACINO M, SELKE S, HUANG ML, MAGARET A, CELUM C, COREY L, WALD A, CASPER C. Treatment with valacyclovir, famciclovir, or antiretrovirals reduces human herpesvirus-8 replication in HIV-1 seropositive men. J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1696-1703.
78. GANTT S, CASPER C. Human herpesvirus 8-associated neoplasms: the roles of viral replication and antiviral treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24: 295-301.