Fatty acid and phytosterol content of commercial saw palmetto supplements

Nutrients

Volumn 5, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 3617-3633

  Penugonda, Kavitha ^a   Lindshield, Brian L ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Fatty acids; Phytosterols; Prostate; Prostate cancer; Saw palmetto; Serenoa repens; Supplements

Indexed keywords

CAMPESTEROL; FATTY ACID; FATTY ACID ESTER; LAURIC ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; MYRISTIC ACID; OLEIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID; PHYTOSTEROL; SABAL EXTRACT; SITOSTEROL; STEARIC ACID; STIGMASTEROL;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; BERRY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; FATTY ACID ANALYSIS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIPID ANALYSIS; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; POWDER; SABAL; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; STEROL ANALYSIS; TINCTURE;

SERENOA REPENS;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; FLAME IONIZATION; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHYTOSTEROLS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84884179920     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu5093617     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Barnes, P.M.; Bloom, B.; Nahin, R.L. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Adults and Children: United States, 2007; CDC National Health Statistics Report: Hyattsville, MD, USA, December 2008; pp. 1-23.
2. Blumenthal, M.; Lindstrom, A.; Ooyen, C; Lynch, M.E. Herb supplement sales increase 4.5% in 2011, despite still-weak economy, herb sales continue multi-year growth. HerbalGram 2012, 95, 60-64.
3. Bishop, F.L.; Rea, A.; Lewith, H.; Chan, Y.K.; Saville, J.; Prescott, P.; von Elm, E.; Lewith, G.T. Complementary medicine use by men with prostate cancer: A systematic review of prevalence studies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2011, 14, 1-13.
4. Bauer, C; Ishak, M.; Johnson, E.; Beebe Dimmer, J.; Cooney, K. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin and supplement usage among men with a family history of prostate cancer. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2012, 77, 83-89.
5. lehlé, C; Délos, S.; Guirou, O.; Täte, R.; Raynaud, J.P.; Martin, P.M. Human prostatic steroid 5a-reductase isoforms-A comparative study of selective inhibitors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995, 54, 273-279.
6. Bayne, C.W.; Donnelly, F.; Ross, M.; Habib, F.K. Serenoa repens (Permixon): A 5a-reductase types I and II inhibitor-New evidence in a coculture model of BPH. Prostate 1999, 40,232-241.
7. Bayne, C.W.; Ross, M.; Donnelly, F.; Habib, F.K. The selectivity and specificity of the actions of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the prostate. J. Urol. 2000,164, 876-881.
8. Habib, F.K.; Ross, M.; Ho, C.K.H.; Lyons, V.; Chapman, K. Serenoa repens (permixon) inhibits the 5a-reductase activity of human prostate cancer cell lines without interfering with PSA expression. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 114, 190-194.
9. Anderson, M.L. A preliminary investigation of the enzymatic inhibition of 5a-reduction and growth of prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCap-FGC by natural astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto lipid extract in vitro. J. Herbal Pharmacother. 2005, 5, 17-26.
10. Pais, P. Potency of a novel saw palmetto ethanol extract, SPET-085, for inhibition of 5a-reductase II. Adv. Ther. 2010, 27, 555-563.
11. Van Coppenolle, F.; Le Bourhis, X.; Carpentier, F.; Delaby, G.; Cousse, H.; Raynaud, J.P.; Dupouy, J.P.; Prevarskaya, N. Pharmacological effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on rat prostate hyperplasia induced by hyperprolactinemia: Comparison with finasteride. Prostate 2000, 43, 49-58.
12. Talpur, N.; Echard, B.; Bagchi, D.; Bagchi, M.; Preuss, H.G. Comparison of Saw Palmetto (extract and whole berry) and Cernitin on prostate growth in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2003, 250, 21-26.
13. Carbajal, D.; Molina, V.; Mas, R.; Arruzazabala, M.L. Therapeutic effect of D-004, a lipid extract from Roystonea regia fruits, on prostate hyperplasia induced in rats. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 2005, 31, 193-197.
14. Wadsworth, T.L.; Worstell, T.R.; Greenberg, N.M.; Roselli, C.E. Effects of dietary saw palmetto on the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model (TRAMP). Prostate 2007, 67, 661-673.
15. Arruzazabala, M.L.; Molina, V.; Mas, R.; Carbajal, D.; Marrero, D.; Gonzalez, V.; Más, R.; Rodriguez, E. Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2007, 59, 995-999.
16. Rhodes, L.; Primka, R.L.; Berman, C; Vergult, G.; Gabriel, M.; Pierre-Malice, M.; Gibelin, B. Comparison of finasteride (Proscar), a 5a-reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5a-reductase inhibition. Prostate 1993, 22, 43-51.
17. Hill, B.; Kyprianou, N. Effect of permixon on human prostate cell growth: Lack of apoptotic action. Prostate 2004, 61, 73-80.
18. Strauch, G.; Perles, P.; Vergult, G.; Gabriel, M.; Gibelin, B.; Cummings, S.; Malbecq, W.; Malice, M.P. Comparison of finasteride (Proscar) and Serenoa repens (Permixon) in the inhibition of 5a-reductase in healthy male volunteers. Eur. Urol. 1994, 26, 247-252.
19. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service USD A National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Available online: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ (accessed on 28 May 2013).
20. Schantz, M.M.; Bedner, M.; Long, S.E.; Molloy, J.L.; Murphy, K.E.; Porter, B.J.; Putzbach, K.; Rimmer, CA.; Sander, L.C.; Sharpless, K.E.; et al. Development of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit and extract standard reference materials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 392, 427-438.
21. Liang, T.; Liao, S. Growth suppression of hamster flank organs by topical application of gamma-linolenic and other fatty acid inhibitors of 5a-reductase. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1997, 109, 152-157.
22. Weisser, H.; Tunn, S.; Behnke, B.; Krieg, M. Effects of the sabal serrulata extract IDS 89 and its subfractions on 5a-reductase activity in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 1996, 28, 300-306.
23. Niederprum, HJ.; Schweikert, H.U.; Thuroff, J.W.; Zanker, K.S. Inhibition of steroid 5a-reductase activity by aliphatic fatty acids. Candidates for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. 1995, 768, 227-230.
24. Raynaud, J.; Cousse, H.; Martin, P. Inhibition of type 1 and type 2 5a-reductase activity by free fatty acids, active ingredients of Permixon. J. SteroidBiochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 82, 233-239.
25. Abe, M.; Ito, Y.; Suzuki, A.; Onoue, S.; Noguchi, H.; Yamada, S. Isolation and pharmacological characterization of fatty acids from saw palmetto extract. Anal. Sei. 2009, 25, 553-557.
26. Abe, M.; Ito, Y.; Yunzul, L.; Oki Fujino, T.; Yamada, S.; Oyunzul, L. Pharmacologically relevant receptor binding characteristics and 5a-reductase inhibitory activity of free fatty acids contained in saw palmetto extract. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 32, 646-650.
27. Berges, R.R.; Windeler, J.; Senge, T.; Aeikens, B.; Trampisch, HJ.; β-Sitosterol Study Group. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of β-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 1995, 345, 1529-1532.
28. Von Holtz, R.L.; Fink, C.S.; Awad, A.B. β-Sitosterol activates the sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Nutr. Cancer 1998, 32, 8-12.
29. Awad, A.B.; Williams, H.; Kim, U.; Fink, C.S. In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice) effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2001,70,507-513.
30. Cabeza, M.; Bratoeff, E.; Heuze, I.; Ramirez, E.; Sanchez, M.; Rami-rez, E.; Sanchez, M.; Flores, E. Effect of β-sitosterol as inhibitor of 5a-reductase in hamster prostate. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 2003, 46, 153-155.
31. Scholtysek, C; Krukiewicz, A.; Alonso, J.; Sharma, K.; Sharma, P.; Goldmann, W. Characterizing components of the Saw Palmetto Berry Extract (SPBE) on prostate cancer cell growth and traction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 379, 795-798.
32. Weihrauch, J.L.; Gardner, J.M. Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1978, 73, 39-47.
33. Bent, S.; Kane, C; Shinohara, K.; Neuhaus, J.; Hudes, E.; Goldberg, H.; Avins, A. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 557-566.
34. Barry, M.; Meleth, S.; Lee, J.; Kreder, K.; Avins, A.; Nickel, J.C.; Roehrborn, C; Crawford, E.D.; Foster, H.; Kaplan, S; et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto extract on lower urinary tract symptoms: A randomized trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2011, 306, 1344-1351.
35. MacDonald, R.; Tacklind, J.; Rutks, I.; Wilt, T. Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): An updated Cochrane systematic review. BJUInt. 2012, 109, 1756-1761.
36. Scaglione, F.; Lucini, V.; Pannacci, M.; Caronno, A.; Leone, C. Comparison of the potency of different brands of Serenoa repens extract on 5a-reductase types I and II in prostatic co-cultured epithelial and fibroblast cells. Pharmacology 2008, 82, 270-275.
37. Scaglione, F.; Lucini, V.; Pannacci, M.; Dugnani, S.; Leone, C. Comparison of the potency of 10 different brands of Serenoa repens extracts. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sei. 2012, 16, 569-574.
38. Wolsko, P.M.; Solondz, D.K.; Phillips, R.S.; Schachter, S.C.; Eisenberg, D.M. Lack of herbal supplement characterization in published randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Med. 2005, 118, 1087-1093.
39. Feifer, A.H.; Fleshner, N.E.; Klotz, L. Analytical accuracy and reliability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease. J. Urol. 2002, 168, 150-154.
40. Habib, F.K.; Wyllie, M.G. Not all brands are created equal: A comparison of selected components of different brands of Serenoa repens extract. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2004, 7, 195-200.
41. Priestap, H.; Houle, P.; Bennett, B. Fatty acid composition of fruits of two forms of Serenoa repens. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2011, 47, 511-514.
42. Catchpole, O.J.; Perry, N.B.; da Silva, B.M.T.; Grey, J.B.; Smallfield, B.M. Supercritical extraction of herbs I: Saw Palmetto, St John's Wort, Kava Root, and Echinacea. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2002, 22, 129-138.
43. Ganzera, M.; Croom, E.M.; Khan, I.A. Determination of the Fatty Acid content of pumpkin seed, pygeum, and saw palmetto. J. Med. Food 1999, 2, 21-27.
44. Sorenson, W.R.; Sullivan, D. Determination of campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in saw palmetto raw materials and dietary supplements by gas chromatography: Collaborative study. J. AOACInt. 2007, 90, 670-678.
45. Sorenson, W.R.; Sullivan, D. Determination of campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in saw palmetto raw materials and dietary supplements by gas chromatography: Single-laboratory validation. J. AOACInt. 2006, 89, 22-34.
46. Sukhija, P.; Palmquist, D.L. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 36, 1202-1206.
47. Hawkins, A.; Yuan, K.; Armendariz, C.K.; Highland, G.; Bello, N.M.; Winowiski, T.; Drouillard, J.S.; Titgemeyer, E.C.; Bradford, BJ. Effects of urea formaldehyde condensation polymer treatment of flaxseed on ruminal digestion and lactation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sei. 2013,96,3907-3915.
48. Zhang, X.; Julien-David, D.; Miesch, M.; Geoffroy, P.; Raul, F.; Roussi, S.; Aoudé-Werner, D.; Marchioni, E. Identification and quantitative analysis of β-sitosterol oxides in vegetable oils by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Steroids 2005, 70, 896-906.
49. Merath, K.M.; Chang, B.; Dubielzig, R.; Jeannotte, R.; Sidjanin, D.J. A spontaneous mutation in Srebf2 leads to cataracts and persistent skin wounds in the lens opacity 13 (lop 13) mouse. Mamm. Genome 2011, 22, 661-673.
50. Kadu, C.A.C.; Parich, A.; Schueler, S.; Konrád, H.; Muluvi, G.; Eyog-Matig, O.; Muchugi, A.; Williams, V.; Ramamonjisoa, L.; Kapinga, C; et al. Bioactive constituents in Prunus africana: Geographical variation throughout Africa and associations with environmental and genetic parameters. Phytochemistry 2012, 83, 70-78.