How to select an antifungal agent in critically ill patients

Journal of Critical Care

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 717-727

  Dimopoulos, George ^a   Antonopoulou, Anastasia ^a   Armaganidis, Apostolos ^a   Vincent, Jean Louis ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Echinocandins; Empiric therapy; Fungal antigens; Invasive fungal infections; Pre emptive therapy; Prophylaxis

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B DERIVATIVE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CASPOFUNGIN; ECHINOCANDIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; IMIDAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; POSACONAZOLE; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; VORICONAZOLE;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE; CANDIDA; CANDIDEMIA; CANDIDIASIS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUNGUS CULTURE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INTENSIVE CARE; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOADING DRUG DOSE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ECHINOCANDINS; EMPIRIC THERAPY; FUNGAL ANTIGENS; INVASIVE FUNGAL INFECTIONS; PRE-EMPTIVE THERAPY; PROPHYLAXIS;

ALGORITHMS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMANS; MYCOSES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84883523000     PISSN: 08839441     EISSN: 15578615     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Dimopoulos G., Ntziora F., Rachiotis G., et al. Candida albicans versus non-albicans intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections: differences in risk factors and outcome. Anesth Analg 2008, 106:523-529.
2. Prowle J.R., Echeverri J.E., Ligabo E.V., et al. Acquired bloodstream infection in the intensive care unit: incidence and attributable mortality. Crit Care 2011, 15:R100.
3. Kett D.H., Azoulay E., Echeverria P.M., et al. Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:665-670.
4. Zaragoza R., Peman J., Salavert M., et al. Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of invasive fungal infections in adult patients. Prophylaxis, empirical, preemptive or targeted therapy, which is the best in the different hosts?. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2008, 4:1261-1280.
5. Vincent J.L., Rello J., Marshall J., et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009, 302:2323-2329.
6. Falagas M.E., Apostolou K.E., Pappas V.D. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006, 25:419-425.
7. Blot S., Dimopoulos G., Rello J., et al. Is Candida really a threat in the ICU?. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008, 14:600-604.
8. Messer S.A., Jones R.N., Fritsche T.R. International surveillance of Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp.: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2003). J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1782-1787.
9. Holley A., Dulhunty J., Blot S., et al. Temporal trends, risk factors and outcomes in albicans and non-albicans candidaemia: an international epidemiological study in four multidisciplinary intensive care units. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33:554-557.
10. Kotwal A., Biswas D., Sharma J.P., et al. An observational study on the epidemiological and mycological profile of Candidemia in ICU patients. Med Sci Monit 2011, 17:CR663-CR668.
11. McKinnon P.S., Goff D.A., Kern J.W., et al. Temporal assessment of Candida risk factors in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 2001, 136:1401-1408.
12. Leon C., Alvarez-Lerma F., Ruiz-Santana S., et al. Fungal colonization and/or infection in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: results of the EPCAN observational study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009, 28:233-242.
13. Leon C., Ruiz-Santana S., Saavedra P., et al. Usefulness of the "Candida score" for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:1624-1633.
14. Horn D.L., Neofytos D., Anaissie E.J., et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1695-1703.
15. Almirante B., Rodriguez D., Cuenca-Estrella M., et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections: case-control population-based surveillance study of patients in Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1681-1685.
16. Pfaller M.A., Diekema D.J., Gibbs D.L., et al. Geographic and temporal trends in isolation and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis: a global assessment from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:842-849.
17. Falagas M.E., Roussos N., Vardakas K.Z. Relative frequency of albicans and the various non-albicans Candida spp among candidemia isolates from inpatients in various parts of the world: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14:e954-e966.
18. Chow J.K., Golan Y., Ruthazer R., et al. Factors associated with candidemia caused by non-albicans Candida species versus Candida albicans in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1206-1213.
19. Playford E.G., Marriott D., Nguyen Q., et al. Candidemia in nonneutropenic critically ill patients: risk factors for non-albicans Candida spp. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2034-2039.
20. Shorr A.F., Lazarus D.R., Sherner J.H., et al. Do clinical features allow for accurate prediction of fungal pathogenesis in bloodstream infections? Potential implications of the increasing prevalence of non-albicans candidemia. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1077-1083.
21. Garnacho-Montero J. Amaya-Villar R, Ortiz-Leyba C, et al: Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome. Crit Care 2005, 9:R191-R199.
22. Guinea J., Torres-Narbona M., Gijon P., et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16:870-877.
23. Xu H., Li L., Huang W.J., et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case control study from China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18:403-408.
24. Meersseman W., Vandecasteele S.J., Wilmer A., et al. Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 170:621-625.
25. Dimopoulos G., Piagnerelli M., Berre J., et al. Post mortem examination in the intensive care unit: still useful?. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:2080-2085.
26. Richardson M., Lass-Florl C. Changing epidemiology of systemic fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(Suppl 4):5-24.
27. Muskett H., Shahin J., Eyres G., et al. Risk factors for invasive fungal disease in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review. Crit Care 2011, 15:R287.
28. Morrell M., Fraser V.J., Kollef M.H. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49:3640-3645.
29. Barnes R.A. Early diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(Suppl 1):i3-i6.
30. McMullan R., Metwally L., Coyle P.V., et al. A prospective clinical trial of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of candidemia in nonneutropenic, critically ill adults. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:890-896.
31. Dark P.M., Dean P., Warhurst G. Bench-to-bedside review: the promise of rapid infection diagnosis during sepsis using polymerase chain reaction-based pathogen detection. Crit Care 2009, 13:217.
32. Sendid B., Poirot J.L., Tabouret M., et al. Combined detection of mannanaemia and antimannan antibodies as a strategy for the diagnosis of systemic infection caused by pathogenic Candida species. J Med Microbiol 2002, 51:433-442.
33. Mikulska M., Calandra T., Sanguinetti M., et al. The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Crit Care 2010, 14:R222.
34. Posteraro B., De Pascale G., Tumbarello M., et al. Early diagnosis of candidemia in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a prospective comparison of (1->3)-beta-d-glucan assay, Candida score, and colonization index. Crit Care 2011, 15:R249.
35. White P.L., Archer A.E., Barnes R.A. Comparison of non-culture-based methods for detection of systemic fungal infections, with an emphasis on invasive Candida infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:2181-2187.
36. Mennink-Kersten M.A., Ruegebrink D., Wasei N., et al. In vitro release by Aspergillus fumigatus of galactofuranose antigens, 1,3-beta-D-glucan, and DNA, surrogate markers used for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:1711-1718.
37. Bille J. New nonculture-based methods for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:460-464.
38. Sendid B., Tabouret M., Poirot J.L., et al. New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:1510-1517.
39. Leeflang M.M., Debets-Ossenkopp Y.J., Visser C.E., et al. Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromized patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD007394.
40. Trof R.J., Beishuizen A., Debets-Ossenkopp Y.J., et al. Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1694-1703.
41. Einsele H., Loeffler J. Contribution of new diagnostic approaches to antifungal treatment plans in high-risk haematology patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(Suppl 4):37-45.
42. Kanafani Z.A., Perfect J.R. Antimicrobial resistance: resistance to antifungal agents: mechanisms and clinical impact. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:120-128.
43. Blot S., Vandewoude K. Management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. Drugs 2004, 64:2159-2175.
44. Ellis M. New dosing strategies for liposomal amphotericin B in high-risk patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(Suppl 4):55-64.
45. Playford E.G., Eggimann P., Calandra T. Antifungals in the ICU. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008, 21:610-619.
46. Heintz B.H., Matzke G.R., Dager W.E. Antimicrobial dosing concepts and recommendations for critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy or intermittent hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy 2009, 29:562-577.
47. Pappas P.G., Kauffman C.A., Andes D., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:503-535.
48. Trotman R.L., Williamson J.C., Shoemaker D.M., et al. Antibiotic dosing in critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1159-1166.
49. Sinnollareddy M., Peake S.L., Roberts M.S., et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluconazole in critically ill patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011, 7:1431-1440.
50. Schmalreck A.F., Willinger B., Haase G., et al. Species and susceptibility distribution of 1062 clinical yeast isolates to azoles, echinocandins, flucytosine and amphotericin B from a multi-centre study. Mycoses 2012, 55:e124-e137.
51. Dimopoulos G., Velegraki A., Falagas M.E. A 10-year survey of antifungal susceptibility of candidemia isolates from intensive care unit patients in Greece. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:1242-1244.
52. Pound M.W., Townsend M.L., Drew R.H. Echinocandin pharmacodynamics: review and clinical implications. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1108-1118.
53. Fleischhacker M., Radecke C., Schulz B., et al. Paradoxical growth effects of the echinocandins caspofungin and micafungin, but not of anidulafungin, on clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27:127-131.
54. Chamilos G., Lewis R.E., Albert N., et al. Paradoxical effect of Echinocandins across Candida species in vitro: evidence for echinocandin-specific and Candida species-related differences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:2257-2259.
55. Ferreira J.A., Carr J.H., Starling C.E., et al. Biofilm formation and effect of caspofungin on biofilm structure of Candida species bloodstream isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53:4377-4384.
56. Dannaoui E., Desnos-Ollivier M., Garcia-Hermoso D., et al. Candida spp. with acquired echinocandin resistance, France, 2004-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012, 18:86-90.
57. Playford E.G., Webster A.C., Sorrell T.C., et al. Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD004920.
58. Viscoli C. Antifungal prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy. Drugs 2009, 69(Suppl 1):75-78.
59. Cruciani M., Serpelloni G. Management of Candida infections in the adult intensive care unit. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008, 9:175-191.
60. Wilke M. Treatment and prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis with anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin and its impact on use and costs: review of the literature. Eur J Med Res 2011, 16:180-186.
61. Eggimann P., Francioli P., Bille J., et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1066-1072.
62. Schuster M.G., Edwards J.E., Sobel J.D., et al. Empirical fluconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008, 149:83-90.
63. Senn L., Eggimann P., Ksontini R., et al. Caspofungin for prevention of intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:903-908.
64. Pittet D., Monod M., Suter P.M., et al. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994, 220:751-758.
65. Leon C., Ruiz-Santana S., Saavedra P., et al. A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:730-737.
66. Ostrosky-Zeichner L., Kullberg B.J., Bow E.J., et al. Early treatment of candidemia in adults: a review. Med Mycol 2011, 49:113-120.
67. Hanson K.E., Pfeiffer C.D., Lease E.D., et al. beta-d-glucan surveillance with preemptive anidulafungin for invasive candidiasis in intensive care unit patients: a randomized pilot study. PLoS One 2012, 7:e42282.
68. Freemantle N., Tharmanathan P., Herbrecht R. Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of randomized evidence for empirical, pre-emptive and directed treatment strategies for invasive mould disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(Suppl 1):i25-i35.
69. Garey K.W., Rege M., Pai M.P., et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:25-31.
70. Mensa J., Pitart C., Marco F. Treatment of critically ill patients with candidemia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 32(Suppl 2):S93-S97.
71. Marchetti O., Eggimann P., Calandra T. Invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients: does progressing knowledge improve clinical management and outcome?. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:442-444.
72. Guery B.P., Arendrup M.C., Auzinger G., et al. Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part II Treatment. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:206-214.
73. Reboli A.C., Rotstein C., Pappas P.G., et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2472-2482.
74. Kett D.H., Shorr A.F., Reboli A.C., et al. Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole in severely ill patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: support for the 2009 IDSA treatment guidelines for candidiasis. Crit Care 2011, 15:R253.
75. Andes D.R., Safdar N., Baddley J.W., et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:1110-1122.
76. Dupont B.F., Lortholary O., Ostrosky-Zeichner L., et al. Treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit: post hoc analysis of a randomized, controlled trial comparing micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B. Crit Care 2009, 13:R159.
77. DiNubile M.J., Lupinacci R.J., Strohmaier K.M., et al. Invasive candidiasis treated in the intensive care unit: observations from a randomized clinical trial. J Crit Care 2007, 22:237-244.
78. Kullberg B.J., Verweij P.E., Akova M., et al. European expert opinion on the management of invasive candidiasis in adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17(Suppl 5):1-12.
79. Cornely O.A., Bassetti M., Calandra T., et al. ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012, 18(Suppl 7):19-37.
80. Limper A.H., Knox K.S., Sarosi G.A., et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:96-128.
81. Sarosi G.A. Fungal infections and their treatment in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006, 12:464-469.
82. Olaechea P.M., Palomar M., Leon-Gil C., et al. Economic impact of Candida colonization and Candida infection in the critically ill patient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004, 23:323-330.
83. Zilberberg M.D., Kothari S., Shorr A.F. Cost-effectiveness of micafungin as an alternative to fluconazole empiric treatment of suspected ICU-acquired candidemia among patients with sepsis: a model simulation. Crit Care 2009, 13:R94.