Early treatment of candidemia in adults: A review

Medical Mycology

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 113-120

  Ostrosky Zeichner, Luis ^a   Kullberg, Bart Jan ^b   Bow, Eric J ^c   Hadley, Susan ^d   Len, Cristbal ^e   Nucci, Marcio ^f   Patterson, Thomas F ^g   Perfect, John R ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE VALME   (Spain)

^f FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^h DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antifungals; candidemia; empirical therapy; invasive candidiasis; pre emptive therapy

Indexed keywords

1,3 BETA GLUCANASE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CASPOFUNGIN; FLUCONAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; PLACEBO;

CANDIDEMIA; CANDIDIASIS; CELL WALL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; EARLY INTERVENTION; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; FUNGAL CELL; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; MYCOSIS; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ADULT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; BETA-GLUCANS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CANDIDEMIA; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS;

EID: 78751535351     PISSN: 13693786     EISSN: 14602709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.512300     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Kao AS, Brandt ME, Pruitt WR, et al. The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities: results of a population-based active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 : 1164-1170.
2. Snydman DR. Shifting patterns in the epidemiology of nosocomial Candida infections. Chest 2003; 123 : 500S-503S.
3. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Hospitalacquired candidemia. The attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148 : 2642-2645.
4. Olaechea PM, Palomar M, Leon-Gil C, et al. Economic impact of Candida colonization and Candida infection in the critically ill patient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23 : 323-330.
5. Horn DL, Neofytos D, Anaissie EJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48 : 1695-1703.
6. Abi-Said D, Anaissie E, Uzun O, et al. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 : 1122-1128. (Pubitemid 127774267)
7. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20 : 133-163.
8. Armstrong-James D. Invasive C andida species infection: the importance of adequate empirical antifungal therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60 : 459-460.
9. Golan Y, Wolf MP, Pauker SG, Wong JB, Hadley S. Empirical anti- Candida therapy among selected patients in the intensive care unit: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143 : 857-869.
10. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 : 1589-1596.
11. Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y, et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fi vefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 2009; 136 : 1237-1248.
12. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 : 3640-3645.
13. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fl uconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multiinstitutional study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 : 25-31.
14. Schuster MG, Edwards JE, Jr., Sobel JD, et al. Empirical fl uconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149 : 83-90.
15. Menichetti F, Del FA, Martino P, et al. Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double- blind, multicenter trial. GIMEMA Infection Program. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell Adulto. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 250-255
16. Pelz RK, Hendrix CW, Swoboda SM, et al. Double-blind placebocontrolled trial of fl uconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2001; 233 : 542-548.
17. Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA, et al. Prolonged fl uconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasisrelated death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96 : 2055-2061.
18. van Burik JA, Ratanatharathorn V, Stepan DE, et al. Micafungin versus fl uconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39 : 1407-1416.
19. Cruciani M, de LF, Mengoli C. Prophylaxis of C andida infections in adult trauma and surgical intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 : 1479-1487.
20. Schelenz S. Management of candidiasis in the intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61 (Suppl. 1): i31-i34.
21. Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 : 1727-1735.
22. Ferwerda B, Ferwerda G, Plantinga TS, et al. Human dectin-1 defi ciency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 1760-1767
23. Plantinga TS, van d, V, Ferwerda B, et al. Early stop polymorphism in human DECTIN-1 is associated with increased Candida colonization in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 724-732
24. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220 : 751-758.
25. Munoz P, Burillo A, Bouza E. Criteria used when initiating antifungal therapy against Candida spp. in the intensive care unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 15 : 83-90.
26. Piarroux R, Grenouillet F, Balvay P, et al. Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 : 2443-2449.
27. Mootien JY, Balvay P, Kuteifan K, et al. Assessment of corrected colonization index and invasive fungal infection in medical intensive care unit. Presented at: 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC); 17-20 September 2007; Abstract M-625; Chicago, IL.
28. Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH. Rules for identifying patients at increased risk for candidal infections in the surgical intensive care unit: approach to developing practical criteria for systematic use in antifungal prophylaxis trials. Med Mycol 2005; 235-243
29. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J, et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26 : 271-276.
30. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas P, Shoham S. Revalidation and improvement of a clinical prediction rule (CPR) for clinical trials on prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis (IC) in the ICU. Presented at: 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC); 27-30 September 2006; Abstract M-883; San Francisco, CA.
31. Faiz S, Neale B, Rios E, et al. Risk-based fl uconazole prophylaxis of Candida bloodstream infection in a medical intensive care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28 : 689-692.
32. Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. Usefulness of the C andida score for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37 : 1624-1633.
33. Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system ( Candida score ) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006; 730-737
34. Charles PE, Castro C, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. Serum procalcitonin levels in critically ill patients colonized with Candida spp: new clues for the early recognition of invasive candidiasis? Intensive Care Med 2009; 35 : 2146-2150.
35. Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Nonculture methods for diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6 : 311-323.
36. Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Fungal infections in the pediatric cancer patient. Semin Oncol 1990; 17 : 6-9.
37. Yera H, Sendid B, Francois N, Camus D, Poulain D. Contribution of serological tests and blood culture to the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20 : 864-870.
38. Sendid B, Poirot JL, Tabouret M, et al. Combined detection of mannanaemia and antimannan antibodies as a strategy for the diagnosis of systemic infection caused by pathogenic Candida species. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51 : 433-442.
39. Ellis M, Al-Ramadi B, Bernsen R, et al. Prospective evaluation of mannan and anti-mannan antibodies for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in patients with neutropenic fever. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58 : 606-615.
40. Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T, et al. Plasma (1 - 3)-beta-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes. Lancet 1995; 345 : 17-20.
41. Alam FF, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Comparative evaluation of (1, 3)- beta-D-glucan, mannan and anti-mannan antibodies, and Candida species-specifi c snPCR in patients with candidemia. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7 : 103.
42. Digby J, Kalbfl eisch J, Glenn A, et al. Serum glucan levels are not specifi c for presence of fungal infections in intensive care unit patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10 : 882-885.
43. Ellis M, Al-Ramadi B, Finkelman M, et al. Assessment of the clinical utility of serial beta-D-glucan concentrations in patients with persistent neutropenic fever. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57 : 287-295.
44. Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, et al. Beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39 : 199-205. (Pubitemid 38971490)
45. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1- 3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 : 654-659.
46. Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CA, Roberts WL, Woods GL. Evaluation of a (1- 3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43 : 5957-5962.
47. Senn L, Robinson JO, Schmidt S, et al. 1,3-Beta-D-glucan antigenemia for early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients with acute leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 : 878-885.
48. Kanda H, Kubo K, Hamasaki K, et al. Infl uence of various hemodialysis membranes on the plasma (1- 3)-beta-D-glucan level. Kidney Int 2001; 60 : 319-323.
49. Nagasawa K, Yano T, Kitabayashi G, et al. Experimental proof of contamination of blood components by (1- 3)-beta-D-glucan caused by fi ltration with cellulose fi lters in the manufacturing process. J Artif Organs 2003; 6 : 49-54.
50. Kimura Y, Nakao A, Tamura H, Tanaka S, Takagi H. Clinical and experimental studies of the limulus test after digestive surgery. Surg Today 1995; 25 : 790-794.
51. Usami M, Ohata A, Horiuchi T, et al. Positive (1 - 3)-beta-D-glucan in blood components and release of (1- 3)-beta-D-glucan from depth-type membrane fi lters for blood processing. Transfusion 2002; 1189-1195
52. Ogawa M, Hori H, Niiguchi S, Azuma E, Komada Y. False-positive plasma (1- 3)-beta-D-glucan test following immunoglobulin product replacement in an adult bone marrow recipient. Int J Hematol 2004; 80 : 97-98.
53. Marty FM, Lowry CM, Lempitski SJ, et al. Reactivity of (1- 3)- beta-d-glucan assay with commonly used intravenous antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50 : 3450-3453.
54. Takesue Y, Kakehashi M, Ohge H, et al. Combined assessment of beta-D-glucan and degree of candida colonization before starting empiric therapy for candidiasis in surgical patients. World J Surg 2004; 28 : 625-630.