Changing epidemiology of systemic fungal infections

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 14, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2008, Pages 5-24

  Richardson, Malcolm ^a   Lass Florl C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Fungal infections; Review; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BETA GLUCAN; CASPOFUNGIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOSTATIC AGENT; DEFEROXAMINE; ECHINOCANDIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; POSACONAZOLE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PYRROLE; RAVUCONAZOLE; TERBINAFINE; TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVE; VORICONAZOLE;

ACREMONIUM; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS; CANDIDA; CANDIDEMIA; CRYPTOCOCCUS; DEBARYOMYCES; DISSEMINATED MUCORMYCOSIS; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUSARIUM; GEOTRICHUM CAPITATUM; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LUNG MUCORMYCOSIS; MOULD; MUCORMYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PAECILOMYCES; PATIENT CARE; PICHIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS; RHODOTORULA; RISK FACTOR; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SCEDOSPORIUM; SCOPULARIOPSIS BREVICAULIS; SKIN MUCORMYCOSIS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; TRICHODERMA; TRICHOSPORON; ZYGOMYCETES;

ASPERGILLUS; CANDIDA; FUNGI; FUSARIUM; SCEDOSPORIUM; ZYGOMYCETES;

EID: 42649102359     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01978.x     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. AK Marr R Carter F Crippa A Wald L Corey Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Clin Infect Dis 34 2002 909 917
2. MA Pfaller DJ Diekema Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 1431 4419
3. W Trick S Fridkin J Edwards R Hajjeh R Gaynes Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999 Clin Infect Dis 35 2002 627 630
4. H Wisplinghoff T Bischoff S Tallent H Seifert R Wenzel M Edmond Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study Clin Infect Dis 39 2004 309 317
5. JW Baddley TA Stroud D Salzman P Pappas Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 319 324
6. S Fridkin W Jarvis Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections Clin Microbiol Rev 9 1996 499 511
7. A Groll P Shah C Menzel G Just M Schneider K Huebner Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital J Infect 33 1996 23 32
8. MA Pfaller Epidemiological typing methods for mycosis Clin Infect Dis 14 1992 4 10
9. A Upton AK Marr Emergence of opportunistic mould infections in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient Curr Infect Dis Rep 8 2006 141 434
10. RA Hajjeh AN Sofair LH Harrison Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 1519 1527
11. P Pappas J Rex JY Lee A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients Clin Infect Dis 37 2003 634 643
12. MD Richardson Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections J Antimicrob Chemother 56 2005 5 11
13. M Pfaller DJ Diekema Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem Clin Microbiol Rev 20 2007 133 163
14. MM McNeil SL Nash RA Hajjeh MA Phelan LA Conn DW Warnock Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980–1997 Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 641 647
15. P Eggimann J Garbino D Pittet Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients Lancet Infect Dis 3 2003 685 702
16. AK Marr K Seidel T White R Bowden Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole J Infect Dis 181 2000 309 316
17. M Nucci KA Marr Emerging fungal diseases Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 521 526
18. M Pfaller DJ Diekema Role of sentinel surveillance of candidemia: trends in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 3551 3557
19. T Walsh A Groll J Hiemenz R Fleming E Roilides E Anaissie Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens Clin Microbiol Infect 10 2004 48 66
20. M Bassetti E Righi A Costa Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care BMC Infect Dis 6 2006 1 6
21. J Morgan M Meltzer B Plikaytis Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 2005 540 547
22. D Abi-Said E Anaissie O Uzun I Raad H Pinzcowski S Vartivarian The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species Clin Infect Dis 24 1997 1122 1128
23. Pfaller M, Diekema DJ, International Fungal Surveillance Participant Group Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice: global trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida Clin Microbiol Infect 10 2004 11 23
24. KA Marr K Seidel MA Slavin Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial Blood 96 2000 2055 2061
25. R Martino M Subira Invasive fungal infections in hematology: new trends Ann Hematol 81 2002 233 243
26. M Pfaller S Messer L Boyken S Tendolkar R Hollis D Diekema Geographic variation in the susceptibilities of invasive isolates of Candida glabrata to seven systemically active antifungal agents: a global assessment from the ARTEMIS Antifungal Surveillance Program conducted in 2001 and 2002 J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 3142 3146
27. A Malani J Hmoud L Chiu P Carver A Bielaczyc C Kauffman Candida glabrata fungemia: experience in a tertiary care center Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 975 981
28. M Pfaller M Rinaldi D Diekema Results from the ARTEMIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study: a 6.5-year analysis of the worldwide susceptibility of yeasts to fluconazole and voriconazole using standardized disk diffusion testing J Clin Microbiol 43 2005 5848 5849
29. D Kuhn J Chandra P Mukherjee M Ghannoum Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces Infect Immun 70 2002 878 888
30. J Shin S Kee M Shin Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic patients: comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 1244 1248
31. A Tavanti AD Davidson NA Gow MC Maiden FC Odds Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis spp. nov. to replace Candida parapsilosis groups II and III J Clin Microbiol 43 2005 284 292
32. A Tavanti LA Hensgens E Ghelardi M Campa S Senesi Genotyping of Candida orthopsilosis clinical isolates by amplification fragment length polymorphism reveals genetic diversity among independent isolates and strain maintenance within patients J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 1455 1462
33. E Presterl F Daxböck W Graninger B Willinger Changing pattern of candidaemia 2001–2006 and use of antifungal therapy at the University Hospital of Vienna, Austria Clin Microbiol Infect 13 2007 1072 1076
34. BN Doebbeling RJ Hollis HD Isenberg RP Wenzel MA Pfaller Restriction fragment analysis of a Candida tropicalis outbreak of sternal wound infections J Clin Microbiol 29 1991 1268 1270
35. M Laverdiere AC Labbe C Restieri Susceptibility patterns of Candida species from Canadian intensive care units J Crit Care 22 2007 245 250
36. G Sóczó G Kardos I Varga In vitro study of Candida tropicalis isolates exhibiting paradoxical growth in the presence of high concentrations of caspofungin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 4474 4476
37. J Abbas G Bodey HA Hanna Candida krusei fungemia: an escalating serious infection in immunocompromised patients Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2659 2664
38. T Hautala I Ikäheimo H Husu A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit BMC Infect Dis 7 2007 97
39. A Favel A Michel-Nguyen F Peyron Colony morphology switching of Candida lusitaniae and acquisition of multidrug resistance during treatment of a renal infection in a newborn: case report and review of the literature Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 47 2003 331 339
40. MA Pfaller DJ Diekema DL Gibbs Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 1735 1745
41. D Pittet N Li R Woolsen R Wenzel Microbiological factors influencing the outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a 6-year validated, population-based model Clin Infect Dis 24 1997 1068 1078
42. M Cuenca-Estrella D Rodriguez B Almirante In vitro susceptibilities of bloodstream isolates of Candida species to six antifungal agents: results from a population-based active surveillance programme, Barcelona, Spain, 2002–2003 J Antimicrob Chemother 55 2002 194 199
43. MD Parkins DM Sabuda S Elsayed KB Laupland Adequacy of empirical antifungal therapy and effect on outcome among patients with invasive Candida species infections J Antimicrob Chemother 60 2007 613 618
44. C Girmenia L Pagano B Martino Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature J Clin Microbiol 43 2005 1818 1828
45. K Matsue H Uryu M Koseki N Asada M Takeuchi Breakthrough trichosporonosis in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving micafungin Clin Infect Dis 42 2006 753 757
46. G Bayramoglu M Sonmez I Tosun K Aydin F Aydin Breakthrough Trichosporon asahii fungemia in neutropenic patient with acute leukemia while receiving caspofungin Infection 36 2008 68 70
47. N Asada H Uryu M Koseki Successful treatment of breakthrough Trichosporon asahii fungemia with voriconazole in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia Clin Infect Dis 43 2006 e39 e41
48. FF Tuon GM de Almeida SF Costa Central venous catheter-associated fungemia due to Rhodotorula spp—a systematic review Med Mycol 45 2007 441 447
49. DJ Diekema B Petroelje SA Messer RJ Hollis MA Pfaller Activities of available and investigational antifungal agents against Rhodotorula species J Clin Microbiol 43 2005 476 478
50. M Giacchino N Chiapello S Bezzio Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-reactivity caused by invasive Geotrichum capitatum J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 3432 3434
51. AC Pasqualotto TC Sukiennik LC Severo CS de Amorim AL Colombo An outbreak of Pichia anomala fungemia in a Brazilian pediatric intensive care unit Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 2005 553 558
52. D Wagner A Sander H Bertz J Finke WV Kern Breakthrough invasive infection due to Debaryomyces hansenii (teleomorph Candida famata ) and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in a stem cell transplant patient receiving liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin for suspected aspergillosis Infection 33 2005 397 400
53. B Sendid C Lacroix ME Bougnoux Is Candida kefyr an emerging pathogen in patients with oncohematological diseases? Clin Infect Dis 43 2006 666 667
54. JP Buts P Bernasconi Saccharomyces boulardii : basic science and clinical applications in gastroenterology Gastroenterol Clin North Am 34 2005 515 532
55. D Czerucka T Piche P Rampal Review article: yeast as probiotics— Saccharomyces boulardii Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 2007 767 778
56. A Enache-Angoulvant C Hennequin Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1559 1568
57. C Graf G Gavazzi Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an immunocompromised patient not treated with Saccharomyces boulardii preparation J Infect 54 2007 310 311
58. M Cassone P Serra F Mondello Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism J Clin Microbiol 41 2003 5340 5343
59. R Herbrecht Y Nivoix Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1635 1637
60. P Muñoz E Bouza M Cuenca-Estrella Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1625 1634
61. T Khawcharoenporn A Apisarnthanarak LM Mundy Treatment of cryptococcosis in the setting of HIV coinfection Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5 2007 1019 1030
62. Z Qazzafi D Thiruchunapalli D Birkenhead D Bell JA Sandoe Invasive Cryptococcus neoformans infection in an asplenic patient J Infect 55 2007 566 568
63. T Khawcharoenporn A Apisarnthanarak LM Mundy Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: a systematic review Infection 35 2007 51 58
64. CL Halliday T Bui M Krockenberger Presence of alpha and a mating types in environmental and clinical collections of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains from Australia J Clin Microbiol 37 1999 2920 2926
65. J Lindberg F Hagen A Laursen J Stenderup T Boekhout Cryptococcus gattii risk for tourists visiting Vancouver Island, Canada Emerg Infect Dis 13 2007 178 179
66. A Upton JA Fraser SE Kidd First contemporary case of human infection with Cryptococcus gattii in Puget Sound: evidence for spread of the Vancouver Island outbreak J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 3086 3088
67. DW Denning Epidemiology and pathogenesis of systemic fungal infections in the immunocompromised host J Antimicrob Chemother 28 1991 1 16
68. DW Denning Invasive aspergillosis Clin Infect Dis 26 1998 781 805
69. DW Denning Invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients Curr Opin Infect Dis 7 1994 456 462
70. C Lass-Flörl K Griff A Mayr Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus : 10-year single centre experience Br J Haematol 131 2005 201 207
71. R Hachem D Kontoyiannis M Boktour Aspergillus terreus an emerging amphotericin B-resistant opportunistic mold in patients with hematologic malignancies Cancer 101 2004 1594 1600
72. C Lass-Flörl G Kofler G Kropshofer In-vitro testing of susceptibility to amphotericin B is a reliable predictor of clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis J Antimicrob Chemother 42 1998 497 502
73. MT Hedayati AC Pasqualotto PA Warn P Bowyer DW Denning Aspergillus flavus : human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer Microbiology 153 2007 1677 1692
74. SA Balajee D Nickle J Varga KA Marr Molecular studies reveal frequent misidentification of Aspergillus fumigatus by morphotyping Eukaryot Cell 5 2006 1705 1712
75. SA Balajee JL Gribskov E Hanley D Nickle KA Marr Aspergillus lentulus sp. nov., a new sibling species of A. fumigatus Eukaryot Cell 4 2006 625 632
76. M Lionakis R Russell H Torres N Albert I Raad D Kontoyiannis Increased frequency of non-fumigatus Aspergillus species in amphotericin B- or triazole-pre-exposed cancer patients with positive cultures for aspergilli Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52 2005 15 20
77. C Lass-Flörl PM Rath D Niederwieser Aspergillus terreus infections in haematological malignancies: molcular epidemiology suggests association with in-hospital plants J Hosp Infect 46 2000 31 35
78. C Lass-Flörl K Grif DP Kontoyiannis Molecular typing of Aspergillus terreus isolates in Houston, Texas, and Innsbruck, Austria: evidence of great genetic diversity J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 2686 2690
79. T Patterson W Kirkpatrick M White Invasive aspergillosis: disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. I3 Aspergillus Study Group Medicine 79 2000 250 260
80. J Perfect G Cox JY Lee The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital based survey of aspergillosis Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 1824 1833
81. N Singh D Paterson Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients Clin Microbiol Rev 18 2005 44 69
82. J Garnacho-Montero R Amaya-Villar C Ortiz-Leyba Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome Crit Care 9 2005 191 199
83. KH Vandewounide SI Blot P Depuvdt Clinical relevance of Aspergillus isolation from respiratory tract samples in critically ill patients Crit Care 10 2006 R31
84. W Meerssman K Lagrou J Maertens E Van Wijngaerden Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 205 215
85. RJ Trof A Beishuizen YT Debets-Ossenkopp AR Girbes AB Groeneveld Management of invsive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients Intensive Care Med 33 2007 1694 1703
86. R Herbrecht DW Denning TF Patterson Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis N Engl J Med 347 2002 408 415
87. MK Schinabeck MA Ghannoum Human hyalohyphomycoses: a review of human infections due to Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., and Scopulariopsis spp J Chemother 15 suppl 2 2003 5 15
88. J Perlroth B Choi B Spellberg Nosocomial fungal infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment Med Mycol 45 2007 321 346
89. M Chayakulkeeree M Ghannoum J Perfect Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25 2006 215 229
90. M Torres-Narbona J Guinea J Martínez-Alarcón P Munoz I Gadea E Bouza Impact of zygomycosis on microbiology workload: a survey study in Spain J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 2051 2053
91. M Roden T Zaoutis W Buchanan Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 634 653
92. B Spellberg J Edwards A Ibrahim Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management Clin Microbiol Rev 18 2005 556 569
93. S Miyakis A Velegraki S Delikou Invasive Acremonium strictum infection in a bone marrow transplant recipient Pediatr Infect Dis 25 2006 273 275
94. FJ Pastor J Guarro Clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of Paecilomyces lilacinus infections Clin Microbiol Infect 12 2006 948 960
95. T van Schooneveld A Freifeld B Lesiak Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in a liver transplant patient: case report and review of the literature Transpl Infect Dis 2007 Epub ahead of print.
96. J Guarro AS Kantarcioglu R Horré Scedosporium apiospermum : changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist Med Mycol 44 2006 295 327
97. H Sahi RK Avery OA Minai Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudoallescheria boydii) infection in lung transplant recipients J Heart Lung Transplant 26 2007 350 356
98. M Cuenca-Estrella A Gomez-Lopez MJ Buitrago E Mellado G Garcia-Effron JL Rodriguez-Tudela In vitro activities of 10 combinations of antifungal agents against the multiresistant pathogen Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 2248 2250
99. D Diekema S Messer R Hollis R Jones M Pfaller Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi J Clin Microbiol 41 2003 3623 3626
100. R Greenberg K Mullane J van Burik Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 126 133
101. Q Sun L Najvar R Bocanegra D Loebenberg J Graybill In vivo activity of posaconazole against Mucor spp. in an immunosuppressed-mouse model Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 2310 2312
102. L Pagano M Offidani L Fianchi Mucormycosis in hematologic patients Haematologia 89 2004 207 214
103. D Kontoyiannis M Lionakis R Lewis Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus -active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases J Infect Dis 191 2005 1350 1360
104. G Siwek M de Magalhaes-Silverman L Bartelt Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis Clin Infect Dis 39 2004 584 587
105. A Imhof A Balajee D Fredricks J Englund AK Marr Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole Clin Infect Dis 39 2004 743 746
106. E Bouza P Muñoz J Guinea Mucormycosis: an emerging disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 12 suppl 7 2006 7 23
107. FC Odds MF Hanson AD Davidson One year prospective survey of Candida bloodstream infections in Scotland J Med Microbiol 56 2007 1066 1075
108. AN Malani CA Kauffman Changing epidemiology of rare mould infections: implications for therapy Drugs 67 2007 1803 1812
109. B Alexander M Pfaller Contemporary tools for the diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses Clin Infect Dis 43 2006 15 27
110. F Rhame Prevention of nosocomial aspergillosis J Hosp Infect 18 suppl A 1991 466 472
111. N Singh Trends in the epidemiology of opportunistic fungal infections: predisposing factors and the impact of antimicrobial use practices Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 1692 1696
112. S Fridkin The changing face of fungal infections in health care settings Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1455 1460
113. F Marty S Lee M Fahey Infliximab use in patients with severe graft-versus-host disease and other emerging risk factors of non-Candida invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study Blood 102 2003 2768 2776
114. Z Bhatti A Shaukat N Almyroudis B Segal Review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of invasive mould infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Mycopathologia 162 2006 1 15
115. U Neumann J Langrehr U Kaisers M Lang V Schmitz P Nauhaus Simultaneous splenectomy increases risk for opportunistic pneumonia in patients after liver transplantation Transpl Int 15 2002 226 232
116. M Post C Lass-Flörl G Gastl D Nachbaur Invasive fungal infections in allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplant recipients: a single-center study of 166 transplanted patients Transpl Infect Dis 9 2007 189 195
117. M Cuenca-Estrella A Gomez-Lopez E Mellado M Buitrago A Monzon JL Rodriguez-Tudela Head-to-head comparison of the activities of currently available antifungal agents against 3,378 Spanish clinical isolates of yeasts and filamentous fungi Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 917 921
118. M Pfaller L Boyken RJ Hollis SA Messer S Tendolkar DJ Diekema In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to caspofungin: four years of global surveillance J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 760 763
119. E Anaissie R Kuchar J Rex Fusariosis associated with pathogenic Fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system: a new paradigm for the epidemiology of opportunistic mold infections Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 1871 1878
120. DW Denning Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis Clin Infect Dis 23 1996 608 615
121. J Menotti J Waller O Meunier V Letscher-Bru R Herbrecht E Candolfi Epidemiological study of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a haematology unit by molecular typing of environmental and patient isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus J Hosp Infect 60 2005 61 68
122. R Young J Bennett C Vogel P Carbone V DeVita Aspergillosis. The spectrum of the disease in 98 patients Medicine 49 1970 147 173
123. M Pfaller P Pappas J Wingard Invasive fungal pathogens: current epidemiological trends Clin Infect Dis 43 2006 3 14
124. N Almyroudis D Sutton P Linden M Rinaldi J Fung S Kusne Zygomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients in a tertiary transplant center and review of the literature Am J Transplant 6 2006 2365 2375
125. SA Messer NR Jones T Fritsche International surveillance of Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp.: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2003) J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 1782 1787