Religion, prejudice, and intergroup relations

Religion, Personality, and Social Behavior

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 170-192

  Rowatt, Wade C ^a   Carpenter, Tom ^a   Haggard, Megan ^a  

^a BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883429196     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203125359     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Allport, G. W. (1966). The religious context of prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 447-457.
3. Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
4. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253-285). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Batson, C. D., Denton, D. M., & Vollmecke, J. T. (2008). Quest religion, antifundamentalism, and limited versus universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 135-145.
6. Batson, C. D., Flink, C. H., Schoenrade, P. A., Fultz, J., & Pych, V. (1986). Religious orientation and overt versus covert racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 175-181.
7. Batson, C. D., Floyd, R. B., Meyer, J. M., & Winner, A. L. (1999). "And who is my neighbor?": Intrinsic religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 445-457.
8. Batson, C. D., Naifeh, S. J., & Pate, S. (1978). Social desirability, religious orientation, and racial prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 17, 31-41.
9. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
10. Bering, J. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2004). The causal role of consciousness: A conceptual addendum to human evolutionary psychology. Review of General Psychology, 8, 227-248.
11. Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect: Mere social categorization is sufficient to elicit an own-group bias in face recognition. Psychological Science, 18, 706-712.
12. Blogowska, J., & Saroglou, V. (2012). For better or worse: Fundamentalists' attitudes towards outgroups as a function of exposure to authoritative religious texts. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23, 103-125.
13. Brandt, M. J., & Reyna, C. (2010). The role of prejudice and the need for closure in religious fundamentalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 715-725.
14. Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778.
15. Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
16. Bushman, B. J., Ridge, R. D., Das, E., Key, C. W., & Busath, G. L. (2007). When God sanctions killing: Effect of scriptural violence on aggression. Psychological Science, 18, 204-207.
17. Butz, D. A., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2011). A new threat in the air: Macroeconomic threat increases prejudice against Asian Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 22-27.
18. Chaves, M. (2010). Rain dances in the dry season: Overcoming the religious congruence fallacy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 1-14.
19. Christopher, A. N., & Mull, M. S. (2006). Conservative ideology and ambivalent sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 223-230.
20. Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 414-446.
21. Crowson, H. M. (2009). Predicting perceptions of symbolic and realistic threat from terrorists: The role of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Individual Differences Research, 7, 113-118.
22. Dambrun, M., Taylor, D. M., McDonald, D. A., Crush, J., & Méot, A. (2006). The relative deprivation-gratification continuum and the attitudes of South Africans toward immigrants: A test of the V-curve hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1032-1044.
23. Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2011). Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 800-818.
24. Davies, K., Tropp, L., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Crossgroup friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 332-351.
25. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 416-437). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Demoulin, S., Saroglou, V., & Van Pachterbeke, M. (2008). Infra-humanizing others, supra-humanizing gods: The emotional hierarchy. Social Cognition, 26, 235-247.
27. Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007). Racial ingroup and outgroup attention biases revealed by event-related brain potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 189-198.
28. Duck, R. J., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). Religious orientation and prejudice: The role of religious proscription, right-wing authoritarianism and social desirability. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 157-179.
29. Duckitt, J. (1994). The social psychology of prejudice. Westport, CT: Praeger.
30. Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41-112). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
31. Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation differentially moderate intergroup effects on prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 24, 583-601.
32. Fox, R. (1992). Prejudice and the unfinished mind: A new look at an old failing. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 137-152.
33. Galen, L.W. (2012). Does religious belief promote prosociality?: A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 876-906.
34. Ginges, J., Hansen, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2009). Religion and support for suicide attacks. Psychological Science, 20, 224-230.
35. Goldfried, J., & Miner, M. (2002). Quest religion and the problem of limited compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 685-695.
36. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
37. Guimond, S., & Dambrun, M. (2002). When prosperity breeds intergroup hostility: The effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 900-912.
38. Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126-139.
39. Hayes, J., Schimel, J., & Williams, T. J. (2008). Fighting death with death: The buffering effects of learning that worldview violators have died. Psychological Science, 19, 501-507.
40. Henrich, J. (2009). The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion: Credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural evolution. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 244-260.
41. Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26, 569-583.
42. Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual prejudice. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 441-467). New York: Psychology Press.
43. Hewstone, M., Islam, M. R., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Models of crossed categorization and intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 779-793.
44. Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.
45. Hogg, M. A., Adelman, J. R., & Blagg, R. D. (2010). Religion in the face of uncertainty: An uncertainty-identity account of religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 72-83.
46. Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807-826.
47. Ito, T. A., Thompson, E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Tracking the timecourse of social perception: The effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1267-1280.
48. Jackson, L. M., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 509-523.
49. Johnson, D., & Kruger, O. (2004). The good of wrath: Supernatural punishment and the evolution of cooperation. Political Theology, 5, 159-176.
50. Johnson, K. A., White, A. E., Boyd, B. M., & Cohen, A. B. (2011). Matzah, meat, milk, and mana: Psychological influences on religio-cultural food practices. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 1421-1436.
51. Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 119-126.
52. Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religion and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 154-164.
53. Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567.
54. Jones, H. B., Furnham, A., & Deile, A. J. (2010). Religious orientation and the Protestant work ethic. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13, 697-706.
55. Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-920.
56. Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293-305.
57. Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260-265.
58. Kashdan, T. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2012). Whether, when, and how is spirituality related to well-being? Moving beyond single occasion questionnaires to understanding daily process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1523-1535.
59. Kastenmuller, A., Greitemeyer, T., Ai, A. L., Winter, G., & Fischer, P. (2011). In the face of terrorism: Evidence that belief in literal immortality reduces prejudice under terrorism threat. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 604-616.
60. Kemmelmeier, M. (2005). The effects of race and social dominance orientation in simulated juror decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1030-1045.
61. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford.
62. Klar, Y., Kahn, D., & Roccas, S. (2012). Conceiving the national group as an eternal entity and the willingness to sacrifice for a group. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, Austin, Texas.
63. LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W.C., Johnson, M. K., & Finkle, C. (2012). Differences in attitudes towards out-groups in religious and non-religious contexts in a multi-national sample: A situational context priming study. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22, 1-9.
64. LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Thedford, M., & Tsang, J. A. (2010). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of religiousness-spirituality. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 439-455.
65. Levin, S. (2004). Perceived group status differences and the effects of gender, ethnicity, and religion on social dominance orientation. Political Psychology, 25, 31-48.
66. Looy, H. (2005). The body of faith: Genetic and evolutionary considerations. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24, 113-121.
67. Mak, H. K., & Tsang, J. (2008). Separating the "sinner" from the "sin": Religious orientation and prejudiced behavior toward sexual orientation and promiscuous sex. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 379-392.
68. Mavor, K. I., Macleod, C. J., Boal, M. J., & Louis, W. R. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism, fundamentalism, and prejudice revisited: Removing suppression and statistical artefact. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 592-597.
69. Miller, J. D., Scott, E. C., & Okamoto, S. (2006). Public acceptance of evolution. Science, 313, 765-766.
70. Mullen, B., & Hu, L. (1989). Perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 233-252.
71. Neuberg, S. L. (1992). Evolution and individuation: The adaptiveness of nonste-reotypical thought. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 178-180.
72. Neuberg, S. L., & Cottrell, C. A. (2006). Evolutionary bases of prejudices. In M. Schaller, J. A. Simpson, & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 163-187). Madison, CT: Psychosocial Press.
73. Neuberg, S. L., Warner, C. M., Mistler, S. A., Berlin, A., Hill, E., Johnson, J. D. et al. (2012). Religious infusion predicts enhanced resource-and values-linked intergroup conflict. Manuscript submitted for publication.
74. Osarchuk, M., & Tatz, S. J. (1973). Effect of induced fear of death on belief in afterlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 256-260.
75. Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1032-1045.
76. Pichon, I., & Saroglou, V. (2009). Religion and helping: Impact of target thinking styles and just-world beliefs. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 31, 215-236.
77. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
78. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 271-320.
79. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.
80. Preston, J. L., Ritter, R. S., & Hernandez, J. I. (2010). Principles of religious prosociality: A review and reformulation. Social and Personality Compass, 4, 574-590.
81. Ramsay, J. E., Pang, J. S., Shen, M. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2013). Rethinking value violation: Priming religion increases prejudice in Singaporean Christians and Buddhists. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. Advance online publication.
82. Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303-315.
83. Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 336-353.
84. Ritter, R. S., & Preston, J. L. (2011). Gross gods and icky atheism: Disgust responses to rejected religious beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1225-1230.
85. Rothschild, Z. K., Abdollahi, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009). Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 816-827.
86. Rowatt, W. C., & Franklin, L. M. (2004). Christian orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of implicit racial prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 125-138.
87. Rowatt, W. C., Shen, M. J., LaBouff, J. P., & Gonzalez, A. (2013). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and prejudice: Insights from meta-analyses, implicit social cognition, and social neuroscience. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 457-475). New York: Guilford.
88. Rutchick, A. M. (2010). Deus ex machina: The influence of polling place on voting behavior. Political Psychology, 31, 209-225.
89. Saroglou, V., Corneille, O., & Van Cappellen, P. (2009). "Speak, Lord, your servant is listening": Religious priming activates submissive thoughts and behaviors. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 143-154.
90. Sasaki, J. Y., Kim, H. S., Mojaverian, T., Kelley, L. D. S., Park, I. Y., & Janusonis, S. (2013). Religion priming differentially increases prosocial behavior among variants of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. Social Cognitive and Affective Neurosciences, 8, 209-215.
91. Schumann, K., Nash, K. A., McGregor, I., & Ross, M. (2013). Religious magnanimity: Religion primes supplant antagonistic with more compassionate reactions to threat. Unpublished manuscript.
92. Schwartz, S., Dunkel, C. S., & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An identity theory perspective. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32, 537-559.
93. Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
94. Shen, M., Haggard, M. C., Strassburger, D. C., & Rowatt, W. C. (2012). Religiosity's association with positive attitudes toward ethnic/racial and value-violating out-groups. Manuscript submitted for publication.
95. Shen, M. J., Yelderman, L., Haggard, M. C., & Rowatt, W. C. (2013). Disentangling the belief in God and cognitive rigidity/flexibility components of religiosity to predict racial and value-violating prejudice: A post-critical belief scale analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 389-395.
96. Sherif, M. (1966). Group conflict and cooperation: Their social psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
97. Shimoni, M. T.-K., & Schwarzwald, J. (2003). Perceived threat and prejudice in three domains of inter-group tension in Israeli society. Megamot, 42, 549-584.
98. Shortell, T. (2011). The conflict over origins: A discourse analysis of the creationism controversy in American newspapers. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 431-453.
99. Smith, H. J., & Ortiz, D. J. (2002). Is it just me?: The different consequences of personal and group relative deprivation. In I. Walker & H. J. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration (pp. 91-115). New York: Cambridge University Press.
100. Sosis, R., & Ruffle, B. J. (2003). Religious ritual and cooperation: Testing for a relationship on Israeli religious and secular kibbutzim. Current Anthropology, 44, 713-722.
101. Stangor, C. (2009). The study of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination within social psychology: A quick history of theory and research. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 1-22). New York: Psychology Press.
102. Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43-59). New York: Psychology Press.
103. Swann, W. B., Gomez, A., Huici, C., Morales, J. F., & Hixon, J. G. (2010). Identity fusion and self-sacrifice: Arousal as a catalyst of pro-group fighting, dying, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 824-841.
104. Swann, W. B., Gomez, A., Seyle, D. C., Morales, J. F., & Guici, C. (2009). Identify fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 995-1011.
105. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-97.
106. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
107. Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgment. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101-114.
108. Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., & Roy, R. (2009). The relationships between contact, status and prejudice: An integrated threat theory analysis of Hindu-Muslim relations in India. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 83-94.
109. Tripathi, R. C., & Srivastava, R. (1981). Relative deprivation and intergroup attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 313-318.
110. Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 84-94.
111. Van den Bos, K., Van Ameijde, J., & Van Gorp, H. (2006). On the psychology of religion: The role of personal uncertainty in religious worldview defense. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 333-341.
112. Verkuyten, M. (2007). Religious group identification and inter-religious relations: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 341-357.
113. Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Social identity complexity and immigrants' attitude towards the host nation: The intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1165-1177.
114. Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1448-1462.
115. Wann, D. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2005). Biased evaluations of in-group and outgroup spectator behavior at sporting events: The importance of team identification and threats to social identity. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 531-545.
116. Wheeler, S. C., & DeMarree, K. G. (2009). Multiple mechanisms for prime-to-behavior effects. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 566-581.
117. Whitley, B. E., Jr. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 21-38.
118. Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
119. Wittenbrink, B., Hilton, J. L., & Gist, P. L. (1998). In search of similarity: Stereotypes as naive theories in social categorization. Social Cognition, 16, 31-55.
120. Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 60-71.